Speed Checker For Highways Report PDF

SPEED CHECKER FOR HIGHWAYS
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to the University of Kerala in partial fulfillment of the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electronics
By
JISHNU JASIN
(Reg.No.34016806012)
Under the supervision of Ms. Ancy Mathew (Internal Guide)
Undertaken at
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
MARTHOMA COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to the University of Kerala)
Chadayamangalam P.O, Ayur, Kollam (Dist.), Kerala
2019
DECLARATION
I do hereby declare that this project entitle “SPEED CHECKER FOR HIGHWAYS” is a record of
the independent project work carried out by me under the supervision of the internal guide,
Ms. Ancy Mathew, Assistant Professor in Electronics Department, Mar Thoma College Of
Science and Technology, Ayur, in partial fulfillment of the award of BSc.Electronics of the
University of Kerala during the academic year of 2018-2019.
JISHNU JASIN
(Reg.No:34016806012)
Place: Ayur
Date:
Ms. Ancy Mathew Department of Electronics
Assistant Professor Mar Thoma College of
Science & Technology
Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled “SPEED CHECKER FOR HIGHWAYS” is an authentic
report of the project work done by JISHNU JASIN(Reg.No:340106012) in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of the Degree in BSc.Electronics of the University of Kerala
during the academic year of 2018-2019 under my supervision and guidance.
Place:
Date:
MARTHOMA COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Chadayamangalam, Kollam (Dist.), Kerala-691534
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled ”SPEED CHECKER FOR HIGHWAYS ” is an authentic
report of the project work done by JISHNU JASIN(Reg.No:34016806012) in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree in BSc. Electronics of the
University of Kerala during the academic year of 2016-2019.
Name & Signature

of the Internal Guide: Ms. Ancy Mathew
Name & Signature

of the Head of the Department: Mrs.Tintu.T.Kuriakose
Place: Ayur
Date:
Name & Signature of the External Examiner:
Name & Signature of the Internal Examiner:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to thank the Almighty, for the love and the blessings showered upon
me for everything especially, think beyond our comprehension.
I am grateful to our Principal Dr. K.C Mathew for providing all facilities for the fulfillment of
my project.
I am obliged to Ms. Tintu T.Kuriakose, Head of the Department of Electronics, for the help
she had rendered.
I would like to express grateful thanks to my internal guide Ms. Ancy Mathew Assistant
Professor in Electronics for her timely criticism and apt pieces of advice without which I
could not completed my project report.
Finally, I offer my whole hearted thanks to all the members on the staff of Electronics
Department and my friends for their timely help.
Thank You.
ABSTRACT
Now a day's we hear news about accidents on Highways very frequently and in most of the
cases main reason of accident is over speed. Although all highways do have signboards
indicating maximum speed limit for the sake of driver’s safety, but still people does not obey
highway speed limit. The project mentioned here is “Speed checker for Highways”. This
project is designed and developed by taking into consideration the problem mentioned
above. LDR sensors are used in this project. These sensors detect the vehicle speed.
Condition is that, the two sensors should be installed at a distance of 100 meters apart from
one another. 7-segment cathode display is connected to this project. This display will show
the vehicle speed. It will also intimate user if vehicle speed crossed the maximum speed
limit or not. The project also has a Buzzer. Over speed condition is indicated by turning on
the Buzzer. Many analysts and policy makers have argued that building more highways is an
Ineffective response to congestion: specifically, that it is infeasible to add enough highways.
Capacity in large urban areas to provide much relief. But this making of highways is just
showing the path for accidents because of no speed limits in these highways. In order to
overcome this problem we have designed equipment called as Speed checker for highways.
The proposed system will check on rash driving by calculating the speed of a vehicle using
the time taken to travel between the two set points at a fixed distance. A set point consists
of a pair of sensors comprising of a Laser and an LDR, each of which are installed on either
sides of the road. The speed limit is set by the police who use the system depending upon
the traffic at the very location. The time taken by the vehicle to travel from one set point to
the other is calculated by control circuit. Based on that time it then calculates the speed and
displays that on seven segment displays. Moreover if the vehicle crosses the speed limit, a
buzzer sounds alerting the police. This concept can be extended in future by integrating a
camera with the system which could capture the image of the number plate of the vehicle
to sends that to the traffic authorities.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 9
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 10
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION .................................................................................................. 12
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION ................................................................................................ 15
COMPONENTS REQUIRED ..................................................................................................................... 17
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................. 19
SIMULATION........................................................................................................................................ 29
PCB DESIGN ........................................................................................................................................... 33
RESULT AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................... 37
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ................................................................................................... 38
FUTURE SCOPE ...................................................................................................................................... 39
APPLICATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 39
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................... 40
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................................... 41
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Block Diagram ......................................................................................................................... 12

