Content

• Introduction
• Concept of tillage and tilth
• Primary and secondary tillage
• Tillage systems
• Concept of zero tillage and no tillage
• Tillage implements
• Difference between primary and secondary tillage implements
• MCQs related to topics
 Classification of tillage
implements
 Mounted implements
➢ Attached to the tractor by 3 point hitch linkages

➢ Implements can be raised or lowered by the

hydraulic system
➢ Example : A mounted 3 disc plough
 Classification of tillage
implements
 Semi-mounted implements
➢ Attached to the tractor 2 or 3 point linkage and these
implements are normally provided with wheels to help
in better performance of the machine
➢ Example : A seed drill – implement can be raised or
lowered
 Classification of tillage
implements
 Trailed implements
❑ Attached to the tractor’s drawbar and this cannot be
raised or lowered
❑ Implement trailed the tractor as it moves

❑ Implement are heavy and usually provided with

wheels for easy hitching to the back of tractor and
better stability
➢ Example : Trailed moldboard plough and trailer
A cam and follower mechanism is used in
• a) Cultivator
• b) Disc harrow
• c) Transplanters
• d) Wheel hoe

• c) Transplanters
Penetration of a trailed type disc harrow is
not affected by
• a) Size of disc
• b) Angle of disc
• c) Weight of disc
• d) Tractor hydraulic system
• d) Tractor hydraulic system
The disc angle ranges from:

• 0-15 degree
• 15-30degree
• 20-30 degree
• 40-45 degree
• 40-45 degree
•The disc angle ranges from 40-450 to
obtain the desired width of cut and the tilt
0
angle ranges from 15-25 for penetration.
Disc plough is used for primary tillage and
it is specially used where M.B. Plough is
not useful such as hard and dry soil.
Sub soil plough used to break hard layers
or pans without bringing them to the
surface
Chisel plough used breaking hard pans & for deep
ploughing (35-40 cm) with less disturbance to the
top layers
Ridger used to split the field in
top ridges & furrows.
• ii) Clod crushing: It is not always necessary. When
there are the clods the rains received will soft &
break the clods. It is necessary in Rabi season.
Clods are broken by a plank, blade harrow or hand
mallet, indigenous implement (a big log of wood)
called maind. The best implement for this purpose is
the Norwegian harrow which breaks the clods by
piercing & breaking action.
• iii) Leveling of land: It is required in irrigated area &
carried out after ploughing to ensure even distribution of
rain & irrigation water to avoid stagnation of water in
low lying areas and also to stop soil erosion Implements
such as bamboo petari, blade harrow tied with rope
round the prongs, planker, plank- leveler, buck scraper,
float, keni are used for leveling
• iv) Manure mixing: Manures are spread over the
prepared bed by manually or with the help of country
plough, shovel tooth cultivator, a blade harrow, disc
harrow.
• v) Cultivator: It is used to break & loose the soil.
B) Implements used for seedbed preparation:

• i) Harrowing: is done by a blade harrow with the

purpose of clod crushing, leveling, collecting stubbles,
destroying germinating weeds and compacting the soil,
a multipurpose implement commonly used by the
farmer. Disc harrow drawn either by bullocks or tractor
is an improvement which cuts & pulverizes the soil.
• ii) Covering of seed: is carried by a light blade harrow
or a plank.
• iii) Ridging: Riders are used for opening ridges and
furrows for sugarcane, vegetables, and irrigation layouts
field channels
• iv) Implements for sowing: Sowing may be done by
putting the seeds behind plough, seed drills which may be
doff an, tiff an or Chou fan, Seeding & fertilizer
application are done at the same time by providing two
separate bowls, called as feri-cum-seed drill. Seed may be
sown mechanically to maintain row to row & plant to
plant(R/R & p/p) distance. There may be sowing of seed
 C) Implements for inter cultivation:

• 1. Thinning & gap filling: These are done by manual

labour/hand in which plants are uprooted from dense
places and the gaps are filled to maintain the optimum
plant population.
2. Weeding: It is done either by hand with the help of a
khurpi/sickle or hoes drawn by hand or bullocks.
• 3. Ear thing up: may be done by country plough or rider in
S.cane, banana,
Potato. Sometime it is done by manual labour with kudali.
4. Spraying: is done by sprayers which may be manually
operated, mechanical/power drawn to control insects-pests &
diseases.
5. Dusting: is done by duster used for dusting insecticides to
control insect-pests.
 D) Special purpose implements:

• 1) Reapers & harvesters used to harvest wheat or paddy.

2) Threshers used for threshing which may be bullock
(olpad) drawn, tractor drawn, or electric motor driven.
3) Potato digger used to harvest potatoes
4) Groundnut digger used to harvest Gnat
5) Hand gin used to separate lint from seed cotton.
• 6) Maize Sheller used to separate maize grains from cobs.
7) Seed dressing drum used to treat the seed with chemicals.
 Tools used in agriculture:

• 1) Khurpi: To remove weeds

2) Kudali: To dig the pits & earthling up
3) Axe: To cut the wood & harvest sugarcane
4) Pickaxe: To dig out the pits.
5) Sickle: To cut the hardy weed & crop plants & forages.
6) Ghumella: To transport soil or produce from the one place to
other.
7) Crop-bar: To open the hole in soil while fencing the thomy
bushes.