SP 1109 1 Earthing and Bonding (ERD 64 10) 2

Petroleum Development Oman L.L.C.
UNRESTRICTED Document ID: SP-1109 (ERD-64-09)

March 2004 Filing key: A-71
SP 1109 Specification for Earthing

and Bonding
This document is the property of Petroleum Development Oman, LLC. Neither the whole nor any
part of this document may be disclosed to others or reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form by any means (electronic, mechanical, reprographic recording or otherwise)
without prior written consent of the owner.
Specification for Earthing and Bonding Version 4.0
Authorised for issue March 2004
Signed :............................................................
CFDH, Electrical Engineering
The following is a brief summary of the 4 most recent revisions to this document. Details of all
revisions prior to these are held on file by the issuing department.
Version No. Date Author Scope / Remarks

Version 0 Oct 93 BEB/4 Original issued as ERD-64-09
Version 1.0 Oct 98 BEB/4 Format revised and text updated
Version 2.0 June 99 Saif Al Sumry, Converted to Specification as per PDO Policy
OIE/3 Cascade & minor changes to the text
Version 3.0 June Humaid Al Harthy Introduced Marconite as artificial method of
2001 reducing earth resistivity
Version 4.0 March Humaid Al Harthy Routine three yearly revision and capture
2004 TTE/41 experience through several parties
Includes requirements for Electromagnetic
Compatibility (EMC)
SP-1109 Page 1 March 2004

Version 4.0 Specification for Earthing and Bonding
Contents
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................5
1.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................................5
1.2 APPLICABLE STANDARDS, SPECIFICATION AND CODES.........................5
1.2.1 PDO Standards..................................................................................................................5
1.2.2 SIOP/SIEP Standards........................................................................................................5
1.2.3 International Standards.....................................................................................................6
1.3 COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARDS...................................................................6
1.3.1 Language and Units of Measurement...............................................................................6
1.4 SYSTEM REPRESENTATION..............................................................................6
1.3.2 Conventions for Transformer Winding Arrangements.....................................................6
1.3.3 Conventions for System Earthing.....................................................................................7
2 Scope.......................................................................................................................8
2.1 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM EARTHING..................................................8
2.1.1 General...............................................................................................................................8
2.1.2 HV Generators.................................................................................................................10
2.1.3 LV Generators (415V).....................................................................................................10
2.1.4 Power Transformers.........................................................................................................11
2.1.4.1 HV Generator Unit Transformers................................................................................11
2.1.4.2 HV Generator Auxiliary Transformers........................................................................11
2.1.4.3 Transmission Transformers.........................................................................................12
2.1.4.4 HV Distribution Transformers.....................................................................................13
2.1.4.5 LV Distribution Transformers.....................................................................................15
2.1.4.6 HV Motor Unit Transformers......................................................................................16
2.1.4.7 HV Step-Up Transformers...........................................................................................17
2.1.4.8 ESP Transformers........................................................................................................17
2.1.5 Three Phase Earthing Transformers...............................................................................18
2.1.6 LV Systems......................................................................................................................19
2.1.7 DC Systems......................................................................................................................19
2.1.8 Drilling Rigs....................................................................................................................19
2.1.9 Mobile Camps..................................................................................................................21
2.1.10 33 kV Switch-rack Earthing............................................................................................21
2.2 EARTHING & BONDING AND PROTECTIVE EARTH.................................22
2.2.1 General.............................................................................................................................22
2.2.1.1 The Protective Conductor (PE) system.......................................................................22
2.2.1.2 The Equipotential Bonding conductor (EB) system:..................................................22
2.2.2 Electrical Equipment.......................................................................................................23
2.2.2.1 Indoor Switchboards & Control Panels.......................................................................23
2.2.2.2 Outdoor Switchgear & Associated Equipment............................................................23
2.2.2.3 Transformers................................................................................................................23
2.2.2.4 Generators....................................................................................................................24
2.2.2.5 Overhead Lines............................................................................................................24
2.2.2.6 Cables...........................................................................................................................24
2.2.2.7 Electric Motors............................................................................................................25
2.2.2.8 Lighting & Small Power Installation..........................................................................25
2.2.2.9 Other Electrical Equipment.........................................................................................25
2.2.2.10 Skid mounted Pump-Motor Unit.............................................................................25
2.2.2.11 General.....................................................................................................................25
2.2.3 Pipework..........................................................................................................................26
2.2.4 Bulk Storage Tanks..........................................................................................................26
2.2.5 Storage Vessels.................................................................................................................26
2.2.6 Drilling Rigs....................................................................................................................26
2.2.7 Mobile Camps..................................................................................................................27
2.2.8 Well Casings....................................................................................................................27
2.2.9 Fences..............................................................................................................................27
2.2.9.1 Outdoor Substations and Power Stations....................................................................27
2.2.9.2 Outdoor Transformer Yard..........................................................................................27
2.2.9.3 Production Facilities....................................................................................................27
2.2.9.4 General.........................................................................................................................27
March 2004 Page 2 SP-1109

2.2.10 Miscellaneous Metalwork................................................................................................27
2.2.11 Well Pad Earthing............................................................................................................28
2.2.12 Jetties...............................................................................................................................29
2.2.13 Road Tanker Loading Facilities......................................................................................29
2.2.14 Road Tanker Unloading Facilities...................................................................................29
2.2.15 Electronic/Computer Systems.........................................................................................29
2.2.16 Process Equipment..........................................................................................................29
2.2.17 AC UPS Systems.............................................................................................................29
2.2.18 LV AC Distribution Boards.............................................................................................29
2.2.19 Electromagnetic Compatibility........................................................................................29
2.2.20 Cathodically Protected Structures...................................................................................30
2.3 PROTECTION AGAINST LIGHTNING............................................................30
2.4 PROTECTION AGAINST STATIC ELECTRICITY........................................31
2.5 EARTHING SYSTEM DESIGN...........................................................................31
2.5.1 Design Objectives............................................................................................................31
2.5.2 Recommended Values of Earth Resistance.....................................................................31
2.5.3 General Requirements.....................................................................................................32
2.5.3.1 Earth Resistivity Measurements..................................................................................32
2.5.3.2 Permanent Installations...............................................................................................32
2.5.3.3 Temporary Installations...............................................................................................32
2.5.3.4 Earth Electrode Materials............................................................................................32
2.5.3.5 Location of Earth Electrodes.......................................................................................33
2.5.3.6 Artificial Method of Reducing Earth Resistivity........................................................34
2.5.3.7 Control of Step and Touch Voltages in Power Stations , Outdoor Substations and
terminal tower having equipment mounted near it.....................................................34
2.6 TEMPORARY EARTHING..................................................................................34
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 - CABLES & TERMINATIONS..............................................................................36
APPENDIX 2 - SIZING OF EARTH CONDUCTORS...................................................................39
APPENDIX A : GLOSSARY OF DEFINITIONS, TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS..................40
SP USER-COMMENT FORM.........................................................................................................44

FIGURES
Figure 1. : Symbols Used in Figures..................................................................................................7
Figure 2. : TN System........................................................................................................................8
Figure 3. : TN System for installation supplied from Overhead Line...............................................8
Figure 4. : TN-S System.....................................................................................................................9
Figure 5. : HV Generator Earthing..................................................................................................10
Figure 6. : LV Generator Earthing...................................................................................................10
Figure 7. : 33/11 kV HV Generator Unit Transformer....................................................................11
Figure 8. : 132/11 kV HV Generator Unit Transformer..................................................................11
Figure 9. : 11/0.415 kV HV Generator Auxiliary Transformer.......................................................11
Figure 10. : 132/33 kV, YNyn HV Transmission Transformer.......................................................12
Figure 11. : 132/33 kV, YNd HV Transmission Transformer..........................................................12
Figure 12. : HV Distribution Transformer (YNyn).........................................................................13
Figure 13. : 132/11 kV or 6.6 kV, YNd HV Distribution Transformer...........................................13
Figure 14. : 33/11 kV or 6.6 kV, YNd HV Distribution Transformer.............................................14
Figure 15. : 132/11 kV or 6.6 kV, Dyn HV Distribution Transformer............................................14
Figure 16. : 33/11 kV or 6.6 kV, Dyn HV Distribution Transformer..............................................15
Figure 17. : LV Distribution Transformer........................................................................................15
Figure 18. : 132/11 kV HV Motor Unit Transformer......................................................................16
Figure 19. : 33/11 kV HV Motor Unit Transformer........................................................................16
Figure 20. : 33/6.6 kV, YNd Step-up Transformer..........................................................................17
Figure 21. : ESP Transformer..........................................................................................................17
Figure 22. : 6.6/0.415 kV, ZNyn Three Phase Earthing Transformer.............................................18
Figure 23. : 33/0.415 kV, ZNyn Three Phase Earthing Transformer..............................................18
Figure 24. : Low Voltage IT System.................................................................................................19
Figure 25. : Low Voltage IT System.................................................................................................20
Figure 26. : Low Voltage TN System...............................................................................................21
Figure 27. : Recommended Value of Earth Resistance....................................................................32
Figure 28. : CT Installed on single core armoured cable................................................................38
Figure 29. : Earth Conductor Size...................................................................................................39

1 Introduction
A Specification (SP) is a document that Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) issue to
specify their requirements, procedures and standards. The prefix for these documents shall
be SP.
1.1 PURPOSE
This SP specifies the earthing & bonding arrangements for both permanent and temporary
installations in PDO sites and covers the following:
 Electrical System Grounding.
 Equipment Grounding for electrical equipment and non-electrical metallic equipment
like tanks, vessels, etc.
 Static and Lightning Protection Grounding.
1.2 APPLICABLE STANDARDS, SPECIFICATION AND CODES

The following Standards, specifications and codes should be consulted when applying the
requirement of this Standard. All listed documents shall be latest issue except those
documents prescribed by date.
1.2.1 PDO Standards

