Physica E 66 (2015) 52–58

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Physica E
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/physe

Performance analysis and comparison of ITO- and FTO-based optically

transparent terahertz U-shaped patch antennas
Anand Sreekantan Thampy n, Sriram Kumar Dhamodharan
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India

H I G H L I G H T S G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T

An ITO- and an FTO-based optically Summary: This plot shows that the antenna gain of the ITO- and FTO-based optically transparent
transparent U-shaped patch anten- terahertz patch antenna is presented and compared with that of copper-based non-transparent antenna.
nas are designed to resonate at The peak gains of ITO- and FTO-based transparent antennas are 3.35 dB and 2.26 dB at 732 GHz and
750 GHz. 801 GHz, respectively. Due to low electrical conductivity of ITO and FTO, radiation efficiency and gain of

Two transparent U-shaped patch both the transparent antennas are lower than the copper-based non-transparent antenna. The copper-
antennas performances are analyzed based non-transparent antenna has narrow bandwidth ( o5%) of 3.86%, whereas ITO- and FTO-based
and compared. transparent antennas are shown to have a broad bandwidth of 9.54% and 11.49%, respectively.

The proposed transparent antennas
performances are compared with
that of the non-transparent copper-
based U-shaped patch antenna.

Due to low electrical conductivity of
ITO and FTO, radiation performances
of both the transparent antennas are
lower than the copper-based non-
transparent antenna.

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: An indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) and a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-based optically transparent
Received 7 July 2014 U-shaped patch antennas are designed to resonate at 750 GHz and their performances are analyzed.
Received in revised form Impedance bandwidth, radiation efficiency, directivity and gain of the proposed antennas are investi-
21 September 2014
gated. The proposed transparent antenna's characteristics are compared with the copper-based non-
Accepted 23 September 2014
transparent U-shaped patch antenna, which is also designed to resonate at 750 GHz. Terahertz antennas
Available online 2 October 2014
are essential for inter-satellite communications systems to enable the adequate spatial resolution, broad
Keywords: bandwidth, higher data rates and highly directional beam with secured data transfer. The proposed ITO-
Transparent antenna and FTO-based transparent antennas have yielded impedance bandwidth of 9.54% and 11.49%,
Terahertz
respectively, in the band 719–791 GHz and 714–801 GHz, respectively. The peak gain for ITO and FTO
Indium-doped tin oxide
based transparent antennas is 3.35 dB and 2.26 dB at 732 GHz and 801 GHz, respectively. The proposed
Fluorine-doped tin oxide
Patch antenna antennas are designed and simulated by using a finite element method based electromagnetic solver,
Ansys - HFSS.
& 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

n Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are one of the most

Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 91 9751 22 74 24.
E-mail addresses: anand.s.krishna@gmail.com (A.S. Thampy), commonly used materials in optoelectronic systems for develop-
srk@nitt.edu (S. Dhamodharan). ing various transparent devices like light-emitting diodes (LED)

