RESULT

Table 1: Diameter of specimen

Shaft Diameter, d (mm) Average Length, l (mm) Average

Brass 6.35 6.36 6.35 6.35 151.2 151.0 151.4 151.2

Mild steel 6.20 6.10 6.20 6.20 70.54 70.75 70.74 70.74

Table 2: Torsion test result for mild steel shaft

Tim Torsiometer Calculated Parameters DA1 Digital DL1 Digital Specimen Properties
e Angle Meter Torque Meter
Tim Gaug Gauge Polar Surface Surface Angl Angle Torqu Peak Materi Material Specime Initial
e e Angle Moment shear shear e, f e, T Torqu al Descriptio n gauge specimen
Angl of Area, stress, t strain, e n length, l diameter,
e, θ J g D
(s) (°) (Radian (mm4) (MN.m (με) (°) (Radian (Nm) (Nm) (mm) (mm)
-2
s) ) s)
0 -- -- 145.07 1.7 -- 5.26 0.09180 0.08 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
STEEL
95.6 -- -- 145.07 123.1 -- 10.00 0.17453 5.76 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
STEEL
133. -- -- 145.07 318.8 -- 15.00 0.26180 14.92 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
4 STEEL
167. -- -- 145.07 407.7 -- 20.00 0.34907 19.08 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
2 STEEL
191. -- -- 145.07 435.9 -- 25.00 0.43633 20.40 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
5 STEEL
219. -- -- 145.07 446.6 -- 30.00 0.52360 20.90 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
8 STEEL
263. -- -- 145.07 451.1 -- 35.00 0.61087 21.11 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
5 STEEL
296. -- -- 145.07 441.9 -- 40.00 0.69813 20.68 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
7 STEEL
315. -- -- 145.07 442.6 -- 45.01 0.78557 20.71 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
2 STEEL
348. -- -- 145.07 444.7 -- 50.01 0.87284 20.81 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
2 STEEL
372. -- -- 145.07 448.1 -- 60.29 1.05226 20.97 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
3 STEEL
410. -- -- 145.07 449.4 -- 70.00 1.22173 21.03 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
7 STEEL
441. -- -- 145.07 447.3 -- 80.07 1.39749 20.93 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
2 STEEL
482. -- -- 145.07 442.3 -- 90.00 1.57080 20.70 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
8 STEEL
512. -- -- 145.07 397.3 -- 100.0 1.74533 18.59 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
5 0 STEEL
590. -- -- 145.07 0.6 -- 199.5 3.48228 0.03 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
4 2 STEEL
648. -- -- 145.07 0.6 -- 300.0 5.23599 0.03 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
6 0 STEEL
773. -- -- 145.07 0.4 -- 314.2 5.48505 0.02 0.00 Other MILD 1.80 6.20
8 7 STEEL
 Table 3: Torsion test result for brass shaft
Ti Torsiometer Calculated DA1 Digital DL1 Digital Specimen Properties
me Parameters Angle Meter Torque
Meter
Ti Gau Gauge Polar Surfa Surfa Ang Angle Torq Peak Mate Materia Speci Initial Final Initial Final
me ge Angle Mom ce ce le, f ue, T Torq rial l men speci speci overal overal
Ang ent of shear shear ue Descrip gauge men men l l
le, θ Area, stress strai tion length, diame diame speci speci
J ,t n, g l ter, D ter men men
length length
,L
(s) (°) (Radia (mm4 (MN. (με) (°) (Radia (Nm) (Nm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
ns) ) m-2) ns)
0 -- -- 145.0 0.0 -- 5.09 0.0888 0.00 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
7 4
41. -- -- 145.0 0.2 -- 10.5 0.1837 0.01 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
9 7 3 8
72. -- -- 145.0 0.0 -- 15.2 0.2665 0.00 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
7 7 7 1
117 -- -- 145.0 0.2 -- 20.0 0.3490 0.01 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.1 7 0 7
140 -- -- 145.0 21.4 -- 25.0 0.4363 1.00 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.5 7 0 3
162 -- -- 145.0 100.2 -- 30.0 0.5236 4.69 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.2 7 0 0
177 -- -- 145.0 157.1 -- 35.0 0.6108 7.35 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.2 7 0 7
199 -- -- 145.0 181.2 -- 40.0 0.6981 8.48 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.4 7 0 3
213 -- -- 145.0 193.0 -- 45.0 0.7854 9.03 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.4 7 0 0
227 -- -- 145.0 199.4 -- 50.0 0.8726 9.33 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.2 7 0 6
257 -- -- 145.0 209.0 -- 60.0 1.0472 9.78 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.5 7 0 0
277 -- -- 145.0 216.3 -- 70.0 1.2219 10.12 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
7 1 1
297 -- -- 145.0 220.7 -- 80.0 1.3962 10.33 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.3 7 0 6
309 -- -- 145.0 224.4 -- 90.0 1.5723 10.50 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.6 7 9 7
322 -- -- 145.0 228.2 -- 100. 1.7456 10.68 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.2 7 02 8
404 -- -- 145.0 253.0 -- 200. 3.4906 11.84 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.8 7 00 6
451 -- -- 145.0 270.1 -- 300. 5.2373 12.64 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.8 7 08 8
489 -- -- 145.0 285.9 -- 400. 6.9844 13.38 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.3 7 18 6
509 -- -- 145.0 298.3 -- 470. 8.2182 13.96 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
7 87 3
530 -- -- 145.0 299.2 -- 500. 8.7266 14.00 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.3 7 00 5
560 -- -- 145.0 307.7 -- 600. 10.473 14.40 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.3 7 08 37
593 -- -- 145.0 323.1 -- 700. 12.217 15.12 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
7 00 30
621 -- -- 145.0 0.0 -- 800. 13.975 0.00 0.00 Other BRASS 70.15 6.20 0.00 142.00 0.00
.2 7 71 03
 Graph of Torque vs. Angle of Twist
25.00

