BAB
(i) Tulang kranium, otak / Cranial
Pergerakan dan Sokongan
2 Locomotion and Support
Sokongan dan Pergerakan pada
Manusia dan Haiwan
2.1 Support and Locomotion in Humans and
Animals
1. makanan / food ; tempat perlindungan
/ shelter ; mangsa / prey ; pasangan
bagi pembiakan / mate for reproduction ;
pemangsa / predators
2. (a) menghalang pergerakan
resist movement
(b) daya tarikan graviti / force of gravity
(c) ketidakstabilan / instability
3. sistem rangka
skeletal system
4. (a) bentuk / shape
(b) pelekatan otot / muscle attachment
(c) organ dalaman / internal organs
(d) mineral / minerals
(e) sel-sel darah / blood cells
5. (1) Rangka hidrostatik
Hydrostatic skeleton
(a) bendalir / watery fluids
(b) tekanan / under pressure
(c) cacing tanah / Earthworm
(2) Rangka luar
Exoskeleton
(a) kutikel / cuticle
(b) lilin, kehilangan air
wax, water loss
(c) ekdisis / ecdysis
(d) serangga, ketam / Insects, crabs
(3) Rangka dalam
Endoskeleton
(a) tulang, rawan / bones, cartilage
(b) tulang / bones
(c) Burung, katak, ikan
Bird, frog, fish
Rangka Manusia
The Human Skeleton
1. Rangka paksi
Axial skeleton
Tengkorak / Skull ; Tulang rusuk / Ribs ;
Sternum
Turus vertebra / Vertebrae column
Rangka apendaj
Appendicular skeleton
Klavikel / Clavicle ; Skapula / Scapula
; Humerus ; Ulna ; Radius ; karpus
/ Carpals ; Metakarpus / Metacarpals
Falanks / Phalanges
Lengkungan pelvis
Pelvic girdle
Femur ; Tibia ; Fibula ; Tarsus / Tarsals
Metatarsus / Metatarsals ; Falanks /
Phalanges
2. (a) Tengkorak / Skull
Tulang muka / Facial bones ; Tulang
kranium / Cranial bone ; Sendi tidak
bergerak / Suture ; Rahang bawah /
Lower jaw
(ii) Skapula / scapula ; Radius dan ulna
bones, brain
(ii) muka / Facial
(iii) sutur / suture
(iv) rahang bawah / lower jaw
(b) Sangkar rusuk / Thoracic cage
Tulang rusuk / Ribs ; Sternum ;
Vertebra toraks / Thoracic vertebra
(i) 12, tulang rusuk / 12, ribs
(ii) 12 vertebra / 12 vertebrae
(ii) Sternum
(c) Turus vertebra / Vertebrae column
Vertebra serviks (7) / Cervical
vertebrae (7) ; Vertebra toraks (12) /
Thoracic vertebrae (12) ; Vertebra
lumbar (5) / Lumbar vertebrae (5) ;
Sakrum (5-bercantum) / Sacrum
(5-fused) ; Koksiks (4-bercantum) /
Coccyx (4-fused)
(i) saraf tunjang / spinal cord
(ii) kepala / head
(iii) tulang rusuk , lengkungan
pelvis, lekatan otot, leher / ribs,
pelvic girdle, muscle, neck
rawan / cartilage
(i) turus vertebra / vertebral column
(ii) hentakan / shock
(d) Struktur am vertebra
Structure of a typical vertebra
Cuaran melintang / Transverse
process ; Salur saraf / Neural canal ;
Cuaran spina / Spinous process ;
Sentrum / Centrum
Salur arteri vertebra / Vertebrarterial canal
• salur arteri vertebra / Vertebrarterial
canal
Cuaran spina / Spinous process
• Panjang, bawah / long, downwards
Sentrum / Centrum
• Sentrum / Centrum
5, 4
3. Lengkungan pektoral
Pectoral girdle
(a) rangka paksi, tulang lengan / axial
skeleton, upper limbs
(b) (i) Klavikel / Clavicle
(ii) Skapula / Scapula
Klavikel / Clavicle ; Skapula / Scapula ;
Humerus ; Ulna ; Metakarpus /
Metacarpals ; Falanks / Phalanges
Lengkungan pelvis / Pelvic girdle
(a) rangka paksi, tulang kaki / axial
skeleton, lower limbs
(b) tulang punggung, simfisis pubis / hip
bone, pubic symphysis
Ilium ; Pubis ; iskium / Ischium ; Simfisis
pubis / Pubic symphysis ; Femur ; Patela /
Patella ; Tibia ; Fibula ; Tarsus / Tarsals ;
Metatarsus / Metatarsals ; Falanks /
Phalanges
Tulang lengan / Upper limb
