Module 3 Low Cost Road

MODULE-III
LOW COST ROAD

OR
LOW VOLUME ROAD
Prof. Ujjval J Solanki

Department of Civil Engineering,
Darshan Institute of Engineering and Technology-RAJKOT
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Contents
Types of pavement
Factors affecting selection of pavements
Functions of pavement Components
Low cost Road/ Low Volume Road
Classification of low cost road
Earthen road
Soil stabilization
Gravel Road
WBM Road
High Cost Road/ High Volume Road
Bituminous Road
Cement Concrete Road
Joints in CC Road
Joint sealing, Filler
Types of Pavement
Flexible Pavement
Why it is Flexible?
Load transfer pattern- Grain to grain
Temperature stresses?.. No
Rigid pavement
Why it is Rigid ?
Load transfer pattern
Temperature stresses? Yes
Difference: Flexible and Rigid Pavement
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RIGID PAVEMENT
Load transfer by grain Load transfer by slab
to grain action.
Low flexural strength High flexural strength
No temperature Produced temp.
stresses
stresses.
Excessive load it may
Excessive load- local crack and rupture
depression. Design by IRC-58-
Design by IRC-37- 2011.
2012
Load transfer
Factors affecting selection of pavement
Flexible OR Rigid ?
Depends on
Type and intensity of traffic- Heavy axle load – Rigid
batter
Fund for construction and maintenance- High cost for
rigid
Type of Subgrade soil- Clay
Drainage
Equipment – Hot mix plant / Concrete mixture plant
Rainfall
Temperature – Rigid pavement – temp stresses in
rigid
Time for completion- Rigid pavement-28 day curing.
Functions of Pavement components
Components
Subgrade
Sub base
Base course
Bituminous binder course
Wearing course
Functions of Pavement components
Components
Subgrade The load is transferred by the sub-grade
effectively to the earth mass.
Sub base and Base course : Is used to disperse the
upcoming loads to large area through a finite
thickness, so as to increase the load bearing capacity.
Stability and density, Provide Drainage
Binder course : Stability, Density, Resistance to
weathering, Transfer load, Protect from Frost action
Surface course: Smooth riding, Water proof surface,

Transfer wheel load to binder course, Reduce friction
LOW COST ROAD/ LOW VOLUME ROAD
Low cost
Low construction coat and Maintenance cost
Made for Low traffic.

Low volume:500 ton/day ( Max 1/3rd Bullock cart,
or slow moving and truck max – 5 Ton
Construction : Maximum use of locally available

road material
Rural Roads-
PMGSY- Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna
LOW COST ROAD- Standards
Route,ROW, Formation level, Drainage,

HGD, Bridges
Above all should be upgraded in future
Increase in traffic – possible to strengthen in
stages
As per IRC ROW – Land width in mt
Sr. Type of Road Type of Area

No Plain and Open Area Rolling/Built up area
Normal Range Normal Range
1 ODR 15 15-25 15 15-20
2 VR 12 12-18 10 10-15
Classification of Low cost Road
Category
1. Earthen Road – Stabilized road
2. Gravel Road
3. Kunkar Road
4. Moorum Road
5. Water Bound Macadam
Stabilized Road- What is stabilization?
Soil stabilization: Definition

Soil Stabilization is the alteration
of soils to enhance their physical
properties.
Stabilization can increase the shear
strength of a soil and/or control the
shrink-swell properties of a soil,
thus improving the load bearing capacity
of a sub-grade to support pavements
and foundations.
Soil stabilization
Objective/ Necessity of soil

stabilization
Principles of soil stabilization

• Evaluate existing soil
• Deciding process of stabilization
• Designing of stabilized mix
• Compaction
Soil stabilization: Methods
1. Mechanical Stabilization
Base course:Sand-50% PI-5 to7,
2. Cement Stabilization ( 5 to 14 %)
3. Lime stabilization ( 2 to 10 %)
4. Bitumen stabilization (Cohesive- 4 to 7%,
Sandy soil 4 to 10 %)
5. Chemical stabilization ( CaCl2 – 0.5%,NaCl2-
1%, Sodium silicate -0.1 to 0.2%,
6. Electrical stabilization- electro osmosis
7. Lime- Fly ash stabilization
(Fly ash- 10 to 20 % , Lime 3 to 7% )
Construction of Water Bound macadam
Road (WBM) – IRC-19-1977
John Macadam – England
WBM: Consists of crushed agg. which are
mechanically interlocked by rolling and the
voids in the aggregates are filled with
screening and binding material with the help
of water.
Layer thickness 7.5 to 10 cm
Camber: 1 in 48
Materials used in WBM
1) Coarse aggregates
2) Screenings
3) Binding material
WBM:Coarse Aggregates:Abrasion,Impact, Flakiness
Gradin Aggregate Size Sieve % Passing by
g range size weight
100 100
1 90 to 40 mm
80 65-85
63 25-40
40 0-15
20 0-5
80 100
2 63- to 40 mm
63 90-100
50 30-70
40 0-15
20 0-5
63 100
3 50 to 20 mm
50 95-100
40 35-70
20 0-10
WBM: Screening material grading
Gradin Aggregate Size Sieve % Passing by

g range size weight
12.5 100
A 12.5 mm
10 90-100
4.75 10-30
0.150 0-8
10 100
B 10 mm
4.75 85-100
0.150 10-30
Screening :Used to fill voids in compacted layer of Coarse aggregates
Same material used for screening
Grading requirement is as above table Type –A and B
WBM: Binding Material
Binding Material
Fine grained material

Moorum
Fine dust
Required Plasticity Index : 4 to 9
Construction of Water Bound macadam
Step wise construction process:

