GOOD SHEPHERD INTERNATION SCHOOL

9-IGCSE-COMBINED SCIENCE- CHEMISTRY

WORKBOOK

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 Contents

No Topic Page no

1. Knowing the apparatus 3

2 Particulate nature of matter 5

3 Elements Mixtures and compounds 9

4 Atoms and atomic structure 18

5 Ions and Ion formation 26

6 Covalent bonding 28

7 Metallic bonding 32

8 Stoichiometry 40

9 Physical and chemical change 52

10. Electricity and chemistry 54

11 Energy changes in a chemical reaction 61

12 Rate of reaction. 65
.
13 Acids ,bases and salts 73

11 Salt preparation 79

12 Group elements & Reactivity 86

13 Reactivity series 92

14 Types of reaction 97

15 Practical chemistry 99

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1 Look at the diagrams of common laboratory apparatus, label them and write their uses

f.

5
g.

h.

i.

j.

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 1. Distinguish between solid, liquid and gas

Solid -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Liquid ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Gas --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 2.Find out the conversion depicted in each of the following pictures along with the change in state.

Conversion ------------------------- conversion ----------------------------------

------------------- to ------------------ ----------------------- to --------------------

Conversion --------------------------- conversion ----------------------------------

------------------- to ------------------ ----------------------- to --------------------

2. Observe the picture and complete the given sentence.

1000 C is the ------------------------------------ of water and 82.50 C is the --------------------------

of alcohol.

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 3. Substance A melts at 350 0 C and boils at 1050 0 C. Sketch the diagram to show the particles

of A at following temperature.

i) 2500 C

Reason ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii) 10490 C

Reason ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii) 10600 C

Reason ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

iv) -3500 C

Reason ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Analyze the plot given between temperature and time and answer the questions

i) Describe the changes occurring in the following area of the curve ?

A to B -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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C to D -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 E to F -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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ii) At which point of the curve the following phenomena observed ?

Boiling ---------------------------------------------------------------------

Melting -----------------------------------------------------------------------

iii) Give the reason for getting straight lines in the areas BC and DE of the curve ?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Differentiate the following phenomena on the basis of the pictures given below.

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6.-------------------------------- is the phenomenon depicted in the diagram given below.

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7. i ) List out the two factors which affect diffusion rate.

a. -----------------------------------------------------------

b. -----------------------------------------------------------

ii) Explain the variation of rate of diffusion with the above mentioned factors.

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8. Answer the questions on the basis of the picture shown below.

a) Give the reason for the appearance of a white ring near to HCl ?

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b) Name the chemical which is responsible for the formation of white ring.

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c) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction observed in the test tube.

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Student reflection

Topics /questions which are difficult.

How did you solve those difficult topics/questions?

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 www.carolina.com

1. Differences between Mixtures and Compounds

Mixtures Compounds
Ratio of combination
Property of
individual
component
Can be separated by
simple means

* Alloys are MIXTURES of metals with definite ratio of combination.

SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

Type of mixture Technique Result Example

Insoluble solid in a Filtration Residue - solid Sand and water
liquid Filtrate – liquid
Soluble solid in a Evaporation to Residue – solid Salt and water
liquid crystallization

Distillation Distillate – liquid

Two miscible liquids Distillation One with a lower Ethanol and water
boiling point distills
out first
A number of miscible Fractional A range of products Petroleum
liquids distillation obtained according
to their boiling points
Two immiscible Separating funnel One with lower Oil and water
liquids density floats and
components can be
tapped off separately
Coloured compounds chromatography One with the higher Dyes
solubility will travel
further

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PRACTICAL WORK

You are supplied with brown food colouring or black ink

Aim: To check if the substance is pure or not If it is impure , to identify the pigments contained in it .
Apparatus required: Food colouring, beakers, Drop pipettes, water, and chromatogram paper
Background information:
a) The components are water soluble
b) Different substances have different solubility for the same solvent for any particular temperature.
Procedure:
1. Put a drop of the colouring on the chromatography paper about 1cm from the bottom.
2. Immerse 0.5cm of the chromatography paper into a suitable solvent (water) in a beaker.
3. Mark on the chromatography paper the maximum distance travelled by different colours.

Observation ……………………………………………………………………………….

Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………..-

Questions

1)i) Suggest a method to separate a mixture of sand and copper sulfate mixture.

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ii) Give reason for your answer

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2) Name the residue and filtrate obtained in the above separation.

Residue …………………………… Filtrate …………………………………..

3) Suggest a method to obtain pure copper sulfate from copper sulfate solution .

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4). Differentiate between the separation methods represented by the pictures given below.

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5 i) Label the apparatus used in the separation method shown below.

ii) Name the separation method used in figure above

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 iii) State the principle behind the method of separation.

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iv) Give an example for mixtures, which can be separated by the above mentioned method.

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6). Suggest a technique to separate the following:

a) Fractions of petroleum ------------------------------------------------------

b) Salt from a mixture of salt and water ------------------------------------------------------

c) Nitrogen from air ------------------------------------------------------

d) Separate dyes in ink ………………………………………………………………………
7). Calculate the Rf retardation factor value for different component in the given chromatogram.

Formula for Rf value =

Rf value for component 1 = ………………..

Rf value for component 2 = …………………

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Exercise

1. The diagram shows some laboratory apparatus.

Which are needed to produce and collect pure water from seawater?
A 1 and 2 and 4 B 1 and 4 and 5 C 2 and 5 D 3 and 5

2. A student wishes to measure out 25.65cm3 of a liquid. Which piece of apparatus would be
used?
A burette B measuring cylinder C pipette D syringe

3. Which statement about the particles in a gas is not correct?

A They spread throughout the vessel in which they are contained.
B They are able to move randomly.
C They are arranged in regular patterns.
D There are large spaces between the particles.

4. A coloured ink is compared with 4 different dyes. The chromatogram produced is shown in
the diagram.

Which dyes does the ink contain?

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

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 5. The diagram shows a mixture of water and alcohol being separated by distillation.

Where are the molecules furthest apart?

6. A mixture of two substances is spotted on to a piece of chromatography paper. The paper is

inserted into a beaker containing a liquid.

For separation of the substances to occur the mixture must

A be placed so that the spot is just below the level of the liquid.
B be soluble in the liquid.
C contains substances of the same solubility.
D contain substances that are coloured

Student reflection

Topics /questions which are difficult.

How did you solve those difficult topics/questions?

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 Atoms are the smallest particle of the element which shows all the properties of that element .
Periodic table has atoms arranged in patterns.
An atom has particles inside them . They are positively charged protons ,negatively charged
electrons and neutrally charged neutrons .

Particle Proton Neutron electron

Charge

Mass

Location in the atom

Atoms are represented in table – PERIODIC TABLE. Elements/atoms are represented by

symbols .
1.a)What are symbols ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

b) Explain why the following elements have a symbol which does not have their first letter.

Element symbol original name

Sodium ……… ………………..

Potassium ………. ………………

Iron ……….. ……………..

Silver ……….. ………………

Gold ……….. ……………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

c)Atomic number is the number of ………………………….in an atom.

d)Atom though it contains positively and negatively charged particles, it is neutral. Why?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

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2.Fill in the following

Name symbol Atomic Mass No: of No: of No: of Electronic

no no protons neutrons electrons configuration
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Lithium

Beryllium

Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine

Neon
Sodium
Magnesium

Aluminum

Silicon
Phosphorus

Sulfur

Chlorine

Argon

Potassium

Calcium

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………

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2.Name the elements

a) Has 3 shells and 4 valence electrons ………………..

b) 2 shells and 5 valence electrons ……………………
c) 4th period and 3rd group ……………………………

Multiple Choice questions

1. In a sulfur nucleus there are 16 positively charged particles and 18 neutral particles.
Which are its proton and nucleon numbers?

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2. Aluminum has the symbol Al. Which is a correct line of data for an atom of aluminum?
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3. Which statement about the particles in a gas is not correct?