(i) Humerus
1
/ radius and ulna
(iii) karpus / carpals
(iv) metakarpus / metacarpals
(v) falanks / phalanges
Tulang kaki / Lower limb
(i) Femur
(ii) sendi lesung, punggung / ball-and-
socket joint, hip
tibia, sendi engsel / tibia, hinge joint
(iii) Patela, tempurung lutut / patella,
kneecap
(iv) Fibula
(v) tarsus / tarsals
(vi) metatarsus / metatarsals
(vii) falanks / phalanges
Peranan Otot Rangka, Tendon dan
Ligamen dalam Pergerakan
Role of Skeletal Muscles, Tendons and Ligaments
in Movement
Struktur / Structure
1. gentian otot / muscle fibres
2. terkawal, impuls / voluntary muscle, nerve
impulses
Fungsi / Function
1. daya, tendon / force, tendons
2. pendek / shorter
3. pasangan antagonis, mengecut,
mengendur / antagonistic pairs, contracts,
relaxes
4. tenaga / ATP, mitokondria / energy / ATP,
mitochondria
Ligamen / Ligament
1. elastik / elastic
2. tulang, tulang / bones, bones
3. sendi / joint
Tendon / Tendons
1. kuat, tidak elastik / strong, inelastic
2. otot rangka, tulang / skeletal muscle, bones
3. mengecut, memindahkan daya, menarik
/ contracts, transmit force, pull
Pergerakan Lengan
The Movement of the Forearm
Membengkokkan lengan / Bending the
forearm
(i) mengecut / contracts
(ii) mengendur / relaxes
1. biseps, triseps / biceps, triceps
2. Tendon, daya tarikan / tendons, pulling force
3. sendi siku, ke atas / elbow joint, upwards
Meluruskan lengan / Straightening the
forearm
(i) mengendur / relaxes
(ii) mengecut / contracts
1. triseps, biseps / triceps, biceps
2. tendon, ulna / tendons, ulna
3. diluruskan / straightened
 Sendi
Joints
1. (a) dua tulang / two bones
(b) Sendi sinovia / synovial joint
Ligamen / Ligament
(i) kuat, elastik / strong, elastic
(iii) bergerak, terseliuh / move, dislocation
Kapsul sendi / Joint capsule
Rongga sinovia / Synovial cavity
(i) bendalir sinovia / synovial fluid
(ii) pelincir / lubricant
Rawan / Cartilage
(i) melapik / cushions
(ii) menyerap / absorbs
(iii) mengurangkan / reduces
Membran sinovia / Synovial membrane ;
Tulang / Bone
2. (a) Sendi engsel / The hinge joint
(i) satu / one
(ii) sendi lutut , siku / knee joint ,
elbow
(b) Sendi lesung / The ball-and-socket joint
(i) berputar, semua / rotational, all
(ii) sendi bahu / shoulder joint
Mekanisme Pergerakan pada Haiwan
The Mechanism of Locomotion in an Animal
1. hidrostatik / hydrostatic
Ciri-ciri / Characteristics
(a) selom / coelom
(b) berantagonis / antagonistic
(i) otot lingkar / circular muscles
(ii) Otot membujur / longitudinal
(c) keta / chaetae
Mekanisme pergerakan / Mechanism of
locomotion
(a) mengecut, mengendur / contract,
relax
(b) mengecil dan memanjang, hadapan
/ thinner and longer, forward
(c) Otot membujur, otot lingkar, segmen
memendek / Longitudinal muscles,
circular muscles, shortened segments
(d) memendek, menebal / shorter, thicker
(e) Segmen memendek / shortened
segment
(f) Gelombang peristalsis, pengecutan,
pengenduran / peristaltic waves,
contraction, relaxation
2. rangka luar / exoskeleton
Ciri-ciri / Characteristics
(a) tiga / three
(b) berantagonis, fleksor dan ekstensor
/ antagonistic, flexor and extensor
(c) belakang, melompat / rear, hopping
Mekanisme pergerakan / Mechanism of
locomotion
berjalan / walking
(i) tiga kaki / three legs
(ii) tiga kaki / three legs
Otot ekstensor / Extensor muscle ; Otot
fleksor / Flexor muscle ; Otot ekstensor
/ Extensor muscle ; Otot fleksor / Flexor
muscle
(i) Otot fleksor / Flexor muscle