Figure 2 Circuit Diagram........................................................................................................................ 15
Figure 3 Installation of lasers and LDRs on highway ............................................................................. 16
Figure 4 NE555 IC .................................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 5 Pin diagram and block diagram of 555IC ................................................................................ 20
Figure 6 Pin configuration ..................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 7 Pin diagram of 7 segment decoder ......................................................................................... 21
Figure 8 CD4011 Functional Diagram ................................................................................................... 21
Figure 9 LED.......................................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 10 LDR and Symbol .................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 11 1N4148 Diode and Symbol.................................................................................................... 24
Figure 12 LTS543 ................................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 13 Resistor ................................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 14 Preset ................................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 15 Electrolytic and Ceramic Capacitor ...................................................................................... 26
Figure 16 Switch - symbol ..................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 17 Push-To-On Switch ............................................................................................................... 28
Figure 18 Piezobuzzer ........................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 19 Schematic Diagram ............................................................................................................... 32
Figure 20 PCB Layout ............................................................................................................................ 33
Figure 21 Model of over speed detection system using timer ............................................................. 37
Mini Project 2019 SPEED CHECKER FOR HIGHWAYS
INTRODUCTION
Many analysts and policy makers have argued that building more highways is an Ineffective response to
congestion: specifically, that it is infeasible to add enough highways Capacity in large urban areas to provide
much relief. But this only adds to the increased number of accidents because of no speed limits in these
highways. In order to overcome this problem we have designed equipment called as “SPEED CHECKER FOR
HIGHWAYS “. This project investigates differentiated design standards as a source of capacity
additions that are more affordable. Here the average speed and high speed with which the
vehicles are moving are considered. The implications of differing accident rates are also
considered. All these considerations were taken and the design of this equipment is done. This design
helps to find the vehicles which are moving with high speed in spite of a speed limit board is presenting that
highway. The cops then can take necessary action on that culprit. The design mainly uses a
timer, counter, logic gates and 7-segment display. Using these components the speed checker on highways
is designed and observed that it is working more efficiently than expected.
Department of Electronics, MTCST, Ayur 9

LITERATURE REVIEW
Rash driving is the cause of many road accidents all over the world. The traffic population
has increased considerably in India as there is no means to control or monitor the speed of
vehicles running on roads. This system proves highly effective in detection of over speed
driving. It is not at all necessary that such accidents are results of driving under the influence
of alcohol as even a person who hasn’t consumed alcohol can drive in a reckless manner. To
overcome this problem and decrease death rate due to accidents, introduction of new and
innovative speed enforcement technology is necessary.
Nowadays, rash driving causes a serious danger to the driver as well as general public.
Despite the fact that rash driving is a serious problem, its current methods of detection by
patrol officers lack sufficiency. First of all, given the huge mileage of driveways, the number
of patrol officers is far from enough to observe and analyze every driver's behaviors.
Second, the guidelines of rash driving patterns are only descriptive and visual observations
cannot specify the details of driving at night or in poor weather. In the present system, to
detect rash driving police has to use a handheld radar gun and aim at the vehicle to record
its speed. If the speed of the vehicle exceeds the speed limit, the nearest police station is
informed to stop the speeding vehicle. This is an ineffective process as after detecting one
has to inform the same and a lot of time is wasted. With the number of vehicles increasing
day by day, this method cannot be trusted with the lives of people.
After keeping all these considerations in mind, we have designed a model of highway over-
speeding vehicle detecting circuit to control rash driving by the use of different electronic
devices such as timer, counter, logic gates, seven segment display and several other
components. Though the proposed model can also be designed by using microcontroller but
due to its high complexity and high cost, use of timer is preferable over microcontroller.

