LAB II

ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE, RISK ASSESSMENT, SET

MATERIALITY

I. Tujuan
1. Mengetahui konsep prosedur analisis
2. Memahami risiko bisnis dan risiko audit
3. Memahami konsep materialitas

II. Tinjauan Teori

1. Analytical Procedure
Analytical procedure merupakan evaluasi atas informasi finansial melalui analisis
terhadap hubungan antara data finansial maupun non-finansial. Analytical
procedure pada tahap perencanaan dapat membantu auditor dalam memahami
bisnis klien dan mengidentifikasi daerah utama adanya risiko salah saji. Selain
pada tahap perencanaan, Analytical procedure juga dilakukan pada saat pengujian
(testing/fieldwork) dan penyelesaian (completion).
Auditor biasanya membandingkan akun dan rasio keuangan melalui berbagai jenis
analytical procedure, seperti:
 Data Industri
 Data periode sebelumnya yang serupa
 Hasil yang diharapkan yang ditentukan klien
 Hasil yang diharapkan yang ditentukan auditor

2. Risk Assessment Process

a. Risiko Bisnis
Auditor menggunakan pengetahuan yang diperolehnya dari pemahaman
strategi atau bisnis dan industri klien untuk menilai risiko bisnis klien (client
business risk), yaitu risiko bahwa klien akan gagal dalam mencapai
tujuannya. Risiko bisnis ini dapat timbul dari banyak faktor yang
mempengaruhi klien dan lingkungannya, di antaranya:
 Industri dan lingkungan eksternal

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  Operasi dan proses bisnis
 Manajemen dan tata kelola
 Tujuan dan strategi perusahaan
 Pengukuran dan kinerja perusahaan

Fokus utama dari auditor adalah menilai risiko salah saji yang material dalam
laporan keuangan yang disebabkan oleh risiko bisnis klien.

b. Risiko Audit
Kemungkinan auditor memberikan pendapat yang keliru (inappropriate audit
opinion) atas laporan keuangan yang mengandung salah saji yang material
merupakan risiko audit.

Model Komponen Risiko Audit

Planned Detection Risk Inherent Risk
Mengukur penilaian auditor dari
Risiko bahwa bukti audit akan gagal
kemungkinan bahwa memang
untuk mendeteksi salah saji yang
ada salah saji material karena
material. Planned detection risk tidak
kesalahan atau fraud sebelum
pernah diturunkan sampai ke angka
mempertimbangkan efektivitas
nol, karena adanya kendala bawaan
pengendalian internal.
dalam prosedur audit dan masih
diperlukannya professional judgement.

Control Risk Acceptable Audit Risk

Ukuran dari seberapa
Mengukur penilaian auditor apakah
bersedianya auditor untuk
salah saji yang melebihi jumlah yang
menerima bahwa laporan
ditoleransi dapat dicegah atau dideteksi
keuangan masih mengandung
oleh pengendalian internal klien.
salah saji material setelah audit
selesai dan pendapat telah
diterbitkan.

Sehingga risiko audit dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut:

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 𝐀𝐀𝐑
PDR =
𝐈𝐑 𝐱 𝐂𝐑

3. Materiality
Kesalahan penyajian, termasuk penghilangan/penghapusan, dianggap material
bila kesalahan penyajian tersebut, secara individual atau agregat, diperkirakan
dapat mempengaruhi keputusan ekonomi yang diambil berdasarkan laporan
keuangan oleh pengguna laporan keuangan tersebut.
Faktor-faktor pertimbangan dalam menentukan materialitas:
 Size of item
 Nature of item
 Circumstances of occurrence
 Cost and benefit of auditing item

Arens membagi tahapan dalam menentukan materialitas menjadi lima, antara lain:
1. Menetapkan materialitas untuk laporan keuangan secara keseluruhan
2. Menentukan performance materiality
3. Melakukan estimasi terhadap kesalahan secara keseluruhan per segmen
4. Melakukan estimasi terhadap combined misstatement
5. Membandingkan hasil estimasi materialitas dengan judgement awal
mengenai materialitas

Oleh karena itu, dalam perencanaan audit, auditor harus menetapkan materialitas
pada dua tingkat berikut:
o Overall Materiality, tingkat materialitas untuk laporan keuangan secara
keseluruhan
o Performance Materiality, tingkat materialitas untuk setiap kelas transaksi.
Performance Materiality digunakan untuk menilai risiko salah saji yang
material dan menentukan sifat, waktu, dan luas prosedur audit yang akan
dilakukan selama proses perumusan opini audit.
o Specific Materiality, tingkat materialitas untuk saldo akun secara khusus

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Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following would not be considered as an analytical procedure?

a. Estimating payroll expense by multiplying the number of employees by the
average hourly wage rate and the total hours worked
b. Projecting the error rate by comparing the results of a statistical sample with the
actual population characteristic
c. Computing accounts receivable turnover by dividing credit sales by the average
net receivables
d. Developing the expected current year sales based on the sales trend of the prior
five years

2. Which of the following statement is correct concerning analytical procedures used

in planning an audit engagement?
a. They are often used to develop an auditor’s preliminary judgement about
materiality
b. They usually involve the comparison of assertions developed by management to
ratios calculated by auditor
c. They typically use financial and nonfinancial data aggregated at a high level
d. They often replace the tests of controls that are performed to assess control risk

3. Which of the following factors does not affect the assessment of inherent risk?
a. Susceptibility
b. related party transaction
c. management integrity
d. improvements in internal controls

4. The chance that the evaluation of audit evidence will not find a material misstatement
in the financial statement is…

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 a. Acceptable audit risk c. Planned detection risk
b. Inherent risk d. Control risk

5. Some account balances, such as those for pensions and leases, are the result of complex
calculation. The susceptibility to material misstatement in these types of accounts is
defined as..
a. Inherent risk c. Planned detection risk
b. Control risk d. Acceptable audit risk

6. Which of the following statements describes why a properly designed and executed audit
may not detect a material misstatement resulting from fraud?
a. Audit procedures that are effective for detecting an unintentional misstatement may
be unineffective for an intentional misstatement that is concealed through collusions
b. An audit is designed to provide reasonable assurance of detecting material errors, but
there is no similar responsibility concerning fraud
c. The factors considered in assessing control risk indicated an increased risk of
intentional misstatement, but only a low risk of unintentional errors in the financial
statements
d. The auditor did not consider factors influencing audit risk for account balances that
have effects pervasive to the financial statement as a whole

7. As lower acceptable levels of both audit risk and materiality are established, the auditor
should plan more work on individual accounts to...
a. Find smaller misstatements
b. Find larger misstatements
c. Increase the performance materiality in the accounts
d. Increase inherent risk in the accounts

8. Which of the following does not increase the need for sufficient appropriate audit
evidence?
a. a lower acceptable level of detection risk
b. an increased in the assessed control risk

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 c. a lower acceptable audit risk
d. a decreased in the assessed inherent risk

9. With respect to the concept of materiality, which of the following statements is correct?
a. Materiality depends on the nature rather than the dollar amount of the transaction
b. Materiality is determined by reference to AICPA guidelines
c. Materiality is a matter of professional judgement
d. Materiality depends only on the dollar amount of an item relative to other items in the
financial statements

10. Which of the following recognizes that an audit conducted under GAAS may not detect
all material misstatements?
a. Absolute assurance
b. Reasonable assurance
c. Professional judgement.
d. Reliability of audit evidence

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