SP-1099 - Specification for Electrical Installation Practice
SP-1103 - Electrical Engineering Guidelines (Amendment to DEP
33.64.10.10)
SP-1120 - Specification for High Voltage Switchgear and Control Gear
(Amendment to DEP 33.67.51.31)
SP-1121 - Specification for Low Voltage Switchgear and Control Gear
(Amendment to DEP 33.67.01.31)
SP-1105 - Specification for Electrical Standard Drawings
SP-1108 - Specification for Electrical Safety rules Operational
Procedures (ESOP6 & 21)
SP-1113 - Specification for 132 kV Substation
SP-1128 - Cathodic Protection Design
PR-1234 - Safe Working Procedures on Cathodically Protected Structures
1.2.2 SIOP/SIEP Standards

DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen - Electrical Engineering Guidelines
DEP 33.67.51.31 - HV Switchgear & Control Gear Assemblies
DEP 33.67.01.31 - LV Switchgear & Control Gear Assemblies
DEP 32.37.20.10 - Instrument Signal Lines
DEP 33.64.10.33 Gen. Electromagnetic Compatibility EMC
Shell Safety - Static Electricity
Committee

1.2.3 International Standards

ANSI/IEEE Std-80-2000 - IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding
IEE - Regulations for Electrical Installations
IEC 60050 - International Electrotechinical Vocabulary
IEC 79-14 - Electrical Installations in Explosive Gas Atmospheres (other
than mines)
IEC 60364 - Electrical Installations in Buildings
IEC 479-1 - Effects of Current Passing Through the Human Body
IEEE Std 142 IEEE Recommended Practice for grounding of Industrial and
commercial power systems
The above DEPs and SPs are available from Live Link & Shell Web.
1.3 COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARDS

All requirements of this Specification shall apply except where equipment Manufacturer's
standards are more stringent, then the latter shall apply.
For any deviations from this Specification, the Contractor shall obtain the written
agreement of PDO prior to execution of the related engineering work.
In all cases the Company shall determine the adequacy of design carried out and Works
executed by the Contractor in accordance with this Specification.
1.3.1 Language and Units of Measurement

English language and the International System (SI) units of measurement in all documents
and drawings shall be used; refer to ISO 31 and ISO 1000. Where the SI unit is a
conversion of a manufactured dimension, the original dimension can be put in brackets,
after the SI units. For example, 50 mm (2 in) pipe.
1.4 SYSTEM REPRESENTATION
1.4.1 Conventions for Transformer Winding Arrangements

An upper-case letter indicates the higher voltage winding
A lower-case letter indicates the lower voltage winding
Y or y indicates a star winding
D or d indicates a delta winding
Z or z indicates a zigzag winding
N or n indicates that the star winding has an accessible neutral point
Example: Dyn is a transformer with a delta HV winding and a star LV winding with
accessible neutral point

1.4.2 Conventions for System Earthing

Power system earthing arrangements are distinguished as follows:
 The first letter denotes the earthing arrangement at the source of energy:
T = direct connection of one or more points to Earth.
I = all live parts isolated from Earth or one point connected to Earth through an
impedance.
 The second letter denotes the relationship of the exposed conductive parts of the
installation to Earth:
T = direct electrical connection of the exposed conductive parts to Earth
independently of the earthing of any point of the source of energy,
N = direct electrical connection of the exposed conductive parts to the earthed points
of the source of energy, which for AC, is usually the neutral point.
Note: exposed conductive parts are always earthed.
For low voltage systems the designation 'TN' is further subdivided depending on the
arrangement of neutral and protective conductors, the arrangement being denoted by a
further letter or letters:
S = neutral and protective functions provided by separate conductors (N and PE),
C = neutral and protective functions combined in a single conductor (PEN).
DEDICATED EARTH
Frame ELECTRODE
NEUTRAL EARTHING
CABLE
Neutral
Terminal Box EARTH RAIL
Terminal EARTH MAT JOINT

Box
EARTH GRID JOINT
Equipotential ELECTRICAL JOINT

Bonding
Conductors Earth UNARMOURED CABLE
Rail
OVERHEAD LINE
Bonding to ARMOURED CABLE

earth grid
Figure 1 : Symbols Used in Figures
Note: To avoid reliance on bolted connections, the above example shows separate
Equipotential Bonding Conductors for the terminal boxes and the frame.

2 Scope
2.1 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM EARTHING
2.1.1 General
Power system earthing for permanent PDO and contractor facilities shall comply with the
guidelines as laid down in DEP 33.64.10.10 and SP-1103.
TN System shall be adopted for HV System Earthing. Refer Figure 2 for an explanatory
schematic of a TN-system.
SOURCE
L1
L2
L3
PE
EXPOSED
CONDUCTIVE
PARTS ARE
SOURCE CONNECTED TO
EARTH PE CONSUMER
EQUIPMENT
Figure 2 : TN System
For HV Systems supplied from an overhead line, the earthing system shall be of the TN
configuration from the point of supply. Refer Figure 3 for explanatory schematic.
SOURCE OVERHEAD LINE POINT OF SUPPLY

L1
L2
L3
PE
EXPOSED
CONDUCTIVE
INSTALLATION PARTS ARE
SOURCE CONNECTED TO
EARTH EARTH
PE CONSUMER
EQUIPMENT
Figure 3 : TN System for installation supplied from Overhead Line

TN-S System shall be adopted for LV System Earthing. Refer Fig. 4 for an explanatory
schematic of a TN-S system.
SOURCE
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
EXPOSED
CONDUCTIVE
PARTS ARE
CONNECTED TO
PE
SOURCE CONSUMER
EARTH EQUIPMENT
CONSUMER
EQUIPMENT
Figure 4 : TN-S System
For details of these earthing systems, refer IEC 364-3.

The standard IEC-voltages currently used in PDO are:
 Transmission: 132 kV, 66 kV and 33 kV.
 Distribution: 11 kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV and 415 V.
Note: 66 kV and 3.3 kV shall not be used for new installations.
132 kV and 33 kV systems shall be solidly earthed.
The earthing of new 6.6 kV and 11 kV distribution systems shall comply with DEP
33.64.10.10-Gen., Clause 3.8 (i.e., resistance earthed, with fault-current limitation equal to
approximately the rated full load current of the supply equipment).
For the existing 6.6 kV and 11 kV distribution systems a mixture of earthing methods are in
use, ranging from solidly earthed to high impedance earthed.
LV systems shall be solidly earthed.
Sections 2.1.2 to 2.1.5 of this SP describe "standard earthing arrangements", which shall be
used for new facilities, covering generators and transformers and the method of power
system earthing employed.
In case deviations from the standard earthing arrangements are necessary, these shall be
discussed with and agreed by Electrical Functional Discipline Head.

2.1.2 HV Generators
Generator system neutrals shall be earthed via single phase neutral earthing transformers
and associated resistors which shall limit earth fault currents to a low value, e.g., less than
5 Ampere, so that in the event of a conductor-to-core insulation fault, damage to the stator
laminations will be negligible. Generator, cable and transformer capacitance shall be taken
into account to determine the earth fault current. Refer Figure 5.
To Auxiliary Transformer (2.1.4.2)
GT FRAME 6 Generator
To Unit Transformer (2.1.4.1)
5A
Figure 5 : HV Generator Earthing

Note: The actual value, to which the earth fault current is limited, should be as
recommended by the generator manufacturer, but shall be sufficiently high to ensure
reliable operation of the generator restrictive earth fault/differential protection.
2.1.3 LV Generators (415V)

LV generators (fixed as well as mobile) shall have their system neutrals solidly earthed and
be suitable for connection to TN-S systems. Refer to Figure 6.
For power systems on drilling rigs refer to Section 2.1.8 of this SP.
To LV Distribution Board
Figure 6 : LV Generator Earthing

2.1.4 Power Transformers
2.1.4.1 HV Generator Unit Transformers

These are employed to connect a HV generator to 132 kV or 33 kV transmission systems.
The winding arrangement shall be YNd, whereby the 132 kV or 33 kV systems neutral is
solidly earthed.
Refer Figures 7 and 8.
33/11 kV YNd11
From HV Generator
(2.1.2) To 33kV Switchgear
Figure 7 : 33/11 kV HV Generator Unit Transformer
132/11 kV YNd1
From HV Generator To 132kV Switchgear

(2.1.2)
Figure 8 : 132/11 kV HV Generator Unit Transformer
2.1.4.2 HV Generator Auxiliary Transformers

These are employed to provide LV supply to the generator auxiliary system. The winding
arrangement shall be Dyn, whereby the LV system neutral is solidly earthed.
Refer to Figure 9.
11/0.415kV
Dyn11
From HV To Generator
Generator auxiliary board
(2.1.2)
Figure 9 : 11/0.415 kV HV Generator Auxiliary Transformer
2.1.4.3 Transmission Transformers

These are used to interconnect the 132 kV and 33 kV transmission systems. The winding
arrangement shall be YNyn or YNd. The 132 kV system neutral as well as the 33 kV

system neutral shall be solidly earthed, in case Ynyn connection is adopted. This type of
transformer shall not be used for new projects
In case of YNd, the 132 kV side system neutral shall be solidly earthed and the 33 kV
system neutral shall be earthed through an earthing transformer.
Refer to Figures 10 and Fig. 11.
132/33kV YNyn
From 132kV To 33kV Over

Switchgear Head Line
Figure 10 : 132/33 kV, YNyn HV Transmission Transformer
132/33kV YNd
From 132kV To 33kV

Switchgear Switchgear
To 3-phase
Earthing
Transformer
(2.1.5)
Figure 11 : 132/33 kV, YNd HV Transmission Transformer