A wide range of sensor technologies are also available, such as inductive loops, video,
ultrasonic detectors, microwave detectors and radar based detectors. The history of speed
enforcement is replete with examples of new enforcement techniques; subsequent negative
public reaction and resistance; and finally, assuming survival through legal challenges to
these techniques.
The advantage of our proposed over speed driving warning system is that it will come handy
for the highway traffic police as it will not only provide a digital display in accordance with a
vehicle’s speed but will also sound an alarm if the vehicle exceeds the permissible speed for
the highway. The proposed system will check on rash driving by calculating the speed of a
vehicle using the time taken to travel between the two set points at a fixed distance. A set
point consists of a pair of sensors comprising of an LASER and an LDRs, each of which are
installed on either sides of the road. The speed limit is set by the police who use the system
depending upon the traffic at the very location. The time taken by the vehicle to travel from
one set point to the other is calculated by control circuit. Based on that time, it then
calculates the speed and displays that on seven segment displays. Moreover if the vehicle
crosses the speed limit, a buzzer sounds alerting the police. This concept can be extended in
future by integrating a camera with the system which could capture the image of the
number plate of the vehicle to sends that to the traffic authorities.

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION
BLOCK DIAGRAM
1st LDR & Laser set 2nd LDR & Laser set
Detector (Timer)
7-Segment Display Piezobuzzer

Figure 1 Block Diagram
BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
The system basically comprises two laser transmitter LDR sensor pairs, which are installed
on the highway 100 meters apart, with the transmitter and the LDR sensor of each pair on
the opposite sides of the road. The installation of lasers and LDRs is shown in Fig. 2. The
system displays the time taken by the vehicle in crossing this 100m distance from one pair
to the other with a resolution of 0.01 second, from which the speed of the vehicle can be
calculated as follows:
or,
As per the above equation, for a speed of 40 kmph the display will read 900 (or 9 seconds),
and for a speed of 60 kmph the display will read 600 (or 6 seconds). Note that the LSB of the
display equals 0.01 second and each succeeding digit is ten times the preceding digit. You
can similarly calculate the other readings (or time).

Flow Chart
Start
Vehicle cross the

first LDR
Counter 1 Starts
Vehicle cross the

second LDR
Counter 1 Stops
Calculation of time
between 1st & 2nd
LDR
Measurement Of
Speed
If speed is
>60km/hr
Buzzer Rings
Stop

This whole process goes under following steps:
Step 1- Apply the power supply by flipping the switch to ON.
Step 2- Reset the circuit so that display shows ‘0000’.
Step 3- When any vehicle crosses the first LASER light, LDR will trigger IC1 hence LED 1 glow
during for period.
Step 4- When the vehicle crosses the second LASER light, the output of IC2 goes high and
LED2 glows for this period.
Step 5 - If the vehicle crosses the distance between the LDRs set-ups at more than 60 kmph,
the piezo-buzzer sounds an alarm.
Step 6- The counter starts counting when the first IR LASER beam is intercepted and stops
when the second LASER beam is intercepted.
Step 7- The time taken by the vehicle to cross both the IR Diode beams is displayed on the 7-
segment display.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Figure 2 Circuit Diagram
Figure above shows the circuit of the speed checker. It has been designed assuming that the
maximum permissible speed for highways is either 40 kmph or 60 kmph as per the traffic
rule. The circuit is built around five NE555 timer ICs (IC1 through IC5), four CD4026 counter
ICs (IC6 through IC9) and four 7segment displays (DIS1 through DIS4). IC1 through IC3
function as monostables, with IC1 serving as count-start mono, IC2 as count-stop mono and
IC3 as speed-limit detector mono, controlled by IC1 and IC2 outputs. Bistable set-reset IC4 is
also controlled by the outputs of IC1 and IC2 and it (IC4), in turn, controls switching on/off
of the 100Hz (period = 0.01 second) astable timer IC5.

Figure 3 Installation of lasers and LDRs on highway
The system mainly consists of two laser transmitter-LDR sensor pairs which are installed on
the highway 100m apart such that the transmitter and LDR sensor of each pair on the
opposite sides of the road. This kind of arrangement is shown in the figure above. When any
vehicle crosses the first laser beam LDR1 goes high for the time set to cross 100m with the
selected speed (60KMPH) and LED1 glows during this period. When the vehicle crosses the
second laser light beam, the output of IC2 goes high and LED2 glows for this period.
Piezobuzzer sounds an alarm if the vehicle crosses the distance between the laser setups at
more than selected speed (lesser period than preset period).The counter starts counting
when the first laser beam is intercepted and stops when the second laser beam is
intercepted. The time taken by the vehicle to crop both the laser beams is displayed on the
7-segment display.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED
SEMICONDUCTORS
IC1-IC5 - NE555 Timer
IC6-IC9 - CD4026 Decade Counter/7-Segment Display
IC10 - CD4011 NAND Gate
D1, D2 - 1N4148 Switching Diode
LED1 - Green LED
LED2, LED3 - Red LED
DIS1-DIS4 - LTS543 common-cathode,7-segment display
RESISTORS
R1, R4 - 100KΩ
R2, R5, R6,
R8, R10
R3, R7, R13 - 10K
R11, R14
R16-R19 - 470 Ω
R9 - 470KΩ
R12, R15 - 1KΩ
VR1 - 100KΩ
VR2 - 20KΩ