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2014.09.016
1386-9477/& 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 A.S. Thampy, S.K. Dhamodharan / Physica E 66 (2015) 52–58
[1], liquid crystal displays (LCD) [2], optical displays [3] and solar
cell antennas [4]. Based on the applications, generally used
transparent conducting oxide materials (TCOMs) are indium-
doped tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), titanium-
doped indium oxide (TIO), gallium zinc oxide (GZO) and antimony
tin oxide (ATO) [5]. The transparent conducting oxide material
(TCOM) thin films are developed using advanced thin film deposi-
tion techniques [6,7]. ITO and FTO are n-type degenerate semi-
conductors with wide band-gap (Z3 eV) [8–10]. In the visible
spectrum region, ITO and FTO transparent materials are highly
preferred to design the optoelectronic devices due to its best
trade-off between optical transmittance and electrical conductiv-
ity [11–13]. Deposition methods for ITO and FTO thin films include
spray pyrolysis [14], sol-gel process [15], pulsed laser deposition
[16], d.c. magnetron sputtering [17] and r.f. sputtering [18]. The
transparent conducting metallic thin films are not preferred as
micro-cracks are formed in the film when it is subjected to
deformation [19,20]. In TCOMs, with increasing film thickness
the electrical conductivity of the film increases, whereas its optical
transmittance decreases. The increase in electrical conductivity of
the film causes the radiation efficiency of the antenna to increase
and vice versa. Thus, there is a trade-off between optical trans-
mittance of the film and the radiation efficiency it offers in the
antenna structure [21]. For 400 nm thick ITO and FTO thin films,
optical transmittance greater than 80% and electrical conductiv-
ities of 2.88  105 S/m and 1.67  105 S/m, respectively, are
reported [22,23]. Optically transparent antennas are employed to
reduce the overall system size by designing the transparent
antennas in the optical devices’ display itself. Thus, the antenna
structure itself acts as a display for the device [24]. In satellite
systems, on-board system size and its weight are the two crucial
parameters. By designing transparent antennas on solar cell
transparent panels, the on-board weight and size of the payload
on satellites can be reduced [24,25]. In [26,27], the effect of
temperature on ITO and FTO thin films deposited on polymide
substrates are investigated in terms of structural, electro-optical
and electro-mechanical properties. The ITO and FTO thin films on
polymide substrates are reported to be low electrical resistivity,
high optical transmittance and physically stable. The electrome-
chanical properties of transparent thin films depend on both
growth temperature and thickness. The polymide is the higher
heat-resistant organic dielectric substrate material. The increase in
temperature results in decrease in sheet resistance and resistivity
of the transparent thin films deposited on polymide substrates
[28]. In [29], silver-coated polyester thin film-based optically
transparent antenna at 2.1 GHz is used for solar cell antenna
applications.
Future wireless communication systems are desired to operate
at low transmission power with high data rate transceivers
availing secured data transmission; all in a compact space [30].
Fig. 1. U-shaped patch antenna structure.
53
The aforementioned requirements are fulfilled, if a communication
system operates in terahertz frequencies. Terahertz spectrum
offers broad bandwidth with secured communication and enables
higher data rate transmission, system compactness and free usage
of the spectrum [31]. These advantages have propelled the
research in terahertz technology, which is being used in various
fields like spectroscopy, astronomy, sensing, imaging, detection of
biological weapons in military, etc. [32,33]. At present, system
engineers are looking forward to adopt the technology for future
wireless communication systems. Implementation of terahertz
antennas for inter-satellite communications is an emerging topic
of research [34]. The microstrip patch antenna is best suited to be
used in terahertz systems due to its advantages such as low profile,
conformity to planar and non-planar structures, less complex
method of design and implementation [35]. Terahertz microstrip
patch antennas can be fabricated using advanced nano lithography
and thin film deposition techniques [36]. Transparent patch
antenna has limitations in terms of narrow bandwidth (o5%)
and low gain (r 2 dB) [29].
In this article, an ITO- and an FTO-based optically transparent
U-shaped patch antennas are designed to resonate at 750 GHz.
Both the antenna structures are optically transparent in the visible
spectrum region. Characteristics of both the transparent antennas
are analyzed and compared with the copper-based non-transpar-
ent U-shaped patch antenna, which is also designed to resonate at
750 GHz. The article is organized as follows. In Section 2, an ITO-
and an FTO-based optically transparent U-shaped patch antennas
are designed. In Section 3, characteristics of the proposed trans-
parent antennas such as impedance bandwidth, radiation effi-
ciency, directivity and gain are analyzed and compared with the
characteristics of copper-based non-transparent antenna. Conclu-
sions are drawn in Section 4.
2. Transparent patch antenna
The basic structure of a transparent patch antenna consists of a
conducting patch and a ground plane separated by a dielectric
substrate as shown in Fig. 1. Patch, ground plane and substrate are
optically transparent in the visible spectrum region. For ease of
fabrication, the commonly used patch shapes are square or
rectangular. In this work, two transparent U-shaped patch anten-
nas are designed by using ITO and FTO thin films and a non-
transparent U-shaped antenna is designed by using copper thin
film. The patch and the ground plane of the ITO-based antenna are
designed using ITO thin film; whereas patch and the ground plane
of the FTO-based antenna are designed using FTO thin film. The
patch and ground plane of the copper-based antenna are designed
using non-transparent copper thin film. Polyimide is used as a
dielectric substrate in all the three antennas.
54 A.S. Thampy, S.K. Dhamodharan / Physica E 66 (2015) 52–58