2.1.4.4 HV Distribution Transformers

These are used to interconnect the 132 kV or 33 kV transmission systems with the 11 kV or
6.6 KV distribution systems. The winding arrangement shall be YNyn, YNd or Dyn.
In case of YNyn the 132 kV and the 33 kV system neutral shall be solidly earthed and the
11 kV and the 6.6 kV system neutral shall be resistance earthed. Refer to Figure 12. This
type of transformer shall only be used after written approval of Head Power Systems
Development.
132/33kV or 132/6.6kV
YNyn
From 132kV 11kV or 6.6kV

Switchgear Cable
I
n
Figure 12 : HV Distribution Transformer (YNyn)
In case of Ynd, the 132 kV & 33 kV system neutral shall be solidly earthed. The 11 kV &
6.6 kV winding shall be earthed via a three-phase earthing transformer, such that the
prospective earth fault current is approximately equal to the rated full load current of the
source of supply (i.e., the distribution transformer). Refer to Figures 13 and 14.
132/11kV or 132/6.6kV
YNd
To 6.6kV or 11kV
From 132kV Switchgear
Switchgear
To 3-phase Earthing
Transformer (2.1.5)
Figure 13 : 132/11 kV or 6.6 kV, YNd HV Distribution Transformer

33/11kV or 33/6.6kV YNd
From 33 kV
To 6.6kV or 11Kv
To 3-phase
Earthing
Transformer (2.1.5)
Figure 14 : 33/11 kV or 6.6 kV, YNd HV Distribution Transformer
In case of Dyn, the 11 kV & 6.6 kV system neutrals shall be earthed via a resistor, which
shall limit the prospective earth fault current to approximately the rated full load current of
the source of supply.
Refer to Figures 15 and 16.
132/11kV or 132/6.6kV
Dyn
From 132kV To 6.6kV or 11kV

In
Figure 15 : 132/11 kV or 6.6 kV, Dyn HV Distribution Transformer

33/11kV or 33/6.6kV
Dyn
From 33kV To 6.6kV or 11kV

In
Figure 16 : 33/11 kV or 6.6 kV, Dyn HV Distribution Transformer
2.1.4.5 LV Distribution Transformers

These are used to interconnect a local 33 kV, 11 kV or 6.6 kV distribution system with a
local 415 V distribution system. The winding arrangement shall be Dyn. The 415 V
system neutral shall be solidly earthed. Refer to Figure 17. This arrangement may also be
used to obtain 415V from a 33 kV transmission system, e.g. for beam pumps/Electrical
Submersible Pumps (ESPs).
33/0.415 kV or 6.6/0.415 kV or 11/0.415 kV

Dyn
From 33kV or
6.6kV or 11kV To LV Switchgear
Switchgear
Figure 17 : LV Distribution Transformer

2.1.4.6 HV Motor Unit Transformers

These are used to connect individual HV motors to either the 132 kV or 33 kV system. The
winding arrangement shall be Dyn. The system neutral of the secondary winding(11kV)
shall be earthed via a resistor, which shall limit the earth fault currents to a low value, e.g.,
less than 5A, so that in the event of a conductor-to-core insulation fault in the motor,
damage to the motor core laminations will be negligible. Motor, cable and transformer
capacitance shall be taken into account to determine the earth fault current. Refer to
Figures 18 and 19.
132/11kV
Dyn
From 132kV To HV motor or HV

Switchgear motor starter
5A
Figure 18 : 132/11 kV HV Motor Unit Transformer
33/11kV
Dyn
From 33kV To HV motor or

Switchgear HV motor starter
5A
Figure 19 : 33/11 kV HV Motor Unit Transformer
Note 1: As an alternative to the earthing method described above, the system neutral
(11kV) can be earthed via a single phase transformer and associated resistor,
similar to the earthing method in Section 2.1.2 of this SP.
Note 2: The actual value to which the earth fault current is limited should be as
recommended by the motor manufacturer, but shall be sufficient to ensure reliable
operation of the associated earth fault protection.

2.1.4.7 HV Step-Up Transformers

These are employed to connect an existing 6.6 kV system to a 33 kV transmission system.
The winding arrangement shall be YNd, whereby the 33 kV system neutral is solidly
earthed. Refer to Figure 20.
3
3
/
6
. To 33kV Overhead
From 6.6kV
6 Line
Switchgear
k
V
Y
N
d
Figure 20 : 33/6.6 kV, YNd Step-up Transformer
2.1.4.8 ESP Transformers

These step-up transformers are employed to connect the motor of a submersible pump to the
local 415V supply. The LV winding shall be delta connected. Depending on the required
motor voltage the secondary winding may be star or delta connected. The motor supply
system shall not be earthed. Refer to Figure 21.
0.415/1.5-4kV or 33/1.5-4kV
From 415kV or 33kV To Submersible Pump

Switchboard motor
Figure 21 : ESP Transformer

2.1.5 Three Phase Earthing Transformers

An earthing transformer creates a neutral point in systems that are supplied from a delta
connected power transformer winding. Earthing transformers may be provided with a LV
secondary winding to supply 415V to a remote substation. The winding arrangement shall
be ZN or ZNyn.
Refer to Figure 22 and 23.
6.6/0.415kV
Znyn
From HV Distribution
Transformer (3.4.4) To LV
Switchboard
In
Figure 22 : 6.6/0.415 kV, ZNyn Three Phase Earthing Transformer
33/0.415kV
ZNyn
From HV
Distribution To LV
Transformer Switchboard
(3.4.3)
Figure 23 : 33/0.415 kV, ZNyn Three Phase Earthing Transformer
A three phase earthing transformer shall be connected directly to the terminals of the
transformer secondary(Delta) winding for which it is providing a system neutral earth point
and shall be included in the main transformer protection zone. The impedance of the
earthing transformer needs to be specified
In case of deviations, Electrical Functional Discipline Head shall be consulted.

2.1.6 LV Systems
The system neutrals of 415V transformer and generator windings shall be solidly earthed
and the associated LV system shall have separate neutral and protective conductors, i.e.,
"TN-S" system as defined in IEC-364-3.
For drilling rigs refer to Section 2.1.8 and 2.2.6 of this SP. For mobile camps refer to
Section 2.1.9 of this SP.
For fixed low voltage equipment, earth loop impedance shall be such as to effect circuit
disconnection in a time not exceeding one second under solid (negligible impedance) earth
fault condition and taking into account the manufacturer's nominal time/current
characteristic of the protective device. Refer to DEP 33.64.10.I0-Gen, Clause 3.8.3.
2.1.7 DC Systems
DC supplies are used for switchgear closing/tripping operations and instrument supplies.
For reasons of supply security, these systems shall not be earthed, i.e., shall be "IT" systems.
Outgoing feeders from distribution board on DC systems, shall be provided with “Earth
leakage Monitor”(ELM) with 5 mA operating current for detection of earth fault currents.
2.1.8 Drilling Rigs

The main power systems for drilling rigs are generally operated at low voltage level
(<660V; 50 or 60 Hz). The generally accepted industry standard is, for reasons of security
of supply, to employ a non-earthed system of "IT" designation, so that the occurrence of one
earth fault does not require immediate disconnection of the affected feeder or the source of
supply. Refer Figures 24 and 25 for explanatory schematics of low voltage IT-systems.
SOURCE
SOURCE IS L1
NOT L2
EARTHED L3
L
EXPOSED 2
CONDUCTIVE
L
PARTS ARE 3
EARTHED VIA
THE RING
MAIN
CONSUMER CONSUMER
EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT
Figure 24 : Low Voltage IT System

S
O
U
L1
R
C L2
E L3
EXPOSED PE
CONDUCTIVE
PARTS ARE
EARTHED VIA
THE PE
CONSUMER CONSUMER
EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT
Figure 25 : Low Voltage IT System
The occurrence of an earth fault turns an IT-system into an earthed system without the
proper protection for such a system.
To ensure a level of electrical safety, comparable to the approved "TN-S system", the "IT"'
system is, subject to compliance with the requirements outlined below, allowed by exception
for the main power system of a drilling rig only, i.e., not for rig offices.
The drilling contractor shall ensure electrical safety in “IT" systems by compliance with
certain additional requirements.
These requirements are dealt with in detail in SP-1112, but are summarised below:
 The continuous presence of qualified electrical personnel.
 Provision of a permanent insulation monitoring device.
 Socket outlets for portable tools to have a protective earth conductor.
The offices, associated with the drilling rig, are generally supplied from the main drilling
rig power system via step-down transformers. The electrical subsystem supplied from these
step-down transformers shall conform to either the standard "TN-S" system or to the TN-
system (Refer Figure 26).

SOURCE
L1
L2
L3
PE
EXPOSED
CONDUCTIVE
PARTS ARE
CONNECTED TO
PE
CONSUMER
EQUIPMENT
CONSUMER
EQUIPMENT
Figure 26 : Low Voltage TN System
2.1.9 Mobile Camps

Mobile camps, e.g., seismic camps and drilling camps, shall be supplied from electrical
systems conforming to the "TN-S" system. For guidance refer to Section 2.2.7 of this SP.
2.1.10 33 kV Switch-rack Earthing

A shield wire shall be provided connecting the tops of the wood pole structure of the 33kV
switch rack. . The Shield wire shall be connected to the earth electrodes at minimum two
corners of the Structure of Switch rack. The earth electrodes shall in turn be connected to the
earth grid around the Switch rack.
All cross arms and electrical equipment mounted on the switch rack, shall be connected to
the earthing down conductor. This conductor shall be brought down and connected to the
switch rack earthing grid.
All electrical equipment mounted on the Switch rack or its vicinity, requiring hand operation
shall be provided with an earth mat below it. The earth mat shall be connected to the earth
grid.
The overall resistance of the Switch rack earth grid in isolated condition shall be limited to
7.0 ohm as per clause 2.5.2 of this SP.
2.1.10.1 The Switch rack earth grid shall be connected with the station or plant earth grid to
improve the overall resistance and reliability.