Capacitors
C1 - 100µF, 25V electrolytic
C2, C4, C6,
C8, C11 - 0.01µF ceramic disk
C3, C13, C15 - 0.1µF ceramic disk
C7 - 0.47µF, 25v electrolytic
C9 - 0.2µF ceramic disk
C12 - 47µ, 25V electrolytic
Miscellaneous
PZ1 - Piezobuzzer
LDR1, LDR2 - LDR
S1 - Push-to-On Switch

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
1. NE555 Timer:
It was designed in 1970 and introduced in 1971 by Signe tics (later acquired by Philips). The
original name was the SE555/NE555 and was called "The IC Time Machine". The 555 gets its
name from the three 5-kohm resistors used in typical early implementations. It is still in
wide use, thanks to its ease of use, low price and good stability. As of 2003, 1 billion units
are manufactured every year. Depending on the manufacturer, it includes over 20
transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-
line package (DIP-8). The xx555 timer is a popular and easy to use for general purpose
timing applications from 10 μs to hours or from <1 MHz to 100 kHz. In the time-delay or
mono-stable mode of operation, the timed interval is controlled by a single external resistor
and capacitor network. In the a-stable mode of operation, the frequency and duty cycle can
be controlled independently with two external resistors and a single external capacitor.
Maximum output sink and discharge sink current is greater for higher VCC and less for lower
VCC.
Figure 4 NE555 IC

Figure 5 Pin diagram and block diagram of 555IC
Monostable mode: In this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot".

Applicationsinclude timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, touch switches, fr
equencydivider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) etc.
Astable mode - free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include
LEDand lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse
position modulation, etc.
Bi-stable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not
connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce free latched switches, etc
Figure 6 Pin configuration

2. CD4026 DECADE COUNTER/7 SEGMENT DECODER
It consist of a 5-stage Johnson decade counter and an output decoder which converts the
Johnson code to a 7-segment decoded output for driving one stage in a numerical display.
These devices are particularly advantages in display applications where low power
dissipation and/or low package count are important.
Figure 7 Pin diagram of 7 segment decoder
3. CD4011 NAND Gate
This provides the system designer with direct implementation of the NAND function and
supplements the existing family of CMOS gates. All inputs and outputs are buffered.
Figure 8 CD4011 Functional Diagram

4. LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator
lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Appearing as practical
electronic components in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern
versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very
high brightness. When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are
able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of
photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light id determined
by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs resent many advantages over incandescent
light source including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical
robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are
relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact
fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. As it name implies it is a diode, which
emits light when forward biased. Charge carrier recombination takes place when electrons
from the N-side cross the junction and recombine with the holes on the P side. Electrons are
in the higher conduction band on the N side whereas holes are in the lower valence band on
the P side. During recombination, some of the energy is given up in the form of heat and
light. In the case of semiconductor materials like Gallium arsenide.
Figure 9 LED

5. LDR
A light-dependent resistor, LDR, or photo-conductive cell) is a light-controlled

variable resistor. The resistance of a photo resistor decreases with increasing incident light
intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in
light-sensitive detector circuits, and light-activated and dark-activated switching circuits.
A photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photo resistor
can have a resistance as high as several mega ohms (MΩ), while in the light, a photo resistor
can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a photoresistor
exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons
enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons (and
their hole partners) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range
and sensitivity of a photo resistor can substantially differ among dissimilar devices.
Moreover, unique photo resistors may react substantially differently to photons within
certain wavelength bands.
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its
own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, for example, silicon. In intrinsic
devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must
have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire band gap. Extrinsic devices have
impurities; also called dopants, add whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction
band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (that is, longer
wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon
has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra
electrons available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor.
Figure 10 LDR and Symbol

6.1N4148
The 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching signal diode. It is one of the most popular and
long-lived switching diodes because of its dependable specifications and low cost. Its name
follows the JEDEC nomenclature. The 1N4148 is useful in switching applications up to about
100 MHz with a reverse-recovery time of no more than 4 ns.
Figure 11 1N4148 Diode and Symbol
7. LTS543
A seven-segment display (SSD), or seven-segment indicator, is a form of electronic display

device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot matrix
displays. Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, basic
calculators, and other electronic devices that display numerical information.
Figure 12 LTS543

