Conclusion

In general, alternating current or AC whose voltage switches polarity from positive to

negative and back again over time and also whose current with respect to the voltage oscillates
back and forth. The oscillating shape of an AC supply follows that of the mathematical form of a
sine wave which is commonly called a Sinusoidal Waveform. AC (alternating current) is a
circuit driven by voltages source that oscillates harmonically in time. Amplitude of the current is
related to amplitude of voltages, but the phase angle is determined by a trigonometric equation.
Impedance in AC circuits, shows the complex numbers that represent points in a two
dimensional complex or s-plane that are referenced to two distinct axes. The horizontal axis is
called the real axis while the vertical axis is called the imaginary axis. The real and imaginary
parts of a complex number are abbreviated as Re(z) and Im(z), respectively. Complex numbers
that are made up of real (the active component) and imaginary (the reactive component) numbers
can be added, subtracted and used in exactly the same way as elementary algebra is used to
analyse DC analysis. AC circuits , both current and voltage vary in magnitude as well as in
phase angle between them. This phase shift occurs due to the presence of passive elements such
as inductors and capacitors which are basically energy storage elements which when supplied
with alternating voltage or current produces a lag or lead in the phase angle. While in DC, we
cannot express these rotating vectors termed as phasor in real number system as they have a
magnitude as well as in phase. Hence we have to use the complex number system which consist
of a real and imaginary part with which we can visualise the phasors. Complex numbers is
needed to reduce the complexity and to make it look simpler as much as it can especially to
analyse a complex AC circuit.

The main impedance in across an AC source are resistor, inductor and capacitor. These
three types of component have their own characteristic. For resistors, the current flows and the
voltage across are in phase. For capacitors, when a sinusoidal voltage is applied to a capacitor,
the voltage follows the current by one-fourth of a cycle. Since a capacitor can stop current when
fully charged, it limits current and offers another form of ac resistance, called capacitive
reactance, which has units of ohms. while in inductor, when a sinusoidal voltage is applied to an
inductor, the voltage leads the current by one-fourth of a cycle.
 Complex analysis is applicable to any system whose response is linearly related to an
input. Since almost all the systems have a linear response near an equilibrium configuration, the
method is almost universally applicable such as application in elctromagnetism, signal
processing, signal communication and many more.