Thicker dielectric substrates are used for improving the impe-

dance bandwidth of the antenna; but these result in increased size
of the antenna. If the higher dielectric permittivity substrates are
used, antenna size can be reduced; but radiation performance of
the antenna will be deteriorated due to the concentration of
electric fields in the substrate [37]. For patch antennas, fringing
fields are the main source of electromagnetic radiation. Fringing
fields are the electric fields excited at the edges of the patch due to
accumulation of electric charges. These lines pass through the
dielectric substrate toward the ground plane of the antenna. The
ground plane acts as a reflector for fringing fields [38].
The electrical conductivities of ITO and FTO are relatively lower
than the electrical conductivity of commonly used non-
transparent conductor like copper. Copper thin film of 400 nm
has conductivity of 5  106 S/m [39]. Antenna impedance is
matched to the feed line impedance by tuning the arms (L1 and
W1) of the U-shaped patch and width of the microstrip line (W2)
Fig. 2. Frequency versus return loss (dB) for the three antennas.
uniformly along the length (L2). Here the width of the microstrip
line is uniform along the length and not varying as in conventional
microstrip fed rectangular patch antenna with quarter wave
Table 2
transformer. So, at the micro-scale, it is easy to fabricate the U-
Impedance characteristics of the transparent and non-transparent U-shaped patch
shaped structure than the microstrip fed rectangular patch struc- antennas.
ture. The resonant frequency and dimensions of the transparent
patch antenna are computed by using the following equations [4]: Parameters Optically Optically
transparent non-transparent
c antennas antenna
fr ¼ ð1Þ
2 ðL þ 2ΔLÞ √ εef f ITO FTO Copper

where fr is the resonant frequency, L is the length of the patch, c Return loss (S11) (dB)  58.79  60.01  30.20
is the velocity of light, εeff is effective dielectric constant and ΔL is Band of operation (GHz) 719–791 714–801 736–765
an extension in patch length. The width (W), length (L) of the Impedance bandwidth (–10 dB) 9.54% 11.49% 3.86%

rectangular patch, extension in length (ΔL) and effective dielectric

constant (εeff) are given by [4],

  0:5
c εr þ 1
W¼ ð2Þ
2f r 2

where εr is the relative permittivity of the substrate material. The

relative permittivity and loss tangent of the transparent polyimide
substrate are 3.5 and 0.008, respectively. The dielectric loss of the
polyimide substrate is low. So, its effect on the radiation perfor-
mance of the proposed antennas is negligible (Table 1).


c
L¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  2ΔL ð3Þ
2f r εef f

 
ε þ 0:3 ððW=hÞ þ0:264Þ
ΔL ¼ 0:412 h  ef f   ð4Þ
εef f  0:258 ðW=hÞ þ 0:8


  0:5
εr þ 1 εr  1 12 h
εef f ¼ þ 1þ ð5Þ
2 2 W
Fig. 3. Frequency versus radiation efficiency for the three antennas.

Table 1
Design parameters of the transparent and non-transparent antennas.