8. Resistor
Resistor is a passive component used to control current in a circuit. Its resistance is given by
the ratio of voltage applied across its terminals to the current passing through it. Thus a
particular value of resistor for fixed voltage, limits the current through it. They ate
omnipresent in electronic circuits.
Resistor is a positive two terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current
flow, adjusting signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate
transmission lines, among other uses. High power resistors that can dissipate many Watts of
electrical power as heat may be used as part of controls, in power distribution systems, or
as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistance that only changes slightly with
temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit
elements (such as volume control or lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light,
humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete component can be
composed of various components and forms. Resistors are also implemented within
integrated circuits.
Figure 13 Resistor

9. PRESET
A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying
resistance in a circuit. The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it. The
adjustment can be done by using a small screw driver or a similar tool. The resistance does
not vary linearly but rather varies in exponential or logarithmic manner. Such variable
resistors are commonly used for adjusting sensitivity along with a sensor. The variable
resistance is obtained across the single terminal at front and one of the two other terminals.
The two legs at the back offer fixed resistance which is divided by the front leg. So whenever
only the back terminals are used, a preset acts as a fixed resistor. Presets are specified by
their fixed value resistance.
Figure 14 Preset
10. CAPACITOR
In this project, two types of capacitors are used, Electrolytic and Ceramic. Electrolytic
capacitors are polarized capacitors made of oxide film on aluminum foils. These are cheaper
and easily available. The range of values typically varies from 1µF to 47000µF and large
tolerance of 20%. The voltage ratings range up to 500V. They have high capacitance to
volume ratio and used for smoothing in power supply circuits or coupling capacitors in audio
amplifiers. These are available in both leaded and surface mount packages. The capacitance
value and voltage ratings are either printed in µF.
Figure 15 Electrolytic and Ceramic Capacitor

The non-polarized type ceramic capacitors which are also known as ‘Disc capacitors’ are
widely used these days. These are available in millions of varieties of cost and performance.
The features of ceramic capacitors depend upon: Type of ceramic dielectric used in the
capacitor which varies in the temperature coefficient and dielectric losses. The exact
formulas of the different ceramics used in ceramic capacitors vary from one manufacturer
to another. The common compounds such as titanium dioxide, strontium titanate, and
barium titaneteare the three main available although other types such as leaded disc
ceramic capacitors for through hole mounting which are resin coated, multilayer surface
mount chip ceramic capacitors and microwave bare leadless disc ceramic capacitors that are
designed to sit in a slot in the PCB and are soldered in place.
Capacitance is defined as the ratio of electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them. The unit of capacitance in the International System of units (SI) is
the Farad (F), defined as one coulomb per volt (1C/V). Capacitance value of typical
capacitors for use in general electronics range from about 1pF (10-12 F) to about 1mF (10-3 F)
11. SWITCH
In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can "make" or "break"

an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.
The mechanism of a switch removes or restores the conducting path in a circuit when it is
operated.
Figure 16 Switch - symbol

12. PUSH-TO-ON SWITCH
Push to on switch holds the circuit conducting while the switch is pressed. But when the
switch is released, the circuit stops conducting.
On the other hand, two way switches doesn’t need to pressed continue. It do not require
the continue effort to on the circuit. It has two states. When the switch is slides to left,
switch gives 1 and if it slides to right, the output is 0.
Figure 17 Push-To-On Switch
13. PIEZOBUZZER
Piezo buzzer is an electronic device commonly used to produce sound. Piezo buzzer is based
on the inverse principle of piezo electricity discovered in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie. It
is the phenomena of generating electricity when mechanical pressure is applied to certain
materials and the vice versa is also true.
Figure 18 Piezobuzzer

SIMULATION
The software used here is Proteus 8.
About Proteus 8
The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic
design automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and
technicians to create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit
boards.
The micro-controller simulation in Proteus works by applying either a hex file or a debug file
to the microcontroller part on the schematic. It is then co-simulated along with any analog
and digital electronics connected to it. This enables its use in a broad spectrum of project
prototyping in areas such as motor control, temperature control and user interface
design. It also finds use in the general hobbyist community and, since no hardware is
required, is convenient to use as a teaching tool.
Proteus was initially created as a multiplatform system utility, to manipulate text and binary
files and to create CGI scripts. The language was later focused on Windows, by adding
hundreds of specialized functions for network and serial communication, database
interrogative, system service creation, console applications, keyboard emulation, ISAPI
scripting .Most of these additional functions are only available .Proteus was designed to be
practical (easy to use efficient, complete),readable and consistent.
Its strongest points are
 Powerful string manipulating.