2.2 EARTHING & BONDING AND PROTECTIVE EARTH
2.2.1 General
As stated in Section 2.1.1 of this SP the earthing system for HV and LV networks shall be
the type in which all exposed conductive parts are connected to the earthed neutral point of
the power source through the protective conductor.
Earthing Installations shall comprise the following two systems:
2.2.1.1 The Protective Conductor (PE) system

This system is an electrically continuous system which provides a permanent direct return
path for fault currents between exposed conductive parts (e.g. the metallic enclosure of
electrical equipment) and the neutral of the source of supply. In conjunction with protective
devices, the PE system controls magnitude and duration of touch voltages to safe levels.
In permanent LV systems PE's and protective devices shall ensure automatic disconnection
of an earth fault from the source of supply within one second (ref. DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen.
Clause 3.8.3).
For personnel safety and to ensure proper operation of the protection relays the impedance
of the return path shall be as low as possible, hence the PE should be integrated in the
power cable.
Common examples of PE's are cable armouring, cable screens, neutral point connections,
earth bars etc. Where no suitable cable armour or screen is available either the power cable
shall have an additional PE conductor or a separate PE conductor shall be installed parallel
to the power cable (yellow/green PVC sheath).
2.2.1.2 The Equipotential Bonding conductor (EB) system:

This system is an electrically continuous system which directly or indirectly (via the earth
grid) interconnects exposed conductive parts (e.g., the metallic enclosure of electrical
equipment) with extraneous conductive parts (of non-electrical equipment, e.g., a skid) and
earth to ensure Equipotential between these parts and earth under normal and electrical
fault conditions. This system generally consists of a common earth grid and EB conductors
connecting exposed and extraneous parts to the earth grid. Refer DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen.,
Clause 6.5.1 and this SP, Section 2.5.3.4 and 2.5.3.5. Potential equalisation is always
required, except for production station fences.
Common examples of EBs are earth grids in oil and gas facilities and substations, and earth
mats in substations with outdoor equipment.
Although the PE-system and the EB-system have distinctly different functions (namely fault
clearing and Equipotential), these systems are permanently interconnected. Thus, in
addition to its function the EB-system will affect earth loop impedance and fault clearing.
Similarly, in addition to its function, the PE-system will provide supplementary connections
between exposed conductive parts and the earth grid, via the neutral point of the source of
supply.
Note: In some cases the effect of the EB-system may be an increase of earth loop
impedance. Compare cases a & b in DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen., Appendix 12.
Unless exceptions are given below, the general rule is that, for reasons of reliability, the
exposed and extraneous conductive parts of equipment shall be connected to the EB system
by two separately routed earth conductors, marked green/yellow. These conductors shall be
connected to the equipment at physically different points (e.g., diametrically opposite).
EB connections shall be as short and straight as possible to obtain low impedance.
Refer Standard Drawing No: STD.4.0300 series.
The cross-section of conductors for the PE and EB systems shall in general be determined
by the prospective fault level, which will vary from location to location, and the type of
fault. To avoid cumbersome and repetitive calculations and in the interest of
standardisation, a limited range of cross-sections is recommended in Appendix 2 of this SP.

The sections below provide guidance to how the various types of equipment shall be
connected to the EB system.
2.2.2 Electrical Equipment
2.2.2.1 Indoor Switchboards & Control Panels

Indoor main switchboards (HV and LV) shall have a continuous earth busbar running the
length of the equipment to which all metalwork, including cable glands, etc., shall be
connected. The earth busbar shall be connected to the substation earth bar or earth mat via
copper conductors. Either copper tape, strip or PVC-insulated stranded copper conductor
may be used.
Care shall be taken to avoid direct contact between the switchboard structure and
reinforcing bars in the floor, to prevent heating up and expansion of the reinforcing bars
under fault conditions.
For small sub-switchboards such as lighting, instruments, control panels, rectifiers, etc. a
single PVC insulated stranded copper conductor to the substation earth bar is generally
sufficient. A solution, which combines increased reliability with low cost, is to install a ring
earth conductor, taking care that throughout the ring the cross-section of the earth
conductor remains the same.
The distribution boards shall be connected to the earth by at least two earthing conductors
and electrical auxiliary panels by at least one earthing conductor
2.2.2.2 Outdoor Switchgear & Associated Equipment

Outdoor Switchgear/Circuit breakers, disconnecting switch, VTs, CTs, PLC equipment, etc.
in outdoor substations shall be connected to the substation earth mat/earth ring via stranded
copper PVC-insulated conductors, marked green/yellow. The main earth bar(or ring) shall
be connected where required to earth electrode.
The operating mechanisms for outdoor disconnectors and earth switches and circuit breaker
control kiosks, etc, not integral with the circuit breaker, should be connected to the main
earth grid by a branch earth connection, entirely separate from that employed for earthing
the disconnector or earth switch base, or the circuit breaker structure.
Lightning/Surge arrestors shall be connected to individual earth pits which will be
connected to switchyard earthing grid by two connections.
The terminal tower for 132 kV overhead line shall be provided with earth grid with
sufficient number of horizontal earth conductor and earth electrodes to bring down step and
touch potential within tolerable limit. The earth grid/ring provided around the foundations
of terminal tower, shall be connected to the nearest switchyard/plant earth grid.
2.2.2.3 Transformers
Transformer tanks shall be connected to the substation earth grid or mat via PVC-insulated
stranded copper conductors, marked green/yellow. If more than one transformer is installed
(e.g., in a 2 x 100% standby situation) a ring earth system may be considered. Refer
Standard Drawings for details.
Transformer neutral shall be directly connected to two independent earth pits, which shall
be connected to the main earth grid. The length of copper rod shall be selected to achieve
the required grid resistance. The individual transformer cable boxes, marshalling boxes,
control panels and auxiliary boxes shall be connected to the earth grid by separate
individual conductors. This is also applicable to well pad & distribution Transformers e.g.
MAF 11/0.415 kV , 500 kVA Transformers
2.2.2.4 Generators
The frame and the terminal boxes of a generator shall be connected directly to the station
earth grid or mat via PVC-insulated stranded copper conductors, not to the generator
neutral which may be earthed via a neutral earthing impedance.

2.2.2.5 Overhead Lines
Switching structures shall be provided with an earth mat as detailed in PDO Standard
Drawing, to provide an equipotential plane on which the operator can stand when operating
the switching equipment. The operating mechanism shall be connected to the earth mat by
a separate conductor in addition to the conductor that connects the switching equipment to
the earth mat. The area where the operator stands shall be covered with a 150 mm layer of
20 mm crushed stone.
In view of the steep wave front of lightning strikes, the earth connection between surge
arresters and earth shall be as short and straight as possible to minimise the surge
impedance. An earth electrode, which may be part of the grid, should be provided as near as
practicable to each set of surge arresters. The earth connections of the arresters should be
interconnected with the main earthing system.
Wooden poles are susceptible to pole-fires. The main cause of a pole-fire is leakage current
across the insulators through the pole to earth, which is generally the result of polluted
insulators. Therefore the first and foremost defence against pole-fires should be regular
cleaning of the insulators. The second precaution against pole-fires is bonding of the metal
parts mounted on the pole, which may have unequal potentials.
A typical example is a pole with double cross-arms (e.g., Section poles), where due to
shrinking of the wood the bolts, connecting both cross-arms, are no longer tight. This can
cause a voltage difference between both cross-arms, and eventually pole leakage currents.
A good remedy against pole-fires would be to earth all bonded steelwork and thus create a
path for leakage currents which bypasses the wooden pole. However, this would result in
an increase in the number of flashover and this is therefore not applied in PDO. Only the
steelwork of structures that support manually operated pole-mounted equipment shall be
bonded to earth.
It is therefore important to ensure that steelwork, including the upper part of stay-wires, is
bonded (and earthed where required) in accordance with the Standard Drawings (Overhead
line systems).
For earthing and bonding of poles, refer clause 2.3.4 of SP-1101.
2.2.2.6 Cables
The metallic armouring (and for HV Cables, also the Copper tape Screen) of multicore
cables, performs a vital role as the return path for fault Currents, and as such shall be
regarded as a protective Conductor.
The Cable armour (and copper tape screen) for the following cables shall be provided with
protective bonding as follows:
a) For Multi Core Cables(HV and LV)
Shall be solidly bonded to the equipment terminals at both ends of the cable.
b) For Single Core Cables(HV & LV)
Shall be solidly bonded to the equipment terminals at both ends of the cable.
c) Where single point bonding is required, reference shall be made to DEP
33.64.10.10-Gen Clause 5.3.1
d) The armour (and metallic sheath) of all breaker controlled cables shall be capable of
carrying the design fault current(25 kA) for 0.2 seconds(without considering back
up time)
Note:
The cable current rating given by the cable manufacturer, normally refers to cables in trefoil
formation with the armouring bonded and earthed at both ends of the cable and takes into
account the heating effect due to circulating currents through the metallic sheath.
2.2.2.7 Electric Motors

The frame and the terminal box(es) of electric motors shall be bonded to the earth grid
using a PVC-Insulated stranded copper conductor, marked green/yellow.
2.2.2.8 Lighting & Small Power Installation

All distribution boards, metallic conduits and metallic switch boxes shall be bonded to earth
grid.
2.2.2.9 Other Electrical Equipment

The exposed conductive parts of electrical equipment not covered in the previous sections
shall internally be bonded to a PE conductor, which may be contained within the supply
cable (usually the armouring), and externally to an EB conductor.
2.2.2.10 Skid mounted Pump-Motor Unit.

For combined skid mounted pump-motor set, an earthing bar shall be provided on the skid
which shall be connected to the plant earthing grid at two points. The motor terminal box,
motor enclosure, instrument junction box and all instrument and electrical panels and
junction boxes mounted on the skid shall be connected to the earth bar. The skid shall also
be connected to the earth bar by two connections.
2.2.2.11 General
If two or more stations are adjacent on what may be considered to be one site, the earthing
systems should be interconnected at minimum two places so that the whole area is enclosed
by one earthing system.