Parameters Dimensions (μm)

Transparent antennas Non-transparent antenna

ITO FTO Copper

U-shaped patch length (L  L1) 88.98  76.08 88.98  83.41 88.98  54.08
U-shaped patch width (W  W1) 133.2  35.5 133.2  32.1 133.2  30.1
Patch thickness (t) 0.4 0.4 0.4
Substrate length and width (Ls  Ws) 208.98  433.2 208.98  433.2 208.98  433.2
Substrate thickness (h) 20 20 20
Microstrip line length and width (L2  W2) 60  13.9 60  11.9 60  8.8
 A.S. Thampy, S.K. Dhamodharan / Physica E 66 (2015) 52–58
3. Results and discussion
The proposed ITO- and FTO-based optically transparent anten-
nas and copper-based non-transparent antenna is designed and
simulated by using finite element method (FEM)-based electro-
magnetic solver, Ansys – HFSS. The antennas are designed to
resonate at 750 GHz. The overall characteristics of the proposed
ITO- and FTO-based optically transparent antennas are analyzed
and compared with the characteristics of copper-based non-
transparent U-shaped patch antenna. For both the transparent
antennas, antenna impedances are well matched to the feed line
impedance at 750 GHz showing a minimum return loss of approxi-
mately 60 dB. The return loss of copper-based non-transparent
antenna is 30.20 dB. The return loss for all the three antennas is
shown in Fig. 2. From Fig. 2, impedance bandwidth (–10 dB) of 9.54%
and 11.49% are inferred for ITO- and FTO-based transparent antennas,
respectively. Such broad bandwidth is desired for designing the
future wireless communication systems [40]. Copper-based non-
Fig. 4. The proposed ITO-based optically transparent antenna E (solid line) and H (dashed line) far field radiation patterns at (a) 720 GHz, (b) 740 GHz, (c) 750 GHz and
(d) 790 GHz.
55
transparent antenna has a narrow (o5%) impedance bandwidth
( 10 dB) of 3.86%. In the band of operation, the ITO- and FTO-based
U-shaped transparent antennas yielded a better impedance perfor-
mance in terms of return loss (S11) and impedance bandwidth
( 10 dB) than the copper-based non-transparent antenna. The
impedance characteristics of all the three antennas are listed in
Table 2.
The plot of radiation efficiency versus frequency for the three
antennas is shown in Fig. 3. The proposed ITO- and FTO-based
transparent antennas are shown to have a peak radiation effi-
ciency of 49.45% and 43.22% at 791 GHz and 801 GHz, respectively.
But copper-based antenna is shown to have a better peak radiation
efficiency of 79.57% at 765 GHz. From Fig. 3, it is observed that the
radiation efficiency of copper-based non-transparent antenna is
far better than that of the proposed transparent antennas. The ITO
and FTO transparent thin films have low electrical conductivity
than the copper-based non-transparent thin film. So, the radiation
efficiencies of ITO- and FTO-based transparent antennas are
56 A.S. Thampy, S.K. Dhamodharan / Physica E 66 (2015) 52–58

Fig. 5. The proposed FTO-based optically transparent antenna E (solid line) and H (dashed line) far field radiation patterns at (a) 720 GHz, (b) 740 GHz, (c) 750 GHz and
(d) 790 GHz.

degraded. In addition, the antenna radiation efficiency can be

Fig. 6. Frequency versus gain for the three antennas.
reduce due to high surface resistance of the transparent ground
plane [41]. The electrical conductivity of ITO and FTO thin films
depends on crystallinity, deposition techniques and thickness [42].
The high crystallinity layer at the interface of polymer substrate is
preferred for improving the crystallinity and electrical conductiv-
ity of the transparent thin film [11].
The far E and H field patterns of the ITO- and FTO-based
transparent antennas are shown in Fig. 4 (a–d) and Fig. 5 (a–d) for
four different frequencies, viz. 720 GHz, 740 GHz, 750 GHz and
790 GHz. Both the transparent antennas have very negligible back
lobe radiation in their band of operation. The peak directivities of
the ITO and FTO transparent antennas are 7.95 dB and 7.78 dB at
719 GHz and 714 GHz, respectively. The transparent and non-
transparent antennas are achieved better directivity in the band
of operation. The copper-based non-transparent antenna has a
narrow band of operation between 736 and 765 GHz. The fre-
quency versus gain for the three antennas is shown in Fig. 6. The
 A.S. Thampy, S.K. Dhamodharan / Physica E 66 (2015) 52–58 57

Table 3
Radiation characteristics of the transparent and non-transparent antennas.