A They spread throughout the vessel in which they are contained.

B The are able to move randomly.
C They is arranged in regular patterns.
D There is large spaces between the particles.

4. When a substance changes from a state in which particles are in close contact and their
motion is restricted to vibration only, to one in which particles are widely spaced and able to
move freely about, this process is called

A. liquefaction B melting C boiling D sublimation

5. What is the most suitable way of investigating the different food colorings in some drinks?
A crystallization B filtration C fractional distillation D paper chromatography

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Structured questions

1. Complete the table below.

Atomic No Atomic Number of Number of Number of Identification

Mass protons electrons neutrons of the
element
12 12
Manganese
56 23
235 92
18 22
Lead
20 20
80 35
iodine
9 19

2. What are the subatomic particles in an atom ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Mass of the atom is mainly from………………………… and ………………………..

which is located in …………………….

4. Using your periodic table draw the atomic structure of the first 20 elements. Indicate all the

subatomic particles

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ISOTOPES

ISO = same

Two atom have the same proton number but different mass number.

a) Are they the atoms of the same element or different element? Justify.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
b) What are these atoms called?
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Internet search

What do you mean by radio isotope?

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

Find 3 radioisotope and their uses.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

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1. The diagrams show four different mixtures of gases.
Which diagram represents a mixture containing only elements?

2. Complete the electronic configuration of the following elements.

(i) Potassium

(ii) Calcium

(iii) Argon

(iv) Nitrogen

3. An element X has two isotopes, 238 X and 235 X. How does 238X differ from 235X?.

A It has 3 more protons and 3 more electrons.

B It has 3 more protons, but no more electrons.
C It has 3 more neutrons and 3 more electrons.
D It has 3 more neutrons, but no more electrons.

4. The letters X, Y and Z represent different atoms.

40 39 40
X Y Z
19 19 20

What can be deduced from the proton numbers and nucleon numbers of X, Y and Z?

A X and Y are the same element. B X and Z are the same element.
C X has more protons than Y D Z has more neutrons than Y.

5. The symbol of an element is

(i) Give the atomic number of the element X.

------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Give the mass number of element X.
----------------------------------

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6.Two isotopes of potassium are K and 40 K.
19 19

Complete the table about the number of particles found in one atom of each of these
isotopes.

IONS AND ION FORMATION

Ions are charged particles formed from loesing or gaining of electrons .

Metals usually loses electrons and forms ……. (positive /negative) ions and non metals gain

electrons and form …….ions(positive /negative)

THINGS TO NOTE WELL

1.IONIC STRUCTURES SHOULD BE DRAWN WITH THE ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION AFTER THE LOSS/GAIN OF ELECTRONS .
2.SHOULD BE EXPRESSED IN SQAURE BRACKETS
3.IONIC CHARGE MUST BE WRITTEN ON THE RIGHT SIDE TOP OUTSIDE THE
BRACKET .

1.Draw the structures of the following

a) Sodium atom b) sodium ion

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 c) Oxygen atom d) oxide ion

2. .Complete the electronic configuration for the following

Atom Electron Ion Electron

configuration configuration
Magnesium Magnesium ion

chlorine Chloride

nitrogen Nitride

3. Group VIII elements do not form any ions. Explain why?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Write the electronic configuration of

a) i) K+ ……………….. ii) Cl – …………….

b) The above ions have the same electron arrangement as …………….. atom .

c) Write the name of two ions which has the same electronic configuration as ions
in (a) (i) and (ii).

………………………, ………………………..

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 4.Draw the electronic structure of both a potassium ion and an sulphide ion.
Include the charge on each ion.

Potassium ion

Sulphide ion

Properties of ionic compounds

1. Combination between metal and non metal . Metals tend to lose electrons to form
positive ions and non metals tend to gain electron to form negative ion .
(ie transfer of electron takes place)
2. Ionic compounds are usually in solid state.
3. It has high melting and boiling point .Its electrostatic force of attraction between
positive and negative ion is very strong..
4. It is generally soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents such as carbon
tetrachloride or cyclohexane .
5. It CANNOT conduct electricity in the solid state as the IONS are locked in the crystal
structure .
But when it is made to molten or aqueous , the ions are able to move and hence can conduct
electricity.

COVALENT COMPOUNDS

Covalent compounds are generally formed when a non metal combines with other non metal.
They share electrons with each atom has their outermost shell complete .

Depending how on how many electrons are shared between the atoms , the bond can be
single/ double or triple bond .

Note well : Each atom should have access to electrons such that their uttermost shell is
complete.

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a)Draw dot-and-cross diagrams to represent the sharing of electron pairs to form single
covalent bonds in simple molecules, exemplified by

H2 Cl2

H2O CH4

b) Draw dot-and-cross diagrams to represent the multiple bonding in

N2 C2H4

CO2.

d) Explain what do you mean by single bond, double bond and triple bond .

……………………………………………………………………………………………

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 ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Properties of covalent compounds

Covalent bonds have lower melting and boiling points.

Covalent bonded compounds are generally insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents
Covalent bonded compounds do not conduct electricity as they do not have free electrons or
free ions .
Covalent bonded compounds are usually in liquid or gas state .

State whether the following is ionic or covalently bonded .

Name Formula Bonding type

Sodium chloride
Bromine
Potassium Oxide

Magnesium Phosphide

Hydrogen Chloride

Calcium nitride

Ammonium sulfate

Carbon tetrachloride

Zinc (ii) oxide

Sulfur dioxide

Cobalt(ii) nitrate

Iron (iii) hydroxide

Carbon dioxide

Phosphorus tri chloride

Barium chloride

Sodium oxide

Aluminium chloride

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2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity in aqueous state of matter while covalent compounds do

not conduct electricity . Explain why .

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Kerosene does not dissolve in water. What can you deduce from the statement about its
bonding type?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Water boils at 100 oC while sodium chloride melts at 801oC. Explain the difference in terms
of their bonding type .

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Metals and ionic compounds conduct electricity while covalent compounds do not conduct
electricity .

a) Name the particle responsible for conducting electricity in metals. ………………….

b) Name the particle responsible for conducting electricity in molten ionic compounds

…………

c) Explain why ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state .

……………………………………………………………………………………

d) Explain why covalent compounds do not conduct electricity .

………………………………………………………………………………………….

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 METALLIC BONDING

General physical Properties of metals

a) Usually in ………………………………….. state of matter except Mercury

b) Medium to high melting and boiling point

c) Metals conduct electricity because …………………………………………………….

d) They can be beaten into sheets and hence can be termed as

…………………………………………………

e) They can be drawn into wires and hence can be termed as

………………………………………………………..

f) They gives out ringing sound and hence can be termed as

……………………………………………………………………..

ALLOY
ALLOYS are MIXTURE of metals with a DEFINITE RATIO. It is used to change or alter
the properties of certain elements .

Using internet fill the table given below

Name of the alloy elements use

Brass

Duralumin

Steel

Solder

Bronze

In metals and alloys the positive ions stay in position in a sea of free valence electrons. These
electrons are responsible for conducting heat and electricity.

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COMAPRATIVE STUDY ON THE BONDING

IONIC COVALENT METALLIC

Species present

Melting point

Boiling point

Solubility in water

Solubility in
organic solvents

Conduction of
electricity in solid
state
Conduction of
electricity in
molten state
Conduction of
electricity in
aqueous state
Viscosity

1. State why ionic compounds have higher melting and boiling point ?

……………………………………………………………………………………

2. State names of 2 particles that can conduct electricity .

…………………………… …………………………

3. The formulae of the ions of four elements are shown below.

O2– F– Li+ Mg2+

Which statement about these ions is correct? They all have

A the same number of electrons in their outer shells.

B the same electronic structure as a noble gas.
C the same number of protons in their nuclei.
D more electrons than protons.

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4. What is the structure of the ion 90 Sr 2+?
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6. Explain the variation in electrical neutrality when elements Y and Z undergo the following
changes.
(i) Y gains an electron.