 Comprehensibility of Proteus scripts.
 Availability of advanced data structures, array, queues (single and double), stacks, bit
maps, sets, AVL trees. The language can be extended by adding user functions
written in Proteus or DDLs created in C/C++.

Proteus 8 is a single application with many service modules offering different functionality
(schematic capture, PCB layout, etc.). The wrapper that enables all of the various tools to
communicate with each other consists of three main parts.
Application Framework
Proteus 8 consists of a single application (PDS.EXE). This is the framework or container

which hosts all of the functionality of Proteus. ISIS, ARES, 3DV all open as tabbed windows
within this framework and therefore all have access to the common database.
Common Database
The common database contains information about parts used in the project. A part can
contain both a schematic component and a PCB footprint as well both user and system
properties. Shared access to this database by all application modules makes possible a huge
number of new features, many of which will evolve over the course of the Version 8
lifecycle.
Live Netlist
Together with the common database the maintenance of a live netlist allows all open
modules to automatically reflect changes. The most obvious example of this is wiring in ISIS
producing ratsnest connections in ARES but it goes much further than that. The new Bill of
Materials module contains a live viewer and the 3D Viewer and Design Explorer are also
linked into the live netlist.
This document covers the Proteus 8 application framework and other functionality related
to the software suite as a whole. The various application modules (e.g. ISIS, ARES) each have
their own reference manuals and tutorial documentation.

Steps which are following the simulation are,
 Launch the Proteus 8 professional software.

 Select a new project and open it.
 Browse My computer and select the local disk C.
 Take program files from local disk C ,
 From the program files choose the lab Centre electronics and take proteus
professional and select the BIN.
 Click next button.
 Open the schematic window
 Create a circuit and create the schematic
 Select landscape A4
 Click next button.
 Select generic single layer
 Click next button
 Select the firmware project and select the no firmware project
 Click t next button.
 click the finish button.
 To select the components right click the mouse and select place button
 Choose components then click library and type the component required.
 Wired the components in the given circuit diagram.
 Save the entire circuit diagram.
 Select debug, click run simulation.
 Observe the output.
 Create PCB layout
 In SIL connectors box select 2D graphics box mode then select the top silk in that
click board edge.
 In tools box select auto placer click auto router then select the begin router click
the save button and select 3D visualizer.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Figure 19 Schematic Diagram

PCB DESIGN
Figure 20 PCB Layout
A printed circuit board mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic

components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets
laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer),
double sided (two copper layers) or multi layer. Conductors on different layers are
connected plated-through holes called visa. Advanced PCBs may contain components –
capacitors, resistors or devices – embedded in the substrate.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to
PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design
effort to layout the circuit but manufacturing and assembly can be automated.
Manufacturing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as
components are mounted and wired with one single part. Furthermore, operator wiring
errors are eliminated.

PCB MAKING
The different steps for making PCB layout is given below.
Step 1: Prepare a layout of the circuit on any commonly used PCB designing software. A
layout is a design which interconnects the components according to the schematic diagram
(circuit diagram). Take a mirror image print of the layout on the OHP sheet using a laser
printer. Make sure that the design is correct with proper placement of the components.
Step2: Cut the copper board according to the size of layout. A copper board is the base of a
PCBs, it can be single layer, double layer or multi layer board. Single layer copper board has
copper on one side of the PCB, they are used to make single layer PCBs, it is widely used by
hobbyist or in the small circuits. A double layer copper board consists of copper on both the
sides of the PCB. These boards are generally used by the industries. A multilayer board has
multiple layers of copper; they are quite costly and mainly used for complex circuitries like
mother board of PC.
Step 3: Rub the copper side of PCB using steel wool. This removes the top oxide layer of
copper as well as the photo resist layer if any.
Step 4: Place the OHP sheet (wax paper) which has the printed layout on the PCB sheet.
Make sure that the printed/mirror side should be placed on the copper side of PCB.
Step 5: Put a white paper on the OHP sheet and start ironing. The heat applied by the
electric iron causes the ink of the traces on the OHP sheet to stick on the copper plate
exactly in the same way it is printed on the OHP sheet. This means that the copper sheet will
now have the layout of the PCB printed on it. Allow the PCB plate to cool down and slowly
remove the OHP sheet. Since it is manual process it may happen that the layout doesn’t
comes properly on PCB or some of the tracks are broken in between. Use the permanent
marker and complete the tracks properly.
Step 6: Now the layout is printed on PCB. The area covered by ink is known as the masked
area and the unwanted copper, not covered by the ink is known as the masked area. Now
make a solution of ferric chloride powder in the water. Dip the PCB into the Etching solution
(Ferric Chloride solution, FeCl3) for approximately 30 mins. The FeCl3 reacts with the
unmasked copper and removes the unwanted copper from the PCB. This process is called as