2.2.3 Pipework
In a process plant it is not necessary to earth pipework or to bond across flanges as an
effective and reliable contact normally exists via flange faces and bolts.
Where insulation kits are used to avoid contact between dissimilar metals, provision shall
be made for bonding across the dissimilar part (e.g. a copper/nickel valve between carbon
steel piping).
Pipework that crosses the boundary between safe and hazardous areas shall be bonded and
connected to the earth grid in accordance with Standard Drawing No: STD.4.0307.001.
The bonding and earthing shall be applied inside the hazardous area.
Cathodically protected pipework and equipment fixed to this pipework shall not be earthed
and shall be electrically insulated from surface installed pipework and equipment connected
to the common earth grid.
Insulation flanges and insulation spool pieces shall be installed outside hazardous areas
wherever possible. In cases where this is not possible, suitable measures shall be taken to
prevent accidental connection of protected equipment with unprotected equipment so as to
prevent the creation of incendive sparks.
Refer to Section 2.2.17 of this SP for cathodically protected metallic parts extending into
hazardous areas.
Earthing and bonding arrangement of piperack shall be carried out as per DEP
33.64.10.33-Gen to comply with EMC requirements.
2.2.4 Bulk Storage Tanks

For details of earthing Bulk storage tanks and storage tanks provided with external cathodic
protection, refer Standard Drawing No: STD.4.0318.02.
Note:
Standard Drawing for storage tanks provided with external cathodic protection, shows a
local 'TT' system for the electrical system supplying the equipment fixed to the tank. The
galvanised steel earthing electrodes shown on this drawing are experimental as there is no
experience available for the performance of these electrodes in PDO facilities (Refer
Section 2.5.3.4 of this SP).
2.2.5 Storage Vessels

Above ground installed storage vessels shall be connected to the earth grid. Buried storage
vessels shall be treated similar to storage tanks (Refer Section 2.2.4 of this SP).
2.2.6 Drilling Rigs

Reference shall be made to SP-1112, but for easy reference the main points are summarised
below. The earthing system of a typical drilling rig is usually an "IT" system. The
extraneous and exposed conductive parts of equipment mounted on the rig shall be bonded
to the main earth ring. The main earth ring shall be earthed by means of at least two earth
electrodes. The total resistance to earth shall not exceed 4 ohms if any one earth electrode
is disconnected.
The generator(s) shall not be operated before at least one earth electrode, having a
resistance to earth not greater than 4 ohms, is installed and bonded to the rig earthing
system.
Note: The waste/water pit is usually a satisfactory location for installing (inexpensive) earth
electrodes.
The well casing, after it has been installed, may be used as a second earth electrode,
provided the resistance to earth does not exceed 4 ohms. For cathodically protected casings
refer to Section 2.2.8 of this SP.

2.2.7 Mobile Camps

Reference shall be made to SP-1110, but for easy reference the main points are summarised
below.
 The neutral of the power system shall be solidly earthed close to the generator
skid/trailer.
 For the purpose of bonding between mobile units (e.g. caravans) a single core copper
conductor heavy-duty flexible cable (e.g., welding cable) of 35 mm 2 is acceptable.
 The earthing impedance of the earth grid shall be as low as possible, but not exceed 25
ohms.
2.2.8 Well Casings

Cathodically protected well casings shall be electrically insulated from the well site earth
grid. Other well casings shall be bonded to the well site earth grid. Also see Section 2.2.6.
2.2.9 Fences
2.2.9.1 Outdoor Substations and Power Stations

The bonding scheme shall ensure that the entire perimeter fence, including discontinuities,
is continuous with the substation earth grid or earth mat (ref. 2.5.3.6). All metal parts of
fences located directly underneath overhead lines shall be bonded to the substation earth
grid or earth mat. Refer Standard Drawing No: STD.4.0306.001.
2.2.9.2 Outdoor Transformer Yard

The bonding scheme shall ensure that the entire perimeter fence, including discontinuities,
is continuous with the substation earth grid. Refer Standard Drawing No: STD.4.0306.001.
2.2.9.3 Production Facilities

Perimeter fences of production facilities need not be bonded to the common earth grid.
Note: Because perimeter fences will be outside hazardous areas there is no need for
Equipotential bonding. Furthermore, simultaneous touching of the fence and nearby
electrical equipment will not be hazardous because touch voltages will be entirely
controlled by the PE-system and the protective devices (Refer Section 2.2.1 of this SP)
pertinent to that equipment.
2.2.9.4 General
Perimeter fences housing electrical equipment shall be earthed at regular intervals
(maximum 50 mtr) to earth electrodes. The perimeter earthing conductor shall be
installed approximately 1.0 mtr outside the fence in order to achieve a safe touch voltage.
Terminal pole stay wires located external but within 2 mtr of the fence , shall be bonded to
the fence.
2.2.10 Miscellaneous Metalwork

Miscellaneous metalwork such as handrails, walkways, ducting, cable trays, conduit etc.
need not be bonded or earthed if it can be shown by testing that they are electrically
continuous with the rest of the structure.
If the test shows a discontinuity with the rest of the structure the metalwork shall be bonded
to the common earth grid at intervals of approximately 25 meters using PVC-insulated
stranded copper conductor, copper tape or flexible copper braid and connected to the earth
grid or mat.

2.2.11 Well Pad Earthing
2.2.11.1 Well pads having ESP or beam pump are connected to 33 kV OHL through utility DB or
beam pump panel.
The skid mounted transformer and VSD/FSD panel and beam pump panel shall be
provided with a grid having two earth electrodes. The electrodes shall be considered as
group-1 system.
The terminal pole of the 33kV OHL shall be provided with a single earth electrode for
earthing of the pole accessories. This electrode shall be considered as group-2 system.
For reliability, the two earth electrode group systems shall be interconnected.
Group-1 electrode system shall have a maximum resistance of 7.0 ohms and Group-2
electrode systems shall have a maximum of 4 ohms. When connected , the overall
resistance of the interconnected electrode system shall be a maximum of 4 ohms.

2.2.12 Jetties
Jetties shall be earthed in accordance with DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen., Clause 6.6.
2.2.13 Road Tanker Loading Facilities

Facilities for the transfer of hydrocarbons containing liquids to road tankers shall have a
flameproof automatic earthing device with earthing cable dispenser.
A dedicated earthing point shall be installed on road tankers for connection of the earthing
cable. After connecting the earthing cable to the road tanker, the automatic earthing
equipment shall test and validate the road tanker prior to discharging static electricity,
earthing the tanker and releasing the transfer pumps installed at the facility. The automatic
earthing device shall not allow bypassing of above-mentioned test.
2.2.14 Road Tanker Unloading Facilities

Facilities for the transfer liquids, containing hydrocarbons, from road tankers shall have a
tanker bonding connector. Refer Standard Drawing No STD 4 0312 004 for details.
2.2.15 Electronic/Computer Systems

Where a special earthing system is required for computer and control systems reference
shall be made to DEP-33.64.10.10, Clause 5.5.5, and -DEP-32.37.20.10.
Sensitive electronic equipment shall be connected to a clean earth electrode or earthing
grid, at one point only or as per manufacturer’s recommendation. Refer standard drawing
no S68.030-0
2.2.16 Process Equipment

All process plants shall be provided with an earth grid, extending throughout the plant, in
accordance with DEP 33.64.10.10, Clause 5.5.3. All process equipment shall be connected
to this earth grid.
2.2.17 AC UPS Systems

The output from an UPS system with AC output, shall be suitable for "TN-S" type of power
system earthing.
2.2.18 LV AC Distribution Boards.
2.2.18.1 Socket outlet feeders shall be provided with “Earth leakage circuit breakers” with 100 mA
operating current.
2.2.19 Electromagnetic Compatibility
2.2.19.1 EMC aspects shall be an integral part of the electrical engineering and installation
requirements. The measures to achieve EMC shall be chosen in accordance with DEP
33.64.10.33- Gen
2.2.19.2
2.2.20 Cathodically Protected Structures

Cathodically protected structures shall not be included in the electrical Equipotential
bonding scheme and shall be electrically insulated from above ground installed piping,
vessels, etc.
Note:
 For the purpose of this SP cathodic protection is a corrosion prevention method for
steel structures in contact with the soil, the protection achieved by maintaining a flow
of electrical current from the soil onto the surface of these structures. Refer to SP-
1128.Cathodic protection generally supplements the protection provided by coatings.
 Cathodic protection is generally achieved by connecting the negative terminal of a
rectifier transformer to the structure to be protected and the positive terminal to a
buried anode (the impressed current method). The applied negative voltage reduces
the flow of Fe2* ions out of the surface of the structure and repel surrounding OH- ions
so that rusting of steel can not occur.
If cathodically protected structures are electrically continuous to the common earth grid,
electric current will flow from the soil to the earth electrodes (generally copper. Refer
Section 2.5.3.4 of this SP):
Undesired effects of earthing cathodically protected structures are as follows.
a) Larger rectifier may be required to achieve the desired protection potential or that some
of the structures can not be protected without relocation or addition of anodes.
b) A scale may develop on the earth electrodes which increases it’s resistance to earth and
the protection current will not be contained under ground but flow through the entire
earthing system so that the hazards introduced by cathodic protection (Refer PR-1234), are
extended to earthing systems and so to the entire installation. The application of
galvanised steel electrodes may reduce the current drain (Refer Section 2.5.3.4 of this SP)
but will not eliminate the hazard. This can only be achieved by rigorous electrical
separation between cathodically protected structures and other equipment. Where this is
not possible, PR 1234 necessarily applies to the entire installation.
2.3 PROTECTION AGAINST LIGHTNING

The isokeraunic level in Oman is low and few precautions are required to protect PDO
installations against lightning. Refer to DEP-33.64.10.10-Gen., Clause 5.5.4 for general
guidance and to Section 2.5.2 of this SP for details on maximum earth impedance for
lightning protection systems.
Surge arresters shall be fitted on overhead lines and at all line/cable junctions, except for
Beam Pump (single) installation.
Assessing the requirement of providing lightning protection for an installation shall be
determined as per Appendix-7 of DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen.
Steel terminal tower, stacks and other tall steel structures shall be connected to two
numbers earth electrodes at diametrically opposite sides. The electrodes shall be located
approximately 1 metre away from the edge of the foundation. The connection to the
electrode shall be made from a boss welded on the structure.
The steel towers of overhead lines shall be protected against the hazards of lightning strikes
by running a shield wire connecting the tips of the tower tops. The shield wire shall be
connected to the earth electrode through down conductors provided with test link located 1
metre above the ground.
All substations shall be provided with lightning protection system . The lightning
protection system shall be of the “EF CARRIER” or equivalent system which has large
zone of protection.
All vertical and horizontal conductors, air terminations, earth electrodes and accessories
required for the lightning protection system shall be designed and installed in accordance
with BS-6651. The earth electrodes, provided for lightning protection, shall be connected
to the structure to be protected. They shall be interconnected to the plant earth grid by 70 sq
mm earth cables, as a minimum.