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(ii) Name the species after the change in (i)

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(iii) Give the symbol of species in (ii) ………………………..

(iv) Z loses an electron.

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(v) Name the species after the change (iv).

……………………………………………………………………………………………

(vi) Give the symbol of species in (v) ……………………………………………….

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7. The electronic structures of atoms P and Q are shown.

P and Q react to form an ionic compound.

(i) Write the formula of this compound. ………………………………..

(ii) Name the metallic element. ………………………………………

(iii) Name the non-metallic element . ……………………………….

8. The diagram shows the outer shell electron arrangement of compound J that contains the
elements Y and Z.

What type of compound is J ? …………………………………………….

Element Y belongs to …………… group and Z belongs to …………….group.

9.A student analyzed compared the properties of a compound A and compound B. He found
compound A is a very good conductor in molten and aqueous state, though it is a bad
conductor in solid state.
He also found that compound B is a bad conductor in all the three states of matter.
(i) Identify the compound A and compound B . Justify your answer .

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 (ii) Give the reason for the following
The conductivity of compound A in molten or aqueous state and not in solid state.

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(iii) Type of elements present in compound A

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( iv) Types of element present in compound B

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(v) Name the stronger compound among A and B . Give reason for your answer.

9. Complete the table below.

10. Complete the bonding diagram below to show the chemical symbols of the elements in a

molecule of methane, the arrangement of the outer electrons of each atom.

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11. Draw structures of the following (First decide which type of bonding )

NaCl Water

HCl NH3 (ammonia gas)

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 CaO MgCl2

Student reflection

Topics /questions which are difficult.

How did you solve those difficult topics/questions?

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 STOICHIOMETRY

VALENCY

Atoms combine with other elements. Valency is the combining capacity of the element.

Fill in the blanks.

Group I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Valence
electrons
valency

WRITNG FORMULAS

Formulas gives us the idea of the ratio of combination of different atoms in an element.

I. Metal + Non-metal (When nonmetals combine they change their ending to ide )

name of the non-metal nonmetal ion symbol

Oxygen
Hydrogen

Sulfur

Carbon

Nitrogen

Fluoride

Chloride

Phosphide
Swap & drop valency method

Sodium Oxide Na 1 O2 Na2O1 Na2O

Calcium Fluoride

Magnesium Sulfide

Potassium Sulfide

Magnesium Chloride

Beryllium Nitride

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Rubidium sulfide

Aluminium oxide

II Metals (including transition elements) + nonmetals

Transition metals are NOT group metals. They can be found in the middle section of the
periodic table .They are NOT coloured but their compounds are coloured. They have variable
valencies. Their valency will be given in roman letters inside the bracket.

eg copper (II) oxide - i.e. valency of copper is 2

Vanadium (v) chloride - valency of vanadium is 5

Follow the swap and drop valency method

Write the formula for the following compounds

Magnesium carbide ……………………

Cobalt (II) Chloride ……………………

Zinc (II) sulfide ……………………

Cobalt (II) chloride ……………………

Potassium Iodide ……………………

Silver (I) chloride ……………………

Copper (II) chloride ……………………

Copper (I) chloride ……………………

Aluminum sulfide ……………………

Vanadium (V) oxide ……………………

Note well;
If valency of Zinc is not given – take it as 2 and silver as 1

III Non metal and non-metal

Valencies are not required. Follow the name.

Following synonyms will be used to name the compound

Mono 1
Bi or di 2
Tri 3

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 Tetra 4
Penta 5

Write the formula for the following

Carbon monoxide ……………………….

Carbon dioxide ……………………….

Nitrogen dioxide ……………………….

Carbon tetra chloride ……………………….

Dinitrogen tetra oxide ……………………….

Sulfur dioxide ……………………….

Sulfur trioxide ……………………….

Nitrogen monoxide ……………………….

IV Polyatomic ions

Some nonmetals exists as an ion in a group . Follow the swap and drop valency method

Note well : Remember to put the polyatomic ions in the brackets .

Note well
Nitride ≠ Nitrate
Sulfide ≠ Sulfate
Carbide ≠ carbonate
Phosphide ≠ phosphate

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Help to find out their home with the help of the symbols.

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Fill in the empty spaces

Ions formula valency written as

Ammonium NH4 +1 NH4 +1

Hydroxide OH -1 OH -1

Nitrate NO3 -1 NO3 -1

Ethanoate CH3COO -1

Sulfate

Sulfite

Carbonate

Phosphate

Exercise

Write the formula for the following compounds

Calcium sulfate ……………………………………..

Potassium chloride …………………………………..

Zinc (ii) nitrate …………………………………….

Silver (i) sulfide …………………………………..

Magnesium Phosphate ………………………….

Phosphorus trioxide …………………………..

Aluminum Nitrate …………………………..

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2. Classify the following into atom and molecule.

H , Cl2 , H2O, CCl4 , Ne , O2 , Mg , Ca , NaCl, Na2O , F,

NaF , C, CaCl2

3. The formula of an oxide of uranium is UO2. What is the formula of the corresponding?

chloride?

A UCl2 B UCl4 C U2Cl D U4Cl

4. The formula of china clay (aluminum silicate) was shown in an old book as

Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O.This formula is shown in a modern book as Al2(OH)x Si2Oy

What are the values of x and y in the modern formula?

5. Elements X and Y are in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

X is a liquid at room temperature. Y is a solid at room temperature.

1 Atoms of Y have more protons than atoms of X.

2 Molecules of Y have more atoms than molecules of X.
3 Y displaces X from aqueous solutions of X− ions.
Which statements are correct?

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A 1 only B 2 only C 3 only D 1, 2 and 3

6. Which graph shows the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom, plotted against the
Proton (atomic) number for the first ten elements in the Periodic Table?

7. The symbols and electronic structures for some elements are shown below.
Silicon, Si (2,8,4) oxygen, O (2,6) hydrogen, H (1)

fluorine, F (2,7) nitrogen, N (2,5)

Which formula is correct for a compound containing silicon?

A Si4F B SiH4 C SiN5 D Si2O

8. An atom of element X is represented by 73 X.

Which statement about an atom of X is correct?

A It is in Group III of the Periodic Table.

B It is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
C The total number of protons and electrons is 6.
D The total number of protons and neutrons is 10.

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DIATOMIC MOLECULES

Some nonmetal atoms cannot exist on their own. So they combine with their own kind to exist
as diatomic molecules. They are Hydrogen, nitrogen , oxygen , fluorine, chlorine, Bromine,
Iodine and astatine . If they have to stay alone, they will exist as H 2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2,
At2

If represent H atom

Draw diagram to show

a) Hydrogen molecule b) 2 hydrogen atom c) 2 Hydrogen molecule

Hydrogen molecule hydrogen atom 2 hydrogen molecules

1. Write the atomicity in the following

H2SO4

CaCl2

MgCl2

H2O

2. Deduce formula for the following from the given data and diagrams.
(i) One molecule of sulphuric acid contains two hydrogen atoms one sulphur atom and four

oxygen atoms.

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(ii) One molecule of magnesium chloride contains one magnesium atom and two chlorine

atoms.

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(iii) One molecule of lead bromide contains one lead atom and two bromine atoms.

3. Identify the compounds given below and give their formula with their name.

Writing equations and balancing

Note well
a) All formulas must be correct (ie the valency and the formula writing must be addressed.)
b) Note the diatomic molecules
c) Atoms should be represented as symbols only

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www.slideshare.net

A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form

of symbols and formulae, wherein the reactants (substance we put in together) are given on the left-
hand side and the product (what we end up with) on the right-hand side.

4.Write the symbol equation for the following.

a).Calcium + water → calcium hydroxide + Hydrogen gas

……………………………………………………………………………

b). Sodium hydroxide + sulfuric acid → sodium sulfate + water

………………………………………………………………………………….

c) Copper (ii) oxide + nitric acid → copper (ii) nitrate + water

………………………………………………………………………………

d).Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → calcium nitrate + carbon dioxide +water

………………………………………………………………………………….