(ii) Kaki belakang, bentuk Z / hind leg,
Z-shape
Otot ekstensor / Extensor muscle
ke hadapan dan ke atas / forward and
upward
3. rangka dalam / endoskeleton
Ciri-ciri / Characteristics
(a) (i) larus / streamlined
(ii) sisik / scales
(iii) lendir / slimy coating
(b) berbentuk-W, antagonis / W-shaped
antagonistically
(c) pundi renang / swim bladders
(d) sirip / fins
Kepentingan dan mekanisme
pergerakan / Importance and mechanism
of locomotion
(a) rintangan air / water resistance
(b) mengecut, mengendur, pengecutan
/ contract, relaxes, contracts
(c) berselang seli, ekor / alternating, tail
(d) hadapan / forwards
(e) keapungan / buoyancy
(f) pesongan, golekan / yawing, rolling
(g) junaman, brek, kemudi / pitching,
brakes, rudders
(h) haluan / direction
4. rangka dalam / endoskeleton
Ciri-ciri / Characteristics
(a) aerofoil
(b) antagonis, pektoralis major,
pektoralis minor / antagonistic ,
pectoralis major, pectoralis minor
Mekanisme pergerakan / Mechanism of
locomotion
(a) daya angkat / lift
(b) mengecut, mengendur, ditarik ke
atas / contract, relaxes, pulled up
(c) mengecut, mengendur, ditarik ke
bawah / contract, relaxes, pulled down
Kesan Kecacatan Sistem Otot Rangka
Terhadap Sokongan dan Pergerakan
The Concequences of an Impaired
Musculoskeletal System on Support and
Locomotion
1. ringan / thinner ; rapuh / brittle ; poros /
porous
Sebab / Cause:
Kalsium, fosforus / calcium, phosphorus
2. radang / inflammation
Sebab / Cause:
penuaan / ageing ; bendalir sinovia /
synovial fluid ; rawan / cartilage ; ligamen /
ligaments
Jenis / Types:
(a) Osteoartritis / Osteoarthritis ; haus
dan lusuh / wear and tear
(b) Artritis reumatoid / Rheumatoid
arthritis ; membran sinovia / synovial
membrane
(c) Gout / Gout ; asid urik / uric acid
3. merosot / degeneration
Sebab / Cause:
kromosom X / X chromosome
4. Pengecutan secara tiba-tiba / sudden
contraction
Sebab / Cause:
regangan, kelesuan, asid laktik, garam
natrium / stretching, fatigue, lactic acid,
sodium salt
Menghargai Sistem Otot Rangka
yang Sihat
2.2 Appreciating a Healthy Musculoskeletal
System
2. (a) kalsium, fosforus, osteoporosis /
calcium, phosphorus
(b) postur yang baik / good posture
(c) pakaian yang sesuai, ketat / proper
attire, tight
(d) langkah berjaga-jaga / precautions
steps
(e) teknik senaman / exercise techniques
Sokongan dalam Tumbuhan
2.3 Supports in Plants
1. (a) kekal tegak / upright
(b) cahaya matahari / sunlight
(c) berat / weight
(d) rintangan angin / wind resistance
2. graviti / gravity ; daya keapungan /
buoyancy
Tumbuhan tenggelam / Submerged
plants
(a) nipis, kecil, fleksibel / thin, narrow, flexible
(i) arus air / water flow
Pundi udara / Air sacs
(a) terapung dalam air / afloat
(i) cahaya matahari / sunlight
(a) Daya keapungan / Water buoyancy
Tumbuhan terapung / Floating plants
(a) lebar / broad
aerenkima / aerenchyma
(a) daya keapungan, terapung /
Buoyancy, float
3. Tumbuhan herba / Herbaceous plants
(a) kesegahan, parenkima, kolenkima /
Turgidity, parenchyma, collenchyma
(b) Penebalan / Thickening
(i) Selulosa, pektin, mekanikal /
cellulose, pectin, mechanical
Tumbuhan berkayu / Woody plants
(a) (i) berlignin / lignified
(ii) gentian, sklereid / fibre, sclereids
(b) lignin ; anulus, bergelang / annular,
rings ; berpilin, berpilin / spiral, coil ;
skalariform, bersilang / Scalariform,
cross band ; retikulat, berjaring /
reticulate, network
(c) (i) banir / buttress