Etching. Use pliers to take out the PCB and check if the entire unmasked area has been
etched or not. In case it is not etched leave it for some more time in the solution.
Step 7: Take out the PCB wash it in cold water and remove the ink by rubbing it with steel
wool. The remaining area which has not been etched is the conductive copper tracks which
connect the components as per the circuit diagram.
Step 8: Drill the PCB using a drilling machine on the pads.
Step 9: Put the components in the correct holes and solder them.
SOLDERING
Soldering is a process in which two or more items are joined together by melting and
flowing a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than
the adjoining metal. Soldering differs from welding in that soldering does not involve
melting the work pieces. In brazing, the filler metal at a higher temperature, but the work
piece metal donot melts. In the past, nearly all solders contained lead, but environmental
concerns have increasingly dictated use of lead-free alloys for electronics and plumbing
purposes.
Steps
1. Make the alloy of components in the circuit. Plug in the cord of the soldering iron
into the mains to get it heated.
2. Straighten and clean the component leads using blade or a knife. Apply little flux on
the leads. Take a little solder from iron and heated.
3. Apply the molten solid on the lead. Care must be taken to avoid the components
from heated up.
4. Mount the components on the PCB by leading the leads of the components. Use
nose-pliers.
5. Apply flux on the joints and solder the joints. Soldering must be done in minimum
time to avoid dry soldering and heating up of the components.
6. Wash the residue using Isopropanol and brush

SOLDER
Solder is the joining material that melts when heated by a soldering iron. The popularly used
solders are alloys of tin and lead that melts below the melting points of tin. The solder will
have minimum resistance so as not affect the electrical connection. Soldering joints in
electronic circuits will establish strong electrical connection between the components leads.
FLUX
The purpose of flux is to facilitate the soldering process. One of the obstacles to a successful
solder joint is an impurity at the joint, for example dirt, oil or oxidation. The impurities can
be removed by mechanical cleaning or by chemical means, but the elevated temperatures
required to melt the metal (the solder) encourages the work piece (and the solder) to re-
oxidize. This effect is accelerated as the soldering temperatures increase and can completely
prevent the solder from joining to the work piece. One of the earliest forms of flux was
charcoal, which acts as a reducing agent and helps prevent oxidation during the soldering
process. Some fluxes go beyond the simple prevention of oxidation and also provide some
form of chemical cleaning (corrosion).
PCB LAYOUT
Layout is printed on a butter paper (transparent paper). It is screen printed on the copper
clad, etched by using ferric chloride solution and drilled by using a PCB drill.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
While driving on highways, drivers should not exceed the maximum speed limit permitted
for their vehicles. However, accidents keep on occurring due to speed violations as drivers
follow their speedometers and control their speed according to them, and reduce the speed
if they find it to be exceeding and beyond their control. A highway speed checker comes
handy for the traffic police; especially against the speed limit violators because it provides
the digital display as well as buzzing sound or alarm to detect any vehicle speed if the
vehicle exceeds the permitted speed limit. The makeup of these highways, sometimes leads
to accidents because most of the times, there is no rule to govern speed limits on these
highways. To overcome this problem, I have implemented a circuit called as a speed checker
for highways. This kit is inexpensive and it is used for considering the average and high
speed of vehicles that move on the highways or roads.
Figure 21 Model of over speed detection system using timer
Figure 22 shows the model of our speed checker system using timer on highways so as to
control the rate of accidents as drivers follow their speedometers and control their speed
according to them, and reduce the speed if they find it to be exceeding and beyond their
control.
LDR 1ST 2nd LDR Time Result
ON ON 5.14 Over speed

ON ON 6.67 Normal
ON ON 8 Normal
Table 1 Depicting final results of Over Speeding Detection on Highway

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
1. There are many accidents due to high speed, so by using this technology on highway,
we can stop these types of accidents.
2. The people also safe on road during cross it.
3. The circuit is also running on +5V which is easier to generate.
4. It is easy to implement.
DISADVANTAGES
1. This project is valid for sequential flow of vehicles

2. It is only for one ways.
3. This circuit can be false triggered.

FUTURE SCOPE
1. A CCTV Camera can be placed on the highway. If any vehicle has crossed the
maximum speed limit then this camera will be triggered to take a picture of the
vehicle.
2. We can add voice announcement system. It will intimate the driver that he/she has
crossed the over speed condition.
3. We can implement the GSM technology. So that the nearest highway security
authorities will be informed about the vehicle which has over speed.
APPLICATIONS
1. This can be used at Highways (National Highways, State level Highways).