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e)Copper (ii) sulfate + zinc → copper + zinc(ii) sulfate

……………………………………………………………………………………….

f) Potassium bromide + chlorine → Potassium chloride + bromine

…………………………………………………………………………………….

g) Iron + oxygen → iron (iii) oxide

……………………………………………………………………………………

5.ALANCE THE FOLLOWING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS.

i) …..Na +…….. H2SO4 → ………Na2SO4 + …….H2

ii) …….S …….. O2 → ……….SO3

iii) ………NH3 +……… Cl2 → ……….NH4Cl +………. N2

iv) …….. N2 +……….. H2→ ………NH3

v) ……..CaCl2 + ………..AgNO3 → ……… AgCl +……… Ca(NO3)2

vi) ……….Na + …………H2O → ………NaOH + ………H2

vii) ……..CaCO3 +………. HCl → …….. CaCl2 + ……..CO2 + …….. H2O

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Student reflection

Topics /questions which are difficult.

How did you solve those difficult topics/questions?

50
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGE
A physical change in a substance doesn't change what the substance is. In a chemical
change where there is a chemical reaction, a new substance is formed and energy is either
given off or absorbed.

1.Classify the following into physical and chemical change .

a) Grinding nuts ……………………………

Evidence……………………………………………………………………………..

b) Roasting nuts ………………………………

Evidence……………………………………………………………………………..

c) Cooking an omelette ………………………..

Evidence……………………………………………………………………………..

d) Mixing ingredients for an omelette ………………….

Evidence……………………………………………………………………………..

e) Filling up a gas cylinder …………………….

Evidence……………………………………………………………………………..

51
 f) Burning from a gas cylinder ……………………

Evidence……………………………………………………………………………..

g) Freezing meat ……………………….

Evidence……………………………………………………………………………..

h) Grilling meat ……………………….

Evidence……………………………………………………………………………..

Student reflection

Topics /questions which are difficult.

How did you solve those difficult topics/questions?

52
 ELECTRICITY & CHEMISTRY

When electricity is passed through molten or aqueous compounds the ions migrate to
oppositely charged electrodes and get discharged as respective atoms or molecules .

Terms used :

Anode Cathode Electrolyte anion cation

Exercise

1. Read the given passage and answer the following questions

The above mentioned diagram represents electrolysis. The essential components for electrolysis are
battery electrodes, electrolyte and electrolytic cell. Now you will have a question how does it work?
The energy supplied by the battery is conducted into the electrolyte, which is kept in the
electrolytic cell, through electrodes. This energy splits electrolyte into its constituent elements in
such a way that non- metals will deposit at anode and metals will deposit at cathode.

The reactions occur at anode and cathode are oxidation and reduction respectively.
The overall reaction occurs in the process of electrolysis is redox reaction.
1(a).Fill in the blanks

i) The two electrode used in electrolysis are anode and --------------------(cation/cathode).

ii) The positive terminal of the battery is connected to ------------------------------ and negative

terminal is connected to -------------------------------- (cathode/anode).

ii) Electrolytes are --------------------- compounds.(ionic/ covalent)

iii) ------------------- undergoes reduction (cation/anion) at ----------------- (anode/cathode) and

----------------------- (cation/anion) undergoes oxidation at ----------------------------

(anode/cathode).

iv) Oxidation is the ------------------------(losing/gaining) of electrons and reduction is the

--------------------------------- (losing/gaining) of electrons

53
b) Explain the following the terms.

i) Electrolyte

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii) Electrode.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii) Electrolytic cell.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

iv) Electrolysis.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Name the particle that is responsible for conduction of electricity in metals……………

2. Name the particle responsible for conduction of electricity in ionic compounds ………..

3. Ionic compounds have high melting point. Explain why?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. The positive ion is called the ……………………. and will be attracted to the

………………..electrode known as …………………..

5. The negative ion is called …………………….. ……………………. and will be

attracted to the ………………..electrode known as …………………..

6. The ions present in the molten Lead (ii) Bromide are ………………… and

…………………………

54
7.In the electrolysis of molten copper (ii) chloride , the copper ions will be discharged as

…………… at the …………………

8.In the electrolysis of molten copper (ii) chloride , the chloride ions will be discharged as

…………… at the …………………

Least
reactive
cation will
go to the
cathode
according
to the
The molten lead bromide contains lead as anion and bromine as reactivity
cation. series

9.Predict the ion undergoes oxidation and reduction respectively.

Oxidation --------------------------------- Reduction -------------------------------

10. The aqueous solution of copper(II)chloride contains four ions.

Predict the ion undergoes oxidation and reduction respectively.
Name the ions and the symbol for the ions in the solution.

………………………………………… ……………………………….

……………………………………….. ………………………………

11. Ion undergoes oxidation and reduction in dilute aqueous solution of copper(II)chloride.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

55
Keyword Suggestions

56
 Inert electrode is an electrode that serves only as a source or sinks for electrons
without playing a chemical role in the electrode reaction. Precious metals, mercury, and
carbon (graphite) are typically used as inert electrodes.

Chemistry@TutorVista.com 4O1Chemisfun

1. a)In the molten sodium chloride state the ions present.

……………………… …………………………….. ……………………………. ……………………….

b) i)At the cathode which ion will be discharged ? …………………………………………

ii) Write the equation for the reaction.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

c) i).At the anode which ion will be discharged ? …………………………………………………………..

ii).Write the equation for the reaction.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. a)In the molten Lead Bromide state the ions present.

……………………… …………………………….. ……………………………. ……………………….

57
 b) i)At the cathode which ion will be discharged ? …………………………………………

ii) Write the equation for the reaction.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

c) i).At the anode which ion will be discharged ? …………………………………………………………..

ii).Write the equation for the reaction.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. On the basis of above example predict the reactions at anode and cathode for the following
electrolysis.

1. Electrolysis of molten Calcium chloride.

a) Give the chemical formula for calcium chloride…………………………..

b) Give the names and symbols of ions present in the electrolyte.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

c) Name the electrode used in the electrolysis. …………………………..

d) Name the ion which undergoes oxidation. ……………………………

e) Name the ion which undergoes reduction. …………………………..

f) Give the reaction at anode.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
g) Give the reaction at cathode.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

58
Student reflection

Topics /questions which are difficult.

How did you solve those difficult topics/questions?

59
 ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Exothermic reaction Endo thermic reaction

Heat is given out Heat is taken in

Temperature of the surroundings gets higher Temperature of the surroundings gets cooler.

In chemical reactions when the bonds are In chemical reactions, when bonds are broken ,
forming energy is released energy is absorbed
.

Identify the type of reaction observed in the following processes

60
1. Write the balanced chemical equation and predict the following reactions are exothermic
or endothermic reactions.

a) Calcium carbonate + Heat→ Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide. ………………………

b) Ethane + Oxygen + heat →Carbon dioxide + Water ………………………………….

c) Quick lime + water →Slaked lime + heat………………………………………………..

d) Lead nitrate + heat →Lead oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + oxygen ………………………

When a chemical reaction occurs the bonds have to be broken and other bonds have to be
made. This involves energy.

If a chemical reaction absorbs energy, then the reaction can be termed as

ENDOTHERMIC
While if the reaction releases energy , then the reaction can be termed as
EXOTHERMIC

Ice melts by absorbing heat energy. It is endothermic. While steam condenses to water making
the reaction exothermic.

61
2.Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.

a) When Ammonium chloride dissolved in water , the test tube gets cold because it

………………………… (absorbs/releases) energy making dissolving process

…………………………………………..

b) Neutralization reactions are exothermic as it ……………………………(absorbs/releases)

energy.

c) Respiration is………………………………………….( exothermic /endothermic) as it

………………………………………. (absorbs/releases) energy.

d) The following graph represents exothermic and endothermic

reactions. Explain the energy change with each reaction on the basis of the graph.

Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

62
 It takes energy to break the existing chemical bonds and energy is released when new
bonds form. The net energy change will classify into endo or exothermic reaction.

Doc Brown's Chemistry

f) In terms of bond making and bond breaking explain why neutralization reactions is
exothermic.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

g) NH3 → N2+ 3H2 is endothermic.

Explain the statement in terms of bond forming and bond making

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

Student reflection

Topics /questions which are difficult.

How did you solve those difficult topics/questions?

63
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

 How do we know reaction has occurred ?

 Speed of reaction
 Predicting products
 How to monitor reaction

Entities of REACTIONS
How do we know a reaction has taken place ?. If we know what the reagents are we can predict
the products and design methods to monitor the rate of reaction.

a) look for bubbles (test the gas formed )

b) colour change
c) solid disappearing
d) temperature change (test tube gets warmer or colder )

SPEED of REACTION (RATE OF REACTION)

The speed of reaction can be altered by changing certain factors .

a) Concentration b) temperature c) particle size d) catalyst

Reaction Mechanics – Collision theory

When the reactant particles COLLIDE and releases energy, after which the products start forming .
More the collision rate , faster the reaction . It will not alter the amount of substance formed .

a) Concentration .
More number of particles can cause more collision rate and hence the reaction will be faster .

www.chemhume.co.uk

b) Temperature
When the temperature is higher , the particles move with higher energy and collide more often
making the reaction faster .

64
 TES www.bbc.co.uk

c) Particle size .

When particle size is larger lesser particles are exposed to the surface and hence collision rate
will be decreased making the reaction slower .

SlideShare www.bbc.co.uk

d) Catalyst

Catalyst are the substances that makes the reaction faster without it being changed .
Enzymes are biological catalyst . Transition elements are usually used as catalyst in industrial
process

intranet.tdmu.edu.ua AICE Chemistry

65
1. State observations to determine if the reactants are reacting ?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Explain the importance of controlling the rate of reaction.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. State the effect of increasing the concentration on the rate of reaction using the collision
theory .

………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Explain in terms of collision theory , how the rate of reaction is affected on decreasing
temperature.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. A log of wood, if ignited , does not catch fire easily but saw dust can catch fire easily .
explain why?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. Coal mines, flour mills do have safety regulations . Explain , with the idea of rate of
reaction why this is necessary .

………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

66
6. Below is a data of a chemical reaction between magnesium and sulfuric acid .

Time /s 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Volume 0 31 54 71 85 94 99 100 100 100 100

of
hydrogen
(cm3)

a) Write a balanced chemical equation

……………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Draw a graph of the above data with time on x axis and volume of hydrogen formed on
the Y axis
c) Sketch on the SAME graph above , if the same experiment was repeated at a higher
temperature.
d) Suggest why the volume of gas remained constant at 100 cm3 after 35 seconds.
……………………………………………………………………………………….

67
7. Below is data for the reaction between the marble chips and hydrochloric acid .

Time/min 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Total 0.00 0.18 0.30 0.38 0.44 0.48 0.51
mass
lost (g)

a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the above reaction.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Explain with the help of collision theory , why the rate of reaction decreased with time ?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

8. A student investigated the effect of temperature on the speed of reaction. He conducted the
experiment according to the following procedure.

Procedure.
Experiment 1
50 cm3 of aqueous sodium thiosulfate was poured into a conical flask. The solution
was heated until the temperature was about 30 ºC. The temperature of the solution was
measured.
10 cm3 of hydrochloric acid was added to the flask and the timer started. The time
taken for the printed text to disappear from view was recorded in the table. The final
temperature of the mixture was measured.

68
Experiment 2
50 cm3 of aqueous sodium thiosulfate was poured into a conical flask. The solution was
heated until the temperature was about 30 ºC. The temperature of the solution was measured.
10 cm3 of hydrochloric acid was added to the flask and Experiment 1 was repeated.
The final temperature of the liquid was measured

Experiment 3
Experiment 1 was repeated but the sodium thiosulfate solution was heated to about
40ºC before adding the hydrochloric acid.
The initial and final temperatures were measured.

Experiment 4
Experiment 1 was repeated but the sodium thiosulfate solution was heated to about
50ºC before adding the hydrochloric acid.
The initial and final temperatures were measured.

Experiment 5
Experiment 1 was repeated but the sodium thiosulfate solution was heated to about
60ºC before adding the hydrochloric acid. The initial and final temperatures were
measured.
Use the thermometer diagrams to record all of the initial and final temperatures in the table and
final temperatures were measured.

(a) Complete the table of results to show the average temperatures

69
 b) Plot the results obtained on the grid and draw a smooth line graph

Student reflection

Topics /questions which are difficult.

How did you solve those difficult topics/questions?

70
Acids
Substances which can yield H+ ions in aqueous solutions
It has a pH of less than 7
Universal indicator solution will turn red
Acids reacts with metals, bases , carbonates

Bases
Substances which yields OH- ions in aqueous solution
It has a pH of greater than 7
Universal Indicator solution will turn Blue/purple
Bases reacts with acids, and ammonium salts

Salts
Salts are formed by replacement of Hydrogen ions by meal ions or ammonium ions .
Salts can be soluble or insoluble in water

A. Identification (from name/formula)

Differentiating ACIDS & SALTS

Chloride
Nitrate
Hydrogen sulfate ACIDS
Metal/ammonium ion Phosphate SALTS
Differentiating Acidsethanoate
and Bases

Oxides /hydroxides
Metal/ammonium non metals

Bases ACIDS

B. Indicators
Indicators are substances that indicate the nature of substances by noting the colour .
Indicators give distinct colours in each type of substances.
Many fruits and flowers can be used as indicators .

71
 saintgeorgefamilydental.com

chemistry.tutorvista.com

Common name Chemical name Example

Nitric acid Hydrogen nitrate Sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate,

calcium Nitrate, Zinc Nitrate ……..

Hydrochloric Hydrogen chloride Potassium Chloride, Iron Chloride ,

acid Magnesium Chloride, ammonium Chloride….

Sulfuric Hydrogen Sulfate Lithium Sulfate, Magnesium Sulfate,

Acid Ammonium Sulfate , Copper Sulfate …….

1. Write the formula

Name formula

Hydrochloric acid ………………..

Sulfuric acid …………………

Nitric acid …………………

72
2. Write the name and formula of 5 salts of nitric acid.

…………………………………. …………………………………

..………………………………… …………………………………..

…………………………………..

3. Write the name and formula of 3 salts that can be formed by Zinc metal

……………………….. …………………………………..

……………………… …………………………………….

……………………… …………………………………..

4. Write the name and formula of salts of sulfuric acid from 5 different metals

……………………….. …………………………………..

……………………… …………………………………….

………………………

Name of the type of

No substance formula substance

1 calcium hydroxide

2 magnesium chloride

3 sulfur dioxide in water

4 zinc (II) oxide

5 cobalt (II) nitrate

6 ammonium sulfate

7 iron (III) hydroxide

8 lead (II) nitrate

9 silver (I) chloride

10 copper (II) sulfate

73
 11 lithium carbonate

12 nitrogen dioxide in water

13 aluminum hydroxide

14 ammonium nitrate

15 calcium carbonate

16 aluminum chloride

17 potassium carbonate

18 sodium hydroxide

19 vanadium (v) oxide

20 NH3 alkaline

21 chromium (III) sulfate

22 copper (II) oxide

23 iron (III) chloride
24 potassium hydroxide
25 ammonium hydroxide

6.Find the pH of common household solution and state if it is acidic /basic/neutral .

Bleach ………………………… Tooth paste …………………………..

Window cleaning solution ……… Lemon juice …………………………..

7. Sodium dissolved in water gives sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas

a) Write balanced chemical equation

……………………………………………………………………………………

b) State the colour of the solution if Universal indicator is added into it …………….

74
8)a) What do you mean by acidic and basic oxides

Acidic oxides ……………………………………………………………………………..