2.4 PROTECTION AGAINST STATIC ELECTRICITY
A resistance to earth of 1 M ohm is sufficient to prevent the build-up of static electricity.
Generally there is an inherent protection against the accumulation of static electricity if
process equipment has been connected to the earth grid.
The following is quoted (in part) from the Shell Safety Committee publication Static
Electricity (Appendix I.3):
"When the earthing or bonding is provided by an entirely metallic path, a much lower
bonding resistance of no more than 10 ohms is required. This is because a resistance of
more than 10 ohms indicates that the intended metallic path is not properly established,
possibly because of corrosion or loose connections.
Hence although the resistance may be less than 1 M ohms at the time of measurement, it
cannot be relied upon to remain so."
The above is applicable in PDO installations, where almost invariably the earth/bonding
path is metallic. Therefore the value of 10 ohms should not be exceeded.
2.5 EARTHING SYSTEM DESIGN
2.5.1 Design Objectives

An earthing system shall meet the following requirements; it shall:
 Be designed to achieve a high standard of reliability by, incorporating sufficient
redundancy.
 Achieve and maintain a resistance to earth, which shall be less than, or equal to, the
specified value over the expected life of the installation.
 Be corrosion resistant.
 Be mechanically robust and/or protected against mechanical damage.
 Be capable of carrying, without deterioration, the maximum earth fault current that is
likely to occur during the expected life of the installation.
 Keep step, mesh and touch voltages below safe limits for outdoor and gas insulated
substation.
 Incorporate facilities for periodic checking of the resistance-to-earth of the earth
electrodes.
2.5.2 Recommended Values of Earth Resistance

Resistance to Earth should be as low as possible but practical and economical
considerations make it necessary to specify maximum values for various applications, in the
table below. Particular reference is made to DEP 33.64.10.10 (Clause 5.5.1 and 5.5.3) and
Section 2.5.3.2 of this SP and IEEE STD 141(Clause 7.5.2)
EARTHING APPLICATION EARTH

RESISTANCE
(OHM)
Power Stations 1
132 kV Substations with earth mats & deep well earth 1
electrode.
Overhead Line Structures with:
- Surge Arresters 7
- Pole Mounted Switchgear
7*
Earth grids (permanent installation) 4
Earth grids (seismic & mobile camps) 25
Local Earthing non-electrical equipment 10
Lightning Protection - general 10

Static Electricity earthing 10
Clean earth system 4
Figure 27 : Recommended Value of Earth Resistance

*Note: Touch voltages at operating handles are controlled by a local earth mat, refer
Standard Drawings.
In Oman, the dry top soil conditions and generally rocky terrain impose a total dependence
on earth rods to obtain the required overall earthing resistance. Earthing conductors laid
horizontally contribute very little to reduction of earth resistance due to the high ground
resistivity close to the surface.
Design Calculations to limit the resistance as per the above table shall be based on BS-7354
for all the facilities, except for power stations and outdoor substations (see 2.5.3.6). The
design calculations shall be verified by field measurements after installation of the earthing
system.
2.5.3 General Requirements
2.5.3.1 Earth Resistivity Measurements

Earth Resistivity measurements should be taken at the proposed site to assess the number of
earth rods required and the depth to which they must be driven.
2.5.3.2 Permanent Installations

Permanent installations shall have one common earth grid, which is bonded to the general
mass of earth by at least two (groups of) earth electrodes. The earth grid shall comprise
stranded copper earthing cables with green/yellow PVC sheathing and shall extend through
the plant in the form of a closed ring. The overall resistance to earth of the grid shall not
exceed 4 ohms when any one of the (groups of) electrodes is disconnected.
In areas of relatively low ground resistivity only one electrode per group may be required.
Refer DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen. (Clause 6.5.1).
2.5.3.3 Temporary Installations

Temporary installations such as drilling rigs, seismic camps or any other installation that is
known to be dismantled within six months after erection, shall have a comparable level of
electrical safety as permanent installations. Refer SP-1110, SP1111 and SP1112 for details.
2.5.3.4 Earth Electrode Materials

Only copper or copper-coated steel earth rods shall be used in plain earthing installations,
i.e., not continuous with cathodically protected structures. The copper coating shall have a
molecular bond to the parent metal.
Note:
 DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen. requires that earth electrodes shall be made of DN 50
galvanised steel pipe or another suitable material that guarantees low resistance and
long life.
 Pure zinc is electrochemically very active and typically more suitable as a sacrificial
anode than as an earthing material. The most severe corrosion of zinc may be expected
in soils of poor aeration having high acid and soluble-salt contents.
 However, hot dipped galvanised steel rods or pipe should be suitable because the hot
dip process creates a strongly bonded corrosion resistant zinc-iron alloy in the interface
between pure zinc and steel, which in most soil conditions will protect the steel when
the pure zinc layer is dissolved. Additionally, the pure zinc layer may also be protected
by a film of 'zinc patina', which is formed when the rod or pipe has been exposed to a
weathering process in fresh dry air for 6-12 months. This protective film win not be
formed if galvanised is steel stored in still moist air, in which condition a zinc-oxide-
hydrate known as 'white rust' will develop, which causes fast disintegration of the zinc
layer and reliance on the 'zinc-iron alloy" for corrosion protection.
 As only a few galvanised steel electrodes have been applied in plain earthing
installations within PDO, experience is limited and not traceable. Therefore the
suitability of galvanised steel pipe as an earthing material can not be confirmed.
 Despite the above mentioned corrosion resistance a galvanised steel rod, pulled after
several years of service at a PDO location, showed scale, loss of zinc and rust at its
surface. Specifications of the rod and details of the corrosion process are not available.
 DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen. requires that copper electrodes shall not be used in areas with
impressed current cathodic protection. This requirement clearly aims to reduce the
current drain to the electrodes (ref. 2.2.17 of this SP) by choosing a material with a
lower standard potential than copper, e.g., galvanised steel.
 At the time of writing little is known at PDO about the performance of galvanised steel
earthing electrodes that receive cathodic protection current. It would appear that the
reduction in current drain, obtained from the application of weathered hot-dipped
galvanised steel earthing rods or pipe instead of copper rods, will probably not be as
high as may be expected from pure zinc because the above mentioned corrosion
resistance of "zinc patina' and 'zinc-steel alloy' suggests that the standard potentials of
these compounds will lie somewhere between steel and copper.
The application of galvanised steel electrodes in earthing installations that are connected
with cathodically protected structures, e.g., for bulk storage tank earthing (ref. 2.2.4), shall
be discussed with and agreed by the Electrical Functional Discipline Head.
 In rocky areas, and areas where the required earth resistance can not be attained using the
standard electrode configuration, application of a deep well earth pit shall be examined .The
electrode shall be driven to a depth where it enters the water table.
 As per practice in PDO, 15 mm DIA Copper rod is used for “In plant” earthing and
“Outside-plant boundary” earthing. For the earthing of electrical systems, equipment and
structures except auxiliary panels (for electrical auxiliary panels, please refer clause 2.2.2.1),
each installation shall have one common earth grid connected to at least two groups of earth
electrodes. The resistance between the electrical system, equipment and structure and the
general mass of earth shall not exceed 4.0 ohms with one group of earth electrodes
disconnected. Refer to standard drawing numbers STD 4 0310 001,STD 4 0311 002 and STD
4 0319
 The practice in PDO is to use the earth electrode encased in concrete in “Outside plant
boundary” areas. This is to avoid unauthorised removal of earth rods .
2.5.3.5 Location of Earth Electrodes

Earth electrodes shall be accessible for testing and located as follows:
 As close as possible to the neutral point of each transformer or generator (to minimise
exposure of the neutral earthing connection to mechanical damage);
 Underneath each set of surge arresters/rod gaps/lightning down conductors.
 As close as possible to each PLC coupling capacitor.
 At each corner of the site (permanent installations only).
Where possible, the spacing between earth electrodes shall be not less than the depth to
which they are installed, as closer spacing tends to increase the overall resistance of the
earthing system.
2.5.3.6 Artificial Method of Reducing Earth Resistivity
2.5.3.6.1 Introduction
Adding chemicals to the soil to reduce the resistivity, results in possible damage to
foundations, draining away of chemicals, and ecological hazards.
Hence, it is PDO’s practice to use an eco friendly material such as Marconite Slurry as a
filler material around the earth rod. Addition of Marconite has the effect of increasing the
surface area of the earth conductor, assuming that the resistivity of the added material is
lower than that of the surrounding soil.
2.5.3.6.2 Acceptable Low Resistivity Materials