2. This project can also be used inside university campus areas or inside any company’s
premises.

CONCLUSION
Since number of accidents on highways increases day by day so it is necessary to check

speed of the vehicles on highways so as to remove accident cases and to provide a safe
journey by controlling high speed of the vehicle. It also minimizes the difficulties of traffic
police department and make ease to control the rash driving on highways. The police can
perform their duties while sitting in control room and can provide their service with more
ease and accuracy. This concept can be extended in future by integrating a camera with the
system which could capture the image of the number plate of the vehicle to sends that to
the traffic authorities.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Anand Kumar-Fundamentals Of Digital Circuit
[2] Floyd Digital Fundamentals
[3]Ramakant A. Gayakwad- Op-amps and Linear Integrated Circuits
[4] Rog Choudhury & Shail B Jain-Linear Integrated Circuits
[5] https://electronicsforu.com/electronicsprojects/speedcheckerforhighways
[6] http://www.efxkits.com/speed-checker-to-detect-rash-driving-on-highways-903
[7]http://www.projectsof555.com/speed-checker-and-overspeed-detection-for-highways
[8]https://www.scribd.com/doc/Speed-Checker-for-Highways-project-report
[9]http://www.elprocus.com/speed-checker-to-detect-rash-driving-on-highways

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SPEED CHECKER FOR HIGHWAYS

Under the supervision of Ms. Ancy Mathew (Internal Guide)

MARTHOMA COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to the University of Kerala)

Chadayamangalam P.O, Ayur, Kollam (Dist.), Kerala

Name & Signature

Name & Signature

Name & Signature of the External Examiner:

Name & Signature of the Internal Examiner:

LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 10

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION .................................................................................................. 12

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION ................................................................................................ 15

COMPONENTS REQUIRED ..................................................................................................................... 17

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................. 19

PCB DESIGN ........................................................................................................................................... 33

RESULT AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................... 37

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ................................................................................................... 38

FUTURE SCOPE ...................................................................................................................................... 39

Figure 1 Block Diagram ......................................................................................................................... 12

Department of Electronics, MTCST, Ayur 9

Department of Electronics, MTCST, Ayur 10

Department of Electronics, MTCST, Ayur 11

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION

7-Segment Display Piezobuzzer

BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

Department of Electronics, MTCST, Ayur 12

Vehicle cross the

Vehicle cross the

Department of Electronics, MTCST, Ayur 13

This whole process goes under following steps:

Step 1- Apply the power supply by flipping the switch to ON.

Step 2- Reset the circuit so that display shows ‘0000’.

during for period.

LED2 glows for this period.

the piezo-buzzer sounds an alarm.

when the second LASER beam is intercepted.

Department of Electronics, MTCST, Ayur 14

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION

Figure 2 Circuit Diagram

Department of Electronics, MTCST, Ayur 15

Figure 3 Installation of lasers and LDRs on highway

Department of Electronics, MTCST, Ayur 16

IC1-IC5 - NE555 Timer

IC6-IC9 - CD4026 Decade Counter/7-Segment Display

IC10 - CD4011 NAND Gate

D1, D2 - 1N4148 Switching Diode

LED1 - Green LED

LED2, LED3 - Red LED

DIS1-DIS4 - LTS543 common-cathode,7-segment display

R2, R5, R6,

R3, R7, R13 - 10K

R12, R15 - 1KΩ

Department of Electronics, MTCST, Ayur 17

C1 - 100µF, 25V electrolytic

C2, C4, C6,

C8, C11 - 0.01µF ceramic disk

C3, C13, C15 - 0.1µF ceramic disk

C5 - 10µF, 25V electrolytic

C7 - 0.47µF, 25v electrolytic

C9 - 0.2µF ceramic disk

C10 - 1µF, 25V electrolytic

C12 - 47µ, 25V electrolytic