Basic oxides ………………………………………………………………………………..

b)Name 3 acidic oxides …………………………. …………………………………………

c) Name 3 basic oxide ……………………………………………………………………….

SOLUBILITY RULES

Not all compounds can be soluble in water. Some are insoluble. Solubility rules refers to a list
of ions and how, when mixed with other ions, they can become precipitates or remain aqueous.

1. All compounds containing K+, Na+, NH4 + , NO3- are soluble .

2. All compounds containing chloride ions are soluble ( except for silver and Lead )
3. All compounds containing sulfate ions are soluble ( except for barium, Lead )
4. All compounds containing oxide ions , hydroxide ions. Carbonate ions are
INSOLUBLE.(except where rule 1 applies )

75
 Complete the following table
Name Formula Soluble/insoluble If soluble, the ionic form

calcium hydroxide

magnesium chloride
barium sulfate

zinc (II) oxide

cobalt (II) nitrate

ammonium sulfate

iron (III) hydroxide

lead (II) nitrate

silver (I) chloride

copper (II) sulfate

lithium carbonate

lead (II) chloride

aluminum hydroxide

ammonium nitrate

calcium carbonate

aluminum chloride

potassium carbonate

sodium hydroxide

vanadium (v) oxide

zinc(II) nitrate
chromium (III)
sulfate

copper (II) oxide

iron (III) chloride

potassium hydroxide

76
 PREPARATION OF SALTS

The method of preparation depends on the solubility.

SOLUBLE SALTS
Soluble salts can be prepared by any of the following methods .

1st Method
a) Metal + acid
b) Insoluble Metal oxide + acid
c) Insoluble metal carbonate + acid

classblog.tumblr.com

Warm the acid . Into the warm acid add the substances until you see unreacted insoluble
particles. This will ensure that all acids are reacted . Remove the un reacted particles by
filtration. The filtrate contains the salt . Evaporate the solution
Evaporate to dryness will give powders .
Evaporate the solution to saturation. Saturated solution on cooling gives you crystals. This
process is known as crystallization

77
2nd Method
TITRATION
Both base and acid should be soluble. Pipette and burette is used . If both solution are
colourless , then by the use of indicator , we can know when the reaction is complete.
a) soluble metal hydroxide + acid
b) soluble metal carbonate + acid

Chemistry Blog - blogger

INSOLUBLE SALTS
Insoluble salts are prepared by PRECIPITATION. Two soluble salts are mixed and the one of
the products formed will be the insoluble and would form the precipitate in the soluble
compound

1. The following is the outline of one method for the preparation of Lead (ii) Sulfate from
lead (ii) oxide.
Dissolve lead (ii) oxide in hot, dilute nitric acid and then add a slight excess of a solution of
sodium sulfate . Filter and wash the precipitate with distilled water and dry it in the oven .

78
 i) Write equations for the two reactions used in the preparation .

…………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………..

ii) Name two impurities that may be removed when the precipitate of lead (II) sulfate is
washed.

………………………………………… ……………………………………
iii) Why there is very little reaction if an attempt is made to prepare lead (II) sulfate by adding
lead (ii) oxide to sulfuric acid .

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
iv) Name two sulfates other than sodium sulfate that could be prepared by adding metallic
oxides to sulfuric acid.

……………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………….

2. Describe the preparation of pure crystals of Na2SO4.10H2O from a solution of

sodium carbonate .(you may wish to draw a diagram)

……………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

79
3. From the list of the compounds below

Aluminium, silver(i) chloride , , hydrogen, copper (ii) sulfate , Zinc oxide, sodium chloride ,

Any compound may be chosen once , more than once or not at all.

a. Salt that is prepared by precipitation __________________________

b. A compound that reacts with both acid and alkali __________________________

c. A diatomic gas __________________________

d. A coloured compound _________________________

e. A substance that can conduct electricity in solid, molten and liquid state ___________

4. This question is about making salts

a) For each salt, suggest the name of the missing reagent and briefly describe how to obtain the

solid product from the reaction mixture .

i) Salt to be made: Lithium chloride

reagent 1: dilute hydrochloric acid

reagent 2 : ___________________________

I could obtain solid lithium chloride by ______________________________________

ii) salt to be made : Barium sulfate

reagent 1: aqueous potassium sulfate

reagent 2 : ______________________________

I could obtain solid barium sulfate by _____________________________________

iii) Salt to be made : Blue copper(ii) sulfate crystals

reagent 1 : dilute sulfuric acid

reagent 2 : _______________

I could obtain blue copper sulfate crystals by ____________________________________

80
 3. Describe the method you would use in the laboratory to prepare a pure sample of
potassium nitrate. Write a balanced equation for the method you have chosen.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………….

4.. Which of the following is not true of acids ?

A. They turn litmus red

B. Their aqueous solution conduct electricity
C. They are generally formed by the action of water on the oxides of non-metals
D. They react with carbonates to give carbon dioxide only

5. Which of the following pairs of reagent yields an aqueous solution containing copper (ii)
sulfate as the only salt ?
b. copper(ii) oxide + dilute sulfuric acid
c. copper(ii) carbonate and aqueous potassium sulfate
d. copper and dilute sulfuric acid
d) copper (ii) nitrate and aqueous ammonium sulfate

6. Pure dry crystals of zinc sulfate can be made by the reaction of dilute sulfuric acid with excess
zinc.
(i) How is excess zinc removed from the reaction mixture?

......................................................................................................................................

(ii) Describe how you would obtain pure dry crystals of zinc sulfate from an aqueous solution of
zinc sulfate.
...................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... ……………..

(iii) Zinc sulfate can be made from the reaction of sulfuric acid with zinc oxide or zinc.
Give the name of another compound that reacts with sulfuric acid to produce zinc sulfate.

......................................................................................................................................

81
7. Fig. shows three reactions of dilute sulfuric acid.

(a) Identify A, B and C.

salt A ..................................................

colourless liquid B ..................................................

gas C ..................................................

(b) State which of the three reactions can be performed using a pipette and burette.

.....................................................................................................................................

(c) When Universal Indicator is added to dilute sulfuric acid the solution turns red.

(i) Suggest the pH of the solution. ............................................................................

(ii) The formula for sulfuric acid is H2SO4.

State the formulae of the two different ions present in dilute sulfuric acid.

.......................................................... and ...........................................................

REFLECTION

Topic/subtopic Green area Grey area

Identify physical and chemical

change

82
Identify acid, base, and salts

 from the names

/formulas

 from indicators

Identify salts

- by name

- the acid from which it

is made

- Soluble & insoluble

salts
Salt preparation

- Identifying if the salt is

soluble or insoluble

- Identify chemicals
required

- Method of preparation

- Identifying equipment
- Obtaining pure sample
of the product

Student reflection

Topics /questions which are difficult.

How did you solve those difficult topics/questions?

83
 Study of group elements (Group I,II , VII, VIII )
Group I elements ALKALI metals.

Fill in the blanks

Element Melting point Boiling point Density

a) Explain the trend in the melting point and boiling point .

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Explain the trend in the density.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Describe how the reaction changes as we go down the group .

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
d) Describe the trend in the atomic size as we go down the group

…………………………………………………………………………………………
e) Relate the atomic size and the reactivity

…………………………………………………………………………………………

f) Write the equations of Li , Na, K, Rb reacting with water .

……………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

84
 g) State the observations for the reactions in (f)

With sodium ………………………………………………………………

With potassium …………………………………………………………….

With Rubidium ……………………………………………………………….

h) Predict the observation when Francium reacts with water .

…………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………..

2, Lithium, sodium and potassium are elements in Group I of the Periodic Table.

(a) How many electrons are in the outermost shell of the atoms of these elements?

...................................................................................................................................

(b) Describe the trend in the melting points of these elements.

........................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

(c) All three elements react with cold water.

State two ways in which all three reactions are similar.

1. .....................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

2......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

85
 Group II elements _ ALKALINE and ALKALI EARTH METALS.

Fill in the blanks

Element Melting point Boiling point Density

a) Explain the trend in the melting point and boiling point .