The artificial method of reducing earth resistivity shall be the use of Marconite only. It is
essentially a conductive concrete, in which a carbonaceous aggregate replaces the normal
aggregate used in the concrete mix.
Marconite is a granulated product, which replaces traditional aggregates such as sand in
mixes with cement. The water absorption of MARCONITE is instantaneous and it is able to
absorb approximately 15% by weight of water.
Marconite shall be used as per manufacturer’s recommendation.
When Marconite is mixed with concrete, its resistivity can fall to as low as 0.1 Ohm-metre.
It will retain its moisture even under quite dry conditions, so has been used in the hotter
climates. Its principle application is at locations where theft or third party interference
is likely to be a problem, or to enclose electrodes in holes or voids within rock. When
surrounding an earth rod with Marconite which has been installed in rock, the resistance of
the rod will be reduced as the volume of Marconite used is increased.
2.5.3.6.3 Unacceptable Backfill Materials

Bentonite is no longer approved for new installations in PDO due to its inability to
maintain low soil resistivity.
2.5.3.7 Control of Step and Touch Voltages in Power Stations , Outdoor Substations and terminal
tower having equipment mounted near it.
Touch and step voltages in power stations and outdoor substations shall be kept within safe
limits by installing an earth mat designed according to ANSI/IEEE Std.-80-2000 and SP-
1113. A drawing shall be submitted showing the calculated mesh potentials. If possible the
mesh dimensions calculated in accordance with IEEE Std.-80 should be confirmed by
testing on site before the earth mat is installed.
This requirement is not applicable for extension of existing switchyards, where no earth
mats are provided.
For GIS Substation grounding design, IEEE STD 80 –2000 shall be followed.
Duration of shock current shall be selected within the range 0.06-0.3 second. The tolerable
limits of step and touch potential shall be calculated as per clause 8.3 of IEEE STD 80-
2000.
2.6 TEMPORARY EARTHING

ESOP 6 requires that before work on HV apparatus or conductors are allowed, these shall
be made dead and effectively earthed.
ESOP 21 demands similar measures for certain designs of LV apparatus or conductors, or
when the nature of the work requires so.
This type of earthing, which is applied to enable work to be carried out in a safe manner, is
called a temporary earth.
Generally this is not a design matter, but an operational or maintenance requirement,
however certain design precautions may have to be taken to facilitate the application of a
temporary earth or to ensure that the temporary earth can be applied in a safe manner.
Basically three types of temporary earthing for HV applications can be distinguished:
 Portable earth or earth leads, mostly used on overhead lines, sometimes to earth
switchgear.
 A circuit breaker, which when closed, earths the apparatus or conductors. The circuit
breaker can either be a dedicated earthing truck or the normal circuit breaker is used,
but put in the 'earth' position.
 Operation of fault rated earth switch to safely earth busbars and feeders.

Particularly for the earthing of LV switchgear components (e.g., busbars, outgoing cables)
proper equipment now exists manufactured by PFISTERER for use on HOLEC CAPITOLE
3/5 and feeder pillars and CAPITOLE 10/E switchgear (refer ESOP 21; Appendix A).
For the design requirements of temporary earthing arrangements (notably interlocks on HV
switchgear) reference shall be made to the relevant DEPs and SPs.

APPENDIX 1 - CABLES & TERMINATIONS
1. Multicore Cables
1.1 LV cables
LV power and control cables for PDO facilities are specified with a metallic armour, either
of steel wire or steel braid. The armour (and screen) performs a vital role as the return path
for fault currents, and as such shall be regarded as protective conductor. To achieve and
maintain a low loop impedance the cable armour is bonded to earth at both ends.
All metallic cable glands shall be provided with an earth lug, which shall clamp the armour
and/or the copper litze conductor of the cable. The earth lug of all the glands shall be
interconnected in a loop and then shall be connected to the copper earth bus of the
equipment. In case of non-metallic cable glands, the copper litze conductor shall be
directly connected to the earth bus of the equipment. (Non-metallic cable glands shall not
be used for cables which do not have a separate copper litze conductor).
NOTES: 1. For instruments not designed for cable entry by a metal cable gland, e.g., proximitors with
flying leads, the Manufacturer’s installation instructions should be followed.
2. Many cable gland suppliers provide metal glands with dual certification (Ex’d’ and Ex‘e’).
Consideration should be given to the use of dual-certification glands for all applications for
reasons of uniformity and variety control.
3. A so-called ‘litze’ or ‘pigtail’ wire between the cable armouring/braiding and the safety earth
connection of the instrument/junction box should not be used as it is not suitable for the large
equalising currents in the armouring/braiding. Furthermore, this technique increases the
overall transfer impedance value due to wire inductance and introduces magnetic fields
inside the shielded enclosure.
4. Cable glands for steel wire braiding cabling shall be constructed to prevent weakening of the
grip force, and thereby poorer electrical contact, after installation as a result of braiding
settling.
5. If cable glands should grip on steel wire braiding, this requirement shall be specified
explicitly, as most clamping rings are designed for steel wire armouring.
1.2 HV cables
The cores of HV cable (33 kV and above) have a copper tape screen. This screen is bonded
to earth at both ends.
Generally the following three types of terminations are adopted:
 Heat shrink cable terminations:
This type of termination can be used with or without glands. If used with glands then
the above guidelines shall be followed. If used without glands the armour shall be
connected to the equipment earth terminal inside the enclosure by using a clamping
ring round the armour, which ensures that all armour wires are in contact with the
ring. For outdoor installation, the armour and copper tape screen (if any) are
connected using an earth lead/braid and bonded to earth using an earth conductor.
 Plug-in type cable terminations:
No glands are use here. Any cable armouring and copper tape screen shall be bonded
to the equipment earth terminal. The moulded conductive outer jacket of the connector
shall also be bonded to the equipment earth terminal.
 Cold Shrink cable terminations:
Earthing/bonding method shall be similar to heat shrink cable termination.
2. Single core cables

Normally the guidelines given for multicore cables shall be used.
Equipment interconnected by single point bonded power cables and single core cables
without armouring (polyethylene sheath) shall be bonded by a dedicated PE to provide
continuity of the PE system. This PE shall be a separate PVC-insulated copper conductor

marked green/yellow that shall be bonded to the equipment earth terminals. Gland plates
shall be made of non-magnetic material (e.g., aluminium).
In case a current transformer is installed on an armoured single core cable, either the cable
armour shall be bonded at one side only (and a separate PE installed) or the current
circulating through the armour shall be compensated by terminating one side of the cable in
an insulating gland and installing a PE conductor through the CT to bond the cable armour
at the insulated side to the equipment earth terminal at that side.

INSULATION IN
CABLE GLAND
EQUIPMENT 1 EQUIPMENT 2
C
T
CABLE
ARMOUR
PE CONDUCTOR
Figure 28 : CT Installed on single core armoured cable

APPENDIX 2 - SIZING OF EARTH CONDUCTORS
The table in Appendix-2 gives the minimum size of copper conductors used as earthing conductor.
Actual earthing conductor size shall be calculated on a case to case basis. This shall be based on a
maximum prospective ground fault current for a disconnecting device. The operating time shall not
exceed 5 seconds and a maximum earth conductor temperature of 160 deg. C
A secondary consideration is the mechanical strength of the connection. This consideration becomes
the overriding one, if the prospective fault current is so low that resultant sizes would be too flimsy to
give a durable connection.
The physical size of equipment can be a limiting factor, prescribing a maximum size that can be
connected. Also location (indoor or outdoor), exposure to abuse (oil/gas installations) play a role in
selecting the minimum size. For the conditions in PDO the maximum size to be used is 120 mm 2
(based on fault current) and the minimum size 25 mm 2 (mechanical strength). In the table below
(minimum) sizes are given for a number of cases.
PURPOSE OF EARTHING CONDUCTOR SIZE (mm²) REMARKS

Neutral connection of HV Generator 120 See Note 1
Frame of HV generator 70
PE for earth fault return of HV generator 120 See Note 3
Neutral connection of LV generator 70
Frame of LV generator 70
PE for earth fault return of LV generator 70 See Note 3
Neutral connection of HV/HV transformer 120 See Note 1
PE for earth fault return of HV/HV transformer 70 See Note 3
Neutral connection of LV transformer (HV/415 V) 70
PE for earth fault return of LV transformer 120 See Note 3
Tank of transformer 70
Surge arresters 70
Frame of motors 25
Main HV and LV switchgear 70
Sub-switchboards and panels 70
Lighting installation (supports, control boxes, etc.) 25
Main conductor in earth grid 70
Branch connector in earth grid 25
Substation earth mat 150 See Note 2
Substation perimeter fence earthing 70
Extraneous conductive parts (of non-electrical 25
equipment)
Figure 29 : Earth Conductor Size

NOTE:
1. This applies to solidly earthed HV generators and HV/LV transformers. In case of resistance
earthing, a single core HV cable shall be used between the neutral point of the generator or
transformer and the neutral resistor (or the Single Phase Earthing Transformer).
2. Substation earth mats shall be constructed from (50 x 3) mm bare hard drawn copper bars.
3. This is the PE that shall be provided in case of single core cables (refer Appendix 1; Section 2 of
this SP).

