Neil Wiffen Red Banana Wireless

www.red-banana.org LTE – The Signalling Storm?
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Red Banana Wireless Ltd

The State of Signalling
Neil Wiffen – Principal Consultant
Cellular Networking
& Protocols
Wireless Systems
& Services
Training
& Consulting
info@red-banana.org

Signalling - a storm brewing?
… or just a lot of wind?

Major Market LTE subscriptions (million)

LTE Diameter messages/s, Globally (millions)

100
90
N.America 80
JAPAC 70
60
EMEA
50
LATAM
40
30
20
10
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Source - Oracle

Device Form Factors
Smartphones 533
Routers / personal hotspots 408
Dongles 170
Modules 111
Tablets 108
Notebooks 31
Femtocellls 8
PC Cards 1
Cameras 1
Source - GSA

LTE 1800
• 1800 MHz (3GPP band 3)
– the most popular band for LTE network deployments
• 120 commercially launched LTE1800 systems

– 63 countries
• 589 LTE1800 user devices launched

– representing annual growth of 152%.
– over 37% of all announced LTE user devices

LTE 1800 devices

Current trends
• Rise in Smartphone traffic on LTE networks
– Shift in usage profiles / application use
– Importance of Video QoS increasing
• Increased deployment and testing of Voice services

– VoLTE / IMS signalling optimisation
– CSFB signalling optimisation
• Small cell deployment increase

– OA&M / SON signalling increase
• Policy and Charging Control

– Routing / Congestion / Failure management
– Network management and load-balancing
– Interworking mediation
– Are we controlling Diameter (or is it controlling us?)
Industry direction
• Service Provision
– SPs moving beyond competing on basic connectivity
– Desire to compete on targeted and differentiated services
– Leverage intelligence from control plane signalling
• 3G-4G-WiFi interworking
– Bearer handover signalling
– Visibility of user QoE
– Loss of network control
• Local breakout for roaming users

– IPX peering responsibilities
• M2M
– Smart Cities
– Internet of things
A Perfect Storm?
• Access Network
– SON
– User profiles
– Interworking (UTRAN/EUTRAN/non-3GPP)
It’s not just about…
• Core Network ‘more Diameter signalling’
– Service Provisioning and Management

– Security
– Mobility To efficiently run and optimize
our LTE networks we need to
recognise and react dynamically
• Application Domain to control messages across ALL
the protocol domains
– Bandwidth Hungry apps
– Always on service
– M2M
– VoLTE / CSFB
Storm ingredients - Higher throughput

• Throughput increase per user
– Not so much impact on UE specific system level Control
Plane signalling
– Potential impact on Load Balancing mechanisms

• SON signalling in RAN
• ICIC signalling for Air Interface
• Bandwidth management in the Core
– Potential impact on Application / Transport layer signalling

– Potential reduction in number of ‘idle-active-idle’ transitions
– Interworking / off-load signalling considerations

Storm ingredients - The X factor

• Increased number of active users
– ‘x’ times average signalling per user
– Increased impact on:
• Mobility signalling (RAN handovers / relocations)
• ‘idle-active-idle’ transitions
• SON / Load balancing / ICIC signalling
– Interworking / off-load signalling considerations
– More LTE users impacts UTRAN/GERAN
CSFB call for LTE user …
…PS handover signalling to

UTRAN

Carrier Aggregation
- not just higher throughput per user

Storm ingredients - HetNet / SON

• Automated parameter exchange
– Load management
– Interference management
– Coverage optimisation
– Bearer optimisation
– Un-coordinated deployment
More small cells…
…more SON signalling

Storm ingredients - Voice is changing

• CSFB
– Demanding user expectations
– Optimised PS handover signalling
– Mobility coordination signalling
• Optimisation required
– Hand-back evaluation and signalling required
Many IMS/SIP
• IMS based VoLTE features available…
– SIP Signalling increase
…all create additional
• Registration / Presence management signalling
• Call parameter negotiation
• In-call ‘feature’ signalling
• CS interworking
• PCC Interworking

Storm ingredients – Policy Control for QoS

• Dynamic PCC rule management
– Outbound / inbound service initiation
– Rule requests
– Rule re-authorisation
– Application interaction
– Service modification
• Richer set of service management features available

– Can generate substantial increase in signalling
PCC flexibility provides lots of
opportunities for service provisioning….
…they come with the cost of increased

signalling management
Storm ingredients – Online Charging

• Dynamic Credit Control management
– Increase in Diameter CCR / CCA message flows
– Session control
– Event ‘start / pause / stop’ signalling required
– Online credit authorisation and management
– Service modification
The recognition of successful IP based

events and sessions is more than a little
challenging….