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Explain the trend in the density .

……………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Describe how the reaction changes as we go down the group .

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
d) Describe the trend in the atomic size as we go down the group

…………………………………………………………………………………………
e) Relate the atomic size and the reactivity

…………………………………………………………………………………………
f) Write the equations of Ca , reacting with water .

……………………………………………………………………………………

g) State the observations for the reactions in (f)

…………………………………………………………………………………..

86
 GROUP VII – HALOGENS

They tend to gain one electron to form -1 halide ion . They are diatomic molecules.
Using the net , fill in the blanks .

Molecule Physical state of matter Colour

a) .What do you mean by diatomic molecule .

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

b).Explain the trend in the melting point and boiling point .

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
c).Explain the trend in the density .

……………………………………………………………………………………………

d).Describe how the reaction changes as we go down the group .

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
e).Describe the trend in the atomic size as we go down the group

…………………………………………………………………………………………

87
 f).Relate the atomic size and the reactivity

…………………………………………………………………………………………
g) Write the equations of Chlorine, reacting with water .

……………………………………………………………………………………

h) State one use of chlorine …………………………………………….

i) Write the equations and predict the observations for the following reactions .

Potassium Bromide + Chlorine

Equation…………………………………………………….

Observation ………………………………………………………………………………

Sodium Iodide + Bromine

Equation …………………………………………………………..

Observation ……………………………………………………………………………..

3. Some properties of the halogens are shown in the table.

(a) Use the information in the table to deduce

(i) the boiling point of astatine,

......................................................................................................................................

(ii) the state of fluorine at room temperature and pressure.

......................................................................................................................................

88
 (b) When chlorine reacts with aqueous potassium iodide, the solution turns brown.

(i) Write a word equation for this reaction.

......................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain why iodine does not react with aqueous potassium chloride.

............................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

(c) When sodium reacts with iodine, energy is released.

Explain what happens in terms of electron transfer when a sodium atom reacts with an

iodine atom.

............................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

GROUP VIII - NOBLE Gases/Inert gases

.
Explain why they are very unreactive .
Element Use

He

Ne

Ar

Kr

Xe

Rn

a) Why group VIII elements do not undergo chemical reaction?

………………………………………………………………………………………….

b) Name four ions that has the same electronic configuration as Argon atom .

……………… ………………. ……………….. …………….

89
 REACTIVITY SERIES

a) Metals (general)
Reactivity series is a list of metals arranged in the order of their reactivity with water
(cold/hot/steam) , acids (dilute/ concentrated/warm concentrated), with other metals , with
oxygen, the reaction of its oxide with carbon /carbon monoxide

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Reactivity series can be used to determine

i) if reaction will happen with cold water/hot water/steam /dilute acids..

ii) it can be used to predict the process or approach for extraction of metals from its ore.

Reactivity series /Electrochemical series

.
Theory: Reactivity of the metals is designed on the basis of the following reactions
a) reaction with water (cold /warm/hot /steam ) .
( if the reaction with cold water is vigorous do not attempt with warm /hot water or
steam .
b) reaction with acids (cold dilute / warm dilute/cold concentrated …
(if the metal is highly reactive with water _ do not attempt with acids )
( for safety purposes reaction with concentrated acids has been omitted for you at this level)

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c) reaction with other salts
more reactive elements will displace other less reactive metal from its salts .
d) ease of extraction of metals from its ore .
e) its reaction with carbon , oxygen …

Note well
Group I reactivity
Group II reactivity
Group VII reactivity
General metal reactivity

Exercise.
The table shows how easy it is to reduce various metal oxides by heating with carbon.

Use the information in the table to put the metals in order of their reactivity.

2..A student did some experiments to find if all the metals react in same way with acid . His
observations are given below.

1 2 3 4

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a) From the above observations place them in the order of the most reactive first and least
reactive last.

……………… ………………… ……………… ……………..

b) If all the metals were from group I , suggest the names of the metals in test tubes 1,2,3,
and 4

1. ………………. 2…………………. 3……………….. 4………….

c) If the metals were all from group II , suggest the name of the metals in the test tubes .

1. ………………. 2…………………. 3……………….. 4………….

d) Write a word equation for the reaction in test tube 3 if the metal was calcium and
hydrochloric acid .

…………………………………………………………………………….

e) Name the gas produced in the reaction ………………………………….

f) What would be the order of the reactivity if the metals were placed in water ?

……………………………………………………………………………………

g) Write a word equation if the potassium metal reacts with water .

…………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Equal volumes of the same hydrochloric acid solution are placed into three separate
test-tubes. Equal sized pieces of the metals, Beryllium, calcium and magnesium, are
dropped into the test-tubes. The results are shown in Fig

(a) Name the gas produced in tubes A and B. ……………………………………….

(b) Describe a test which shows that hydrochloric acid is acidic.

test ...................................................................................................................................

result ...............................................................................................................................................

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 (c) (i) Which tube contains calcium ? ………………

(ii) Which tube contains magnesium? ………………

CHECK LIST
Periodic table
 Group no
 Period no
 Valency
 Draw atomic and ionic structures
 Predict the group and the period from the electronic configuration and vice versa
 Reactivity of group I, II and VII (predicting products and observations )
 Predicting Melting and boiling point of group I,II VII

BONDING

 Identification of the bonding type (from the name/formula and properties )

 Drawing structures of ionic /covalent bonding
 Properties of ionic and covalent bonding

REACTIONS

 Metal + acid → salt + Hydrogen ( used for preparation of hydrogen gas in the
lab )

 Metal oxide + acid → salt + water Neutralization reaction

 Metal Hydroxide + acid → salt + water

 Metal carbonate + acid → salt + carbon dioxide + water

( preparation of carbon dioxide & Test for acids

 Salt + salt → exchange of ions ( used for preparation of insoluble salts )

 Based on reactivity
 Group I reactivity
 Group II reactivity
 Group VII reactivity
 Metal + salt → refer reactivity series

 Ammonium salts + base → ammonia gas + salt + water

(used for preparation of ammonia gas in the lab )

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Complete the reaction and write balanced symbol equation.

a) Magnesium + hydrochloric acid

………………………………………………………………………..
b) Calcium oxide + sulfuric acid

………………………………………………………………………..

c) Zinc + Nitric acid

………………………………………………………………………..

d) Magnesium chloride + Zinc (ii) Sulfate

………………………………………………………………………..

e) Sodium hydroxide + nitric acid

………………………………………………………………………..

f) Ammonium chloride + calcium hydroxide

………………………………………………………………………..

g) Copper (ii) oxide + sulfuric acid

………………………………………………………………………..

h) Copper (ii) sulfate + Iron

………………………………………………………………………..

i) Barium chloride + silver nitrate

………………………………………………………………………..

j) Rubidium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid

………………………………………………………………………..

k) Ammonium carbonate + sulfuric acid

……………………………………………………………………………

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 TYPES OF REACTION

Find the meaning of the above terms.

a) Neutralization

………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………….

b) Displacement

i) simple displacement

eg Reactions of Group I/group II/ halogen/general reactivity series

The more reactive element DISPLACES less reactive element from its salts

Write four equations to show the simple displacement reactions .

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

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ii) double displacement

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c) Precipitation

chemical equations and reactions

When 2 soluble compounds are made to react , and one of the products is soluble and other is
insoluble , then the reaction is a precipitation reaction. The insoluble substance is known as the
PRECIPITATE

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Precipitation reactions are used to identify certain ions and also prepare insoluble salt .