Frequency Optically transparent antennas Non-transparent antenna

(GHz)
ITO FTO Copper

Radiation efficiency Directivity Gain Radiation efficiency Directivity Gain Radiation efficiency Directivity Gain
(%) (dB) (dB) (%) (dB) (dB) (%) (dB) (dB)

720 34.59 7.94 3.33 25.54 7.70 1.77 – – –

740 38.45 7.49 3.34 29.59 7.31 2.02 78.88 8.14 7.11
750 40.62 7.22 3.31 31.88 7.06 2.1 79.21 8.03 7.01
760 42.85 6.94 3.26 34.24 6.81 2.15 79.47 7.91 6.91
770 45.07 6.65 3.19 36.59 6.56 2.19 – – –
790 49.26 6.10 3.03 41.02 6.11 2.24 – – –

Table 4 bandwidth of 9.54% and 11.49%, respectively. Such broad band-

Radiation characteristics of the proposed transparent antennas in comparison with width is the precursor for employing the terahertz antenna in
that of existing transparent antennas. future wireless communication systems. The peak radiation effi-
ciencies of ITO- and FTO-based transparent antennas are 49.45%
Parameters Reported transparent Proposed
patch antennas transparent patch and 43.22% at 791 GHz and 801 GHz, respectively. The peak gains
antennas of ITO- and FTO-based transparent antennas are 3.35 dB and
References [29] [35] [43] 2.26 dB at 732 GHz and 801 GHz, respectively. Due to low elec-
trical conductivity of ITO and FTO, radiation efficiency and gain of
Patch Materials AgHT ITO ITO ITO FTO
Resonant frequency (fr), GHz 2.2 1425 2150 750 750
both the transparent antennas are lower than the copper-based
Radiation efficiency (%) 68 43 42.5 49.45 43.22 non-transparent antenna. But, both the proposed transparent U-
Directivity (dB) – – – 7.95 7.78 shaped patch antennas overcome the transparent patch antenna
Gain (dB) 1 1.65 1.89 3.35 2.26 limitations in terms of narrow bandwidth (o5%) and low gain
(r2 dB).

ITO and FTO transparent antennas are achieved gain greater than
3.03 dB and 1.77 dB, respectively. The peak gains of the ITO and
FTO transparent antennas are 3.35 dB and 2.26 dB at 732 GHz and
801 GHz, respectively. The peak gain of the copper-based non-
transparent antenna is 7.13 dB at 736 GHz. Low conductivity
causes deterioration in radiation efficiency and gain of the trans-
parent antennas. From Table 3, it is observed that both the
transparent antennas have relatively low gain and low radiation
efficiency than that of copper-based non-transparent antenna.
Thus, the obtained results are in good agreement with the
theoretical analysis [21]. Further, the radiation efficiency and gain
of the transparent patch antenna can be improved by loading
photonic band-gap structures and electromagnetic metamaterials
in the antenna design [43,44]. But from Tables 2 and 3, it is
observed that both the transparent U-shaped patch antennas
overcome the transparent patch antenna limitations of narrow
bandwidth (o5%) and low gain (r2 dB) [29]. Both the transpar-
ent antennas are having broad impedance bandwidth and high
gain for designing the future wireless communication systems.
The radiation characteristics such as radiation efficiency, directiv-
ity and gain of both the transparent antennas are listed and
compared with the radiation characteristics of copper-based
non-transparent antenna in Table 3. The characteristics of the
proposed transparent antennas are compared with that of the
existing transparent antennas in Table 4.
4. Conclusions
An ITO- and an FTO-based optically transparent U-shaped
patch antennas are designed to resonate at 750 GHz and their
performances are analyzed and compared. Characteristics of the
proposed transparent antennas are compared with that of copper-
based non-transparent U-shaped patch antenna, which is also
designed to resonate at 750 GHz. The copper-based non-transpar-
ent antenna has narrow bandwidth ( o5%) of 3.86%, whereas ITO-
and FTO-based transparent antennas are shown to have a broad
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