Ingredients - M2M evolution

• Unchartered territory for LTE optimisation
– Unpredictable activity profiles
– 1000’s of interconnected devices
– Potential for signalling-to-data ratio to be very high
– Physical device / app deployment could be very rapid
– Many M2M devices require ‘keep-alive’ signalling
Middleware requirements
Static IP requirements
Priority Signalling for Life Critical devices

Diameter Connectivity Requirements

Diameter Interfaces
EIR HSS Cx Sh IMS
S6
S13
Rx
Ro
Rf
MME OCS
PCRF OCFS
Gy Gz
Gx
PCEF
LTE-Bearer S-GW GTP–Tunnel P-GW
IP
Network
IP-CAN Bearer (EPS Bearer)

Diameter Agents
H-PLMN
AS
OFCS
S-CSCF
OCS IMS
I-CSCF
HSS
P-CSCF Diameter vs
MME SS7
Management ?
PGW
DRA / DEA H-PCRF
AAA
Server
EIR
Local Breakout
V-PLMN S-GW Challenges ?
MME DRA / DEA E-PDG
3GPP
SGSN V-PCRF AAA Proxy
Non-3GPP
Trusted Non-Trusted
Non-3GPP Non-3GPP
Network Network

VoLTE
EPC IMS
Subscription
&
Policy Control
MME
MGC
SGW PGW PCSCF SCSCF
IMS Signalling Bearer MGW
Media Bearer (PS voice flow)
IP-CAN (EPS Bearers)
IP Backbone

Optimised for VoLTE
Subscription
&
Policy Control
MME
MGC
GW CSCF
IMS Signalling Bearer MGW
Media Bearer (PS voice flow)
IP-CAN (EPS Bearers)
IP Backbone

CS Fall-Back
SGW
S4
GERAN Gb SGSN
A
Gs
Um Iu-PS
Iu-CS S3
MSC
Uu Server
UTRAN
LTE-Uu
SGs
E-UTRAN S1-MME MME

Any Questions?

Next up…
• Diameter Signalling:
– The Foundation for Revenue Generating Service
• Wesley Tilley:
– director of Product Management
– Oracle

Neil Wiffen Red Banana Wireless

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www.red-banana.org LTE – The Signalling Storm?

Copyright Restricted – Red Banana Wireless Ltd. 1 info@red-banana.org

• Mobile devices on silent

Copyright Restricted – Red Banana Wireless Ltd. 2 info@red-banana.org

Red Banana Wireless Ltd

Copyright Restricted – Red Banana Wireless Ltd. 3 info@red-banana.org

Signalling - a storm brewing?

… or just a lot of wind?

Copyright Restricted – Red Banana Wireless Ltd. 4 info@red-banana.org

Major Market LTE subscriptions (million)

Copyright Restricted – Red Banana Wireless Ltd. 5 info@red-banana.org

LTE Diameter messages/s, Globally (millions)

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Copyright Restricted – Red Banana Wireless Ltd. 6 info@red-banana.org

Device Form Factors

Copyright Restricted – Red Banana Wireless Ltd. 7 info@red-banana.org

• 120 commercially launched LTE1800 systems

• 589 LTE1800 user devices launched

Copyright Restricted – Red Banana Wireless Ltd. 8 info@red-banana.org

LTE 1800 devices

Copyright Restricted – Red Banana Wireless Ltd. 9 info@red-banana.org

• Increased deployment and testing of Voice services

• Small cell deployment increase

• Policy and Charging Control

• Local breakout for roaming users

– Service Provisioning and Management

Storm ingredients - Higher throughput

– Potential impact on Load Balancing mechanisms

– Potential impact on Application / Transport layer signalling

Copyright Restricted – Red Banana Wireless Ltd. 13 info@red-banana.org

Storm ingredients - The X factor

CSFB call for LTE user …

…PS handover signalling to

Copyright Restricted – Red Banana Wireless Ltd. 14 info@red-banana.org

Copyright Restricted – Red Banana Wireless Ltd. 15 info@red-banana.org

Storm ingredients - HetNet / SON

More small cells…

…more SON signalling

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Storm ingredients - Voice is changing

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Storm ingredients – Policy Control for QoS

• Richer set of service management features available

…they come with the cost of increased

Storm ingredients – Online Charging

The recognition of successful IP based

Copyright Restricted – Red Banana Wireless Ltd. 19 info@red-banana.org

Ingredients - M2M evolution

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Diameter Connectivity Requirements

EIR HSS Cx Sh IMS

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MME DRA / DEA E-PDG

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SGW PGW PCSCF SCSCF

IMS Signalling Bearer MGW

Media Bearer (PS voice flow)

IP-CAN (EPS Bearers)

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Optimised for VoLTE

IMS Signalling Bearer MGW

Media Bearer (PS voice flow)

IP-CAN (EPS Bearers)

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