II. IDENTIFICATION OF NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS)

Complete the equations given below and in each case write the name of the precipitate with
relevant observation that helps identification of the ions .

a) Sulfate ions .

i) Barium Nitrate + sodium sulfate →

ii) Barium Chloride + Potassium sulfate →

iii) Barium Nitrate + Zinc Sulfate →

iv) Barium Chloride + Copper (ii) Sulfate →

Test solution: acidified Barium Nitrate or Barium chloride

Observation: a white precipitate of BARIUM SULFATE is formed.

b) Carbonate ions

Sodium carbonate + Hydrochloric acid →

Copper (ii) carbonate + sulfuric acid →

Aluminium carbonate + nitric acid →

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Test solution : addition of any acid
Observation : An effervescence of a colourless, odourless gas which turns lime water
chalky. The gas is CARBON DIOXIDE .

c) Chloride ions
Test solution : acidified Silver (i) Nitrate
Observation : a white precipitate of SILVER (i) CHLORIDE is formed.

Sodium chloride + Silver (i) nitrate →

Magnesium chloride + Silver (i) nitrate →

Cobalt (ii) chloride + silver (i) Nitrate →

II. IDENTIFICATION OF POSITIVE IONS (CATIONS)

NOTE: All hydroxides are insoluble ( except for Group I and ammonium hydroxides). Other
metal hydroxides will form precipitate. Observing the colour of the precipitates, we can infer
the cation present
a) Copper (ii) nitrate + sodium hydroxide →

Name of the precipitate …………………………………………

Formula of the precipitate ……………………………………

Observation …………………………………………………………………………………

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b) Copper (ii) Chloride + sodium hydroxide →

name of the precipitate …………………………………………

Formula of the precipitate ……………………………………

Observation …………………………………………………………………………………

c) Copper (ii) sulfate + Sodium hydroxide →

Name of the precipitate …………………………………………

Formula of the precipitate ……………………………………

Observation …………………………………………………………………………………

d) Iron (ii) Nitrate + sodium hydroxide →

name of the precipitate …………………………………………

Formula of the precipitate ……………………………………

observation …………………………………………………………………………………

e) Iron (ii) Chloride + sodium hydroxide →

Name of the precipitate …………………………………………

formula of the precipitate ……………………………………

observation …………………………………………………………………………………

f) Iron (ii) sulfate + Sodium hydroxide →

name of the precipitate …………………………………………formula …………………

observation …………………………………………………………………………………

g) iron (iii) Nitrate + sodium hydroxide →

name of the precipitate ……………… formula of the precipitate ………………………

Observation …………………………………………………………………………………

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h) iron (iii) Chloride + sodium hydroxide →

Name of the precipitate …………………………………………

Formula of the precipitate ……………………………………

Observation …………………………………………………………………………………

i) Iron (iii) sulfate + Sodium hydroxide →

Name of the precipitate …………………………………………

Formula of the precipitate ……………………………………

observation …………………………………………………………………………………

j) Zinc (ii) Nitrate + sodium hydroxide →

name of the precipitate …………………………………………

formula of the precipitate ……………………………………

Observation …………………………………………………………………………………

k) Zinc(ii) Chloride + sodium hydroxide→

name of the precipitate …………………………………………

formula of the precipitate ……………………………………

observation …………………………………………………………………………………

l) Zinc (ii) sulfate + Sodium hydroxide →

Name of the precipitate …………………………………………

formula of the precipitate ……………………………………

observation …………………………………………………………………………………

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With aqueous ammonium ions

NOTE: i) The reaction can be used to prepare ammonia gas (NH3) in the lab .
ii) The reaction can be used to test for alkalis.

a) Ammonium nitrate + sodium hydroxide

Observation …………………………………………………………………….

b) Ammonium Chloride + sodium hydroxide

Observation …………………………………………………………………….

c) Ammonium sulfate + Sodium hydroxide

observation …………………………………………………………………..

WITH AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE ( AMMONIA SOLUTION )

a) Copper (ii) ions

Observation ……………………………………………………………………
b) Iron (ii) ions

Observation ……………………………………………………………………
c) Iron (iii) Ions

Observation ……………………………………………………………………

d) Zinc (ii) ions

Observation ……………………………………………………………………

Flame test can also be used to test the ions

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 1.V is a compound which contains two ions. Complete the table by adding the observations for
(a), (b)(i), (b)(ii) and (c), and the test and observation for (d).

Test observation Conclusion

a) V is dissolved in water and V is probably not a
the solution divided into three compound of transition metal
parts for use in (b), (c) and (d)
b.(i)To the first part of
aqueous sodium hydroxide is
added until a change is seen V contains Ca 2+ ions

ii) An excess of aqueous

sodium hydroxide is added to
the mixture from (i)
c) To the second part aqueous Presence of Ca2+ions
ammonia is added until a confirmed
change is seen
d)

Presence of Cl- in V
confirmed

2.M is a compound which contains three ions. Complete the table by adding the conclusion for
(a), the observations for (b)(i), (ii) and (iii), and both the test and observation for (c).

Test Observation Conclusion

M is dissolved in water and A coloured solution is formed
the solution divided into two
parts for use in (b), and (c)
b.(i)To the first part of M contains Fe2+ ions
aqueous sodium hydroxide is
added until a change is seen

ii) An excess of aqueous M contains Fe2+ ions

sodium hydroxide is added to
the mixture from (i)

iii) the mixture is then heated M contains NH4+ ions

M contains SO4 2- ions

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d) SYNTHESIS

Two or more atoms join together to become one substance

2 Na (s) + Cl2 (g) → 2NaCl (s)

2 CaO(s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (s)

e) DECOMPOSITION

A substance breaks up into two or more simpler substances

H2O2 → H2O + O2

f) THERMAL DECOMPOSITION

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g) DOUBLE decomposition

Socratic

BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2 NaCl

REDOX reactions

Oxidation is when oxygen is added to a substance or hydrogen is removed .

Reduction is when oxygen is removed or hydrogen is added.

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SPM Chemistry

State if the underlined substance in following is oxidation, reduction or none .

a) Mg + O2 → MgO

b) CuO + H2 SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O

c) N2 + 3 H2 →2NH3

d) PbO + C → CO2 + Pb

e) CO + O2 →CO

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REFLECTION

Topic/subtopic Green area Grey area

General name for

 Group I

 Group II

 Group VII

 Group VIII

The trend in the melting

point, boiling point, density,
reactivity in

 Group I
 Group II
 Group VII

Relation between atomic

structure and the reactivity in

 Group I

 Group II

 Group VII

Predict products and write

observation according to the
reactivity in terms of

Group I

Group II

Group VII

General reactivity series

Identify the types of reactions

Predict the products and

observations

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 IDENTIFICATION OF IONS AND GASES

Identification of ions

a) Refer precipitation reaction

b) Flame test .
By observing the colour of the flame , we can determine the metal ions as each
metal ions gives distinctive colour to the flame

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP FOR COLLECTION OF GASES or TO DETERMINE THE

RATE OF REACTION

a) When there is a gas forming, the rate of decrease of mass is due to the loss of mass due to
the gas escaping or to collect the gas using gas syringe and record the gas collected with respect
to time.

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Doc Brown's Chemistry

2. Gases which are insoluble in water can be collected in the following manner.

Example – Hydrogen gas, oxygen gas, nitrogen gas

Scholar Advisor

3.Gases which are soluble in water but denser than air can be collected in the following
manner

Example – Carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide

Downward delivery of gases (air is displaced upwards)

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4. Gases which are soluble in water but less dense than air can be collected in the following
manner.
Upward delivery of gases (air is displaced down)
Example – ammonia

Royal Society of Chemistry

Complete the reactions below. Sketch the diagram to show the method of collection of the
gases formed.
a) Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid

b) Magnesium + nitric acid

c) Heat Potassium chlorate

d) Ammonium chloride + calcium hydroxide

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 REFLECTION

Topic/subtopic Green area Grey area

Physical and chemical change
(revision)

Predict the products(revision)

Predict the observations

(revision)

Test for
 Positive ions
(with NaOH &
NH4OH)

 Test for negative ions

 Flame test

 Test for gas

How do we know a reaction

has happened?

Collision theory & speed of

reaction with respect to

 Concentration
 Temperature
 Particle size
 catalyst

Collection of gases

 factors to look into

 collection method

 determining the rate of

reaction

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