20.00

Torque (Nm)
15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310
Angles (°)

Graph of torque vs. angle for mild steel during additional and removal of load
 Graph of Torque vs. Angle
16.00

14.00

12.00
Torque (Nm)

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00 600.00 650.00 700.00 750.00 800.00 850.00

Angle (°)

Graph of torque vs. angle for brass during additional and removal of load
Discussion
Based on the data that we got in the experiment, we able to discuss on how to perform the torsion analysis if the cross section of shaft is not
cylinder. For torsion analysis, there some types of cross section that are considered which is circular cross sections, elliptical cross sections,
rectangular cross sections, equilateral-triangular cross sections, sectorial-type cross sections, and semi-circular cross sections. There basically some
of the type is not cylinder example rectangular cross sectional sections ( 2018 Gautam Dasgupta ).

In this torsion test experiment, specimen mild steel and brass has been used. To compare those specimen, strength is one of the factors
that we can compare. From the result, we can conclude that specimen mild steel has higher material proportional limit than the specimen brass
(Difference Between Steel And Brass, 2010). This means mild steel is stronger than brass in terms of strength. Therefore, mild steel can handle
more torsional load compare to brass. This experiment actually obey the Hooke’s Law within the elastic range as both of which exhibit a good
linear (Difference Between Steel And Brass, 2010). Thus, the torsion formula applies for both cast mild steel and brass. Brass has some
significant advantages such as anti-corrosive compared to mild steel, and does not rust easily (Difference Between Steel And Brass, 2010).
Moreover, mild steel can brittle at low temperature, but brass can bear extreme weather conditions (Difference Between Steel And Brass, 2010).
As we can see from this experiment’s graph, we can make a comparison between the correlating of the material’s yield strength. In this case, we
assume that yield strength, yield point, elastic limit, and proportional limit are all coincide. From our observation, we can see that the mark that
we did on the specimens had changed its place. For specimen mild steel, the straight line mark had changed to five twist line on the specimen
while the straight line on specimen brass changed to two twist line. This shows that, the specimen mild steel need to be twist many times as we
can see from the result, the angle for the specimen mild steel to break is 1700 degree while it only took 662.82 degree to twist the specimen brass
until it break. Furthermore, the length of both specimens after torsion test become longer. It is because while it undergoes torsion test, it actually
a tensile test too. In this experiment, there are some failure while doing it. One of them is the tools that holding the mild steel specimen is not too
tightly which result the rotating slightly even we already stopped applying the torsional load and lead to the changing of the torque value instead
displaying the fixed value. As for the improvement, this experiment must be done by automatic torsion test which the load applied the specimen
will give the smooth and more accurate result.

If the cross-sectional area of the shaft is not cylinder, technique of wrapping is used to perform the torsion analysis (Gere J.M., Goodno B.J.,
2009). This technique is unique to the sections that are non-circular cross section shaft (Gere J.M., Goodno B.J. 2009). Steel plates with square
holes as well as round holes were used (Gere J.M., Goodno B.J.,2009). Rubber sheets were rigidly clamped at the edges of the holes and made to
bulge by applying pressure from beneath the plate (Gere J.M., Goodno B.J. 2009).

There are some important factors in designing a high quality shaft. In term of design, appropriate design factors are based on several
considerations, such as the accuracy of predictions on the imposed loads, strength, wear estimates, and the environmental effect to which the
product will be exposed in service and the consequences of engineering failure and the cost of over-engineering the component to achieve that
factor of safety (Sharma, 2003). For example, components whose failure could result in substantial financial loss, serious injury, or death may
use a safety factor of four or higher.