Steps Work
1 Preparation of foundation for receiving WBM Course
2 Lateral confinement of aggregates
3 Spreading coarse aggregates
4 Rolling
5 Application of Screening
6 Sprinkling and Grouting
7 Application of Binding Material
8 Setting and Drying
WBM Road
Advantages
Disadvantages
Earthen Road OR All weather Road
Important Points
Camber
Formation level Height
Consolidate for one monsoon
Advantages
Disadvantages
HIGH COST ROAD
High Construction Cost &
High maintenance cost
Pavement
FlexiblePavement- Bituminous
Rigid Pavement- Concrete
Flexible Pavement
Construction Practice
Layers-
Bituminous Binder Course
Wearing Course
Prime Coat
Tack Coat
Binder Course
Wearing Course
Flexible Pavement
Prime Coat
Single coat of low viscosity–Slow/Medium setting
emulsion
Plug the Capillary voids
Harden the surface- Binding dust
Promote adhesion- Non bituminous- Bituminous
Rate of spraying - 6 to 15 Kg/ 10 Sq. mt.
Application of
Prime coat over
WBM/WMM
Application of Tack
Coat over DBM
2 to 3 Kg/ 10 Sq. mt
Flexible Pavement-
Thin wearing course
Seal coat- Wearing course
Very Thin surface – on Binder course
IRQP- Improvement of Riding quality

Repair existing surface
Develop skid resistance
Two Types
Premixed seal coat Liquid seal coat
Flexible Pavement-
Thin wearing course
Premixed seal coat Liquid seal coat
Low rainfall Heavy Rainfall
1.7 mm passing and Type A
1.18 mm retained.
11.2 mm passing-2.36
mm retained
Binder:9.8 Kg/ 10 sq.mt
Binder : 6.8 Kg/ 10 sq.
Type B
mt
2.36 mm passing-0.18
mm retained
Binder: 6.8 Kg/ 10 sq.mt
Flexible Pavement-Binder Course
Penetration Macadam
Dense Bituminous Macadam ( DBM 1 and 2)
Built Up spray Grout ( BUSG)
Bituminous Macadam ( BM)
Penetration Macadam
Thickness 50 to 75 mm
Material required : Coarse aggregats
Key aggregates
Bitumen
Construction Procedure
1. Preparation of existing surface
2. Spreading the coarse aggregates
3. Rolling
4. Bitumen application
5. Spreading of key aggregates
6. Seal coat
7. Opening of traffic
Bituminous Pavements
Advantages
Low cost- Construction, Maintenance
Waterproof surface
Smooth and durable surface
Open and quick traffic
Stage development possible
Disadvantages
Excess bitumen damage performance
Viscosity important parameter
Lower life span
Life cycle cost - Higher
Cement Concrete Road- IRC-15 and 58
Advantages
Excellent riding surafce
Good visibility at night
Low maintenance cost
More useful life span
Not affected by weather and temperature, dustless
Disadvantages
High cost- Construction, Maintenance
Construction require expert supervision
Joints are weakness
Curing-28 days, No stage construction
Rigid pavements can be classified into four types:

1. Jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP),
2. Jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP),
3. Continuous reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP), and
4. Pre-stressed concrete pavement (PCP).

1. Jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP),

2 Jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP),
3 Continuous reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP)

1. Pre-stressed concrete pavement (PCP).
Cement Concrete Pavement
Construction aspect – Two major points

1) Casting of concrete slab
2) Construction of Joints
Cement concrete slab casting methods

1) Alternate bay method 2)Continuous bay method
Construction procedure
1. Preparation of subgrade and sub base
2. Placing form/ shuttering
3. Batching of materials and mixing
4. Transportation and placing of concrete
5. Compaction and Finishing
6. Floating and straight edging
7. Curing
8. Opening of traffic after 28 days
Construction procedure
1. Preparation of subgrade and sub base
2. Placing form/ shuttering
3. Batching of materials and mixing
4. Transportation and placing of concrete
5. Compaction and Finishing
6. Floating and straight edging
7. Curing
8. Opening of traffic after 28 days
Joints in C.C. Pavement –IRC-15
Types of Joints
1. Expansion Joints
Relieving compression stresses
2. Contraction Joints
Relieving tensile stresses
Prevent formation of irregular cracks
Relieve stresses due to warping
3. Warping or Longitudinal Joints
Used to longitudinal joints dividing the pavement into
lanes.
Joints in C.C. Pavement –IRC-15
Types of Joints
1. Expansion Joints
Relieving compression stresses
2. Contraction Joints
Relieving tensile stresses
Prevent formation of irregular cracks
3. Warping or Longitudinal Joints
Used to longitudinal joints dividing the pavement into
lanes.
Expansion Joints
Contraction Joints

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MODULE-III

LOW COST ROAD

Prof. Ujjval J Solanki

Surface course: Smooth riding, Water proof surface,

Made for Low traffic.

Construction : Maximum use of locally available

Route,ROW, Formation level, Drainage,

Sr. Type of Road Type of Area

Soil stabilization: Definition

Objective/ Necessity of soil

Principles of soil stabilization

Gradin Aggregate Size Sieve % Passing by

Fine grained material

Step wise construction process:

Rate of spraying - 6 to 15 Kg/ 10 Sq. mt.

IRQP- Improvement of Riding quality

Rigid pavements can be classified into four types:

Rigid pavements can be classified into four types:

Rigid pavements can be classified into four types:

3 Continuous reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP)

Rigid pavements can be classified into four types:

Construction aspect – Two major points

Cement concrete slab casting methods

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