APPENDIX A : GLOSSARY OF DEFINITIONS, TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
The following terms and abbreviations used in this document, are defined below:
General Terminology
Shall - The word 'shall' is to be understood as mandatory.
Should - The word 'should' is to be understood as strongly recommended.
May - The word 'may' is to be understood as indicating a possible course of
action.
The Company - Petroleum Development Oman L.L.C. Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
User - A specified engineer or Consultant who applies these Standards in the

execution of PDO project.
The Company A person appointed from time to time by the Company, having the
Representative - functions set forth in Article 2 of General Conditions for Construction
Works, and whose authority shall be notified in writing to the
Contractor by the Company.
The Consultant - The party to the contract with the Company who is responsible for
providing the design, engineering and other related consultancy
services under the contract.
The Contractor - The party to the Contract with the Company who is responsible for the
construction and other related works specified in the contract. On
occasion, for example in 'EPC contracts' the contractor may be
responsible for design, engineering, manufacture, shipment, supply,
installation, testing, commissioning and performance guarantee up to
the defects liability period as defined in the individual contract.
Manufacturer - The party responsible for the manufacture of equipment and services
to perform the duties specified by the Consultant or Company.
Vendor/Supplier - A party responsible for the supply of equipment, materials or product-

related services in accordance with the Purchase Order issued by PDO
or its nominated Purchasing Office.
Works - All Works to be executed and all services to be rendered by a

Contractor under the terms of a Contract.
Worksite - A defined place designated by the Company whereat all Works and
services shall be executed by a Contractor under a Contract.
Specific Terminology
Earth - The conducting mass of the earth whose electric potential at any
point is conventionally taken as zero. (IEC 50-826)
Earth Resistivity - The resistance between opposite faces of a one metre cube of earth.
To Earth - (... an equipment, an installation or a system). To effect the
necessary connections in order to keep a given point of an
equipment, an installation or a system as close as practicable to
earth potential. (IEC 50-604-04-01)
Earth conductor - A conductor of low impedance which provides an electrical
connection between a given point in equipment (an installation or
system) and an earth electrode. (IEC 50-604-04-06)
Earth Electrode - A conductor or group of conductors in intimate contact with and
providing an electrical connection to earth. (IEC 50-604-04-03)
Earth Impedance - The impedance between an earthing system and earth at power
frequency.

Earthing System - An arrangement of connections and devices necessary to earth
equipment or a system separately or jointly. (IEC 50-604-04-02)
Earth terminal - A terminal fitted on equipment and providing a means of
(or bar or stud) connection for an earth conductor. (IEC 50-604-04-08)
Exposed Conductive - A conductive part which can readily be touched and which is not
Part normally live, but which may become live under fault conditions.
(IEC 50-826-03-02)
Extraneous Conductive A conductive part not forming part of the electrical installation, and
Part - liable to propagate a potential, including earth potential. (IEC 50-
826-03-03)
Equipotential - Electrical connection putting various exposed conductive parts and
Bonding extraneous conductive parts at a substantially equal potential. (IEC
50-826)
Equipotential - A protective conductor for ensuring Equipotential bonding. (IEC
Bonding Conductor: 50-826).
Earth Grid - A form of Equipotential bonding consisting of a system of
interconnected buried earth conductors and connected to earth
electrodes. This form of Equipotential bonding refers to oil and gas
facilities and substations with indoor equipment.
Earth Mat - As above, but a system of meshed interconnected buried earth
conductors and connected to earth electrodes. Used in substations
with outdoor equipment and overhead installations.
Direct Contact: - Dangerous contact of persons with live parts.
Indirect Contact - Dangerous contact of persons with exposed conductive parts or
extraneous conductive parts, which may become live in case of a
fault.
Power System Earth - The connection of the neutral point of a generator or transformer to
earth, either directly or via an impedance.
Protective - A conductor used for some protective measures against electric
Conductor shock for connecting any of the following parts with (IEC 50-826):
 Exposed conductive parts
 Extraneous conductive parts
 Main earth terminal
 Earth electrodes
 Earthed point of the source.
Solid Earthing - The connection of a neutral to earth with no intentional impedance
inserted between the neutral and earth. (IEC 50-601-02-25).
Remote Substation - A substation, which is remote from power stations.
Resistance Earthing - The connection of a neutral to earth via a resistance which is
designed to limit neutral currents to a specified value for a specified
time. It includes cases where the resistor is connected to the neutral
via a single-phase transformer having a suitable rating and voltage
ratio. (IEC 50-601-02-26).
Reactance Earthing - The connection of a neutral to earth via a reactor which is designed
to limit neutral currents to a specified value for a specified time.
(IEC 50-601-02-26).
Ground Potential Rise - The maximum voltage that a station grounding grid may attain
(GPR) - relative to a distant grounding point assumed to be at the potential
of remote earth. (ANSI/IEEE Std 80).
Step Voltage - The difference in surface potential experienced by a person bridging
a distance of one (1) meter with his feet without contacting any
other grounded object. (ANSI/IEEE Std 80).
Touch Voltage - The potential difference between the ground potential rise (GPR)
and the surface potential at the point where a person is standing,
while at the same time having his hands in contact with a grounded
structure. (ANSI/IEEE Std 80).

Mesh Voltage - The maximum touch voltage to be found within a mesh of ground
grid. (ANSI/IEEE Std 80).
TN System - A power system which has one point directly earthed, the exposed
conductive parts of the installation being connected to that point by
protective conductors. Refer IEC 364-3.
TN-S System - A power system which has one point directly earthed, the exposed
conductive parts of the installation being connected to that point by
PE's. The neutral conductor and the PE shall be separate
throughout the system. Refer IEC, 364-3.
IT System - A power system which has no direct connection between live parts
and earth, the exposed conductive parts of the electrical installations
are earthed. Refer IEC 364-3, Clause 312.2.3
TT System - A power system which has one point directly earthed, the exposed
conductive parts of the installation being connected to earth
electrodes electrically independent of the earth electrodes of the
power system. Refer IEC 364-3.

Abbreviation
AC - Alternating Current
ANSI - American National Standards Institute
CT - Current Transformer
DC - Direct Current
DCS - Document Control Section
EB - Equipotential Bonding
ERD - Engineering Reference Document (old revision of SP)
HV - High Voltage (1 000 V and higher)
IEC - International Electrical Commission
IEE - The Institution of Electrical Engineers
IEEE - The Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers
LV - Low Voltage (below 1000 V)
PE - Protective Earth
PLC - Power Line Carrier
PDO - Petroleum Development Oman LLC
PSE - Power System Earth
PVC - Poly Vinyl Chloride
SIEP - Shell International Exploration and Production BV.
SIOP - Shell International Oil Products BV.
SP - Specification (PDO)
UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply
ESP - Electrical Submersible Pump
ELM - Earth Leakage Monitor
EMC - Electromagnetic Compatibility
VSD - Variable Speed Drive
FSD - Fixed Speed Drive
ELCB - Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

SP USER-COMMENT FORM
SP User-Comment Form
If you find something that is incorrect, ambiguous or could be better in an SP, write your comments
and suggestions on this form. Send the form to the Document Control Section (DCS). They make a
record of your comment and send the form to the correct CFDH. The form has spaces for your
personal details. This lets DCS or the CFDH ask you about your comments and tell you about the
decision.
SP Details Title Issue Date:

Number:
Page number: Heading Number: Figure Number:
Comments:
Suggestions:
User’s personal details

Name: Ref. Ind: Signature: Date:
Phone:
Document Control Section Actions
Comment Number: Dates CFDH
Recd: To CFDH: Ref. Ind:
CFDH Actions
Recd Decision: Initials: Ref. Date:
Date: Reject: Ind:
Accept, revise at next issue:
Accept, issue temporary amendment
Comments:
Originator Date: Inits: Document Control Date: Inits:

Advised: Section Advised:

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UNRESTRICTED Document ID: SP-1109 (ERD-64-09)

SP 1109 Specification for Earthing

Version No. Date Author Scope / Remarks

SP-1109 Page 1 March 2004

March 2004 Page 2 SP-1109

SP-1109 Page 3 March 2004

March 2004 Page 4 SP-1109

1.2 APPLICABLE STANDARDS, SPECIFICATION AND CODES

1.2.1 PDO Standards

1.2.2 SIOP/SIEP Standards

SP-1109 Page 5 March 2004

1.2.3 International Standards

1.3 COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARDS

1.3.1 Language and Units of Measurement

1.4 SYSTEM REPRESENTATION

1.4.1 Conventions for Transformer Winding Arrangements

March 2004 Page 6 SP-1109

1.4.2 Conventions for System Earthing

Terminal EARTH MAT JOINT

Equipotential ELECTRICAL JOINT

Bonding to ARMOURED CABLE

Figure 1 : Symbols Used in Figures

SP-1109 Page 7 March 2004

2.1 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM EARTHING

SOURCE OVERHEAD LINE POINT OF SUPPLY

Figure 3 : TN System for installation supplied from Overhead Line

March 2004 Page 8 SP-1109

Figure 4 : TN-S System

For details of these earthing systems, refer IEC 364-3.

SP-1109 Page 9 March 2004

To Auxiliary Transformer (2.1.4.2)

To Unit Transformer (2.1.4.1)

Figure 5 : HV Generator Earthing

2.1.3 LV Generators (415V)

Figure 6 : LV Generator Earthing

March 2004 Page 10 SP-1109

2.1.4 Power Transformers

2.1.4.1 HV Generator Unit Transformers

Figure 7 : 33/11 kV HV Generator Unit Transformer

From HV Generator To 132kV Switchgear

Figure 8 : 132/11 kV HV Generator Unit Transformer

2.1.4.2 HV Generator Auxiliary Transformers

Figure 9 : 11/0.415 kV HV Generator Auxiliary Transformer

2.1.4.3 Transmission Transformers

SP-1109 Page 11 March 2004

From 132kV To 33kV Over

Figure 10 : 132/33 kV, YNyn HV Transmission Transformer

From 132kV To 33kV

Figure 11 : 132/33 kV, YNd HV Transmission Transformer

March 2004 Page 12 SP-1109

2.1.4.4 HV Distribution Transformers

From 132kV 11kV or 6.6kV

Figure 12 : HV Distribution Transformer (YNyn)

Figure 13 : 132/11 kV or 6.6 kV, YNd HV Distribution Transformer

SP-1109 Page 13 March 2004

33/11kV or 33/6.6kV YNd

Figure 14 : 33/11 kV or 6.6 kV, YNd HV Distribution Transformer

From 132kV To 6.6kV or 11kV

Figure 15 : 132/11 kV or 6.6 kV, Dyn HV Distribution Transformer

March 2004 Page 14 SP-1109

From 33kV To 6.6kV or 11kV

Figure 16 : 33/11 kV or 6.6 kV, Dyn HV Distribution Transformer