0)
1.0 Statistics Mode
2.0 Probability
Independent Events
P (A and B and C) = PAPBPC (2.3)
Frequency
P (A and B and C) = probability of independent
nx events A and B and C occurring in sequence
fx = (2.1)
n PA = probability of event A
n!(pk )(qn-k )
Pk = (2.2) Conditional Probability
k!(n-k)!
𝑃 𝐴 ∙𝑃 𝐷 𝐴
Pk = binomial probability of k successes in n trials 𝑃 𝐴𝐷 =𝑃 (2.5)
𝐴 ∙𝑃 𝐷 𝐴 +𝑃 ~𝐴 ∙𝑃 𝐷 ~𝐴
p = probability of a success
q = 1 – p = probability of failure
P (A|D) = probability of event A given event D
k = number of successes P(A) = probability of event A occurring
n = number of trials P(~A) = probability of event A not occurring
P(D|~A) = probability of event D given event A did not occur
s(12 f) ns2
2
c =a +b
2 2
(3.4) Area = n = 180 (3.15)
2 4tan( )
n
a c
sin θ = (3.5) a
c n = number of sides
b θ
cos θ = (3.6)
c
b Trapezoid a
tan θ = ab (3.7) h
Area = ½(a + b)h (3.16) h
h
b
4.0 Solid Geometry h
Cube
Sphere
3
Volume = s (4.1) s 4 3
Volume = π r (4.8)
2 3
Surface Area = 6s (4.2) s s 2
Surface Area = 4 π r (4.9)
Rectangular Prism
Cylinder
Volume = wdh (4.3) h r
Volume = π r h
2
(4.10) h
Surface Area = 2(wd + wh + dh) (4.4) w d
2
Surface Area = 2 π r h+2 π r (4.11)
A = area of base
Pyramid
Ah h
Volume =
3
(4.7) 5.0 Constants
A = area of base 2
g = 9.8 m/s = 32.27 ft/s
2
-11 3 2
G = 6.67 x 10 m /kg·s
π = 3.14159
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc. IED POE DE CEA AE BE CIM EDD 2
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2014
v15.0
6.0 Conversions
Pressure (6.8) Rotational Speed (6.11)
Mass/Weight (6.1) Area (6.4)
2 1 atm = 1.01325 bar 1 Hz = 2π rad/sec
1 kg = 2.205 lbm 1 acre = 4047 m
= 33.9 ft H2O
1 slug = 32.2 lbm = 43,560 ft
2
= 60 rpm
2 = 29.92 in. Hg
1 ton = 2000 lb = 0.00156 mi
= 760 mm Hg
1 lb = 16 oz
Volume (6.5) = 101,325 Pa
= 14.7 psi
Length (6.2) 1L = 0.264 gal 1psi = 2.31 ft of H2O
3
= 0.0353 ft
1m = 3.28 ft Power (6.9) 7.0 Defined Units
= 33.8 fl oz
1 km = 0.621 mi 3
1mL = 1 cm = 1 cc 1W = 3.412 Btu/h
1 in. = 2.54 cm
= 0.00134 hp 1J = 1 N·m
1 mi = 5280 ft Temperature Unit = 14.34 cal/min 1N = 1 kg·m / s2
1 yd = 3 ft Equivalents (6.6)
= 0.7376 ft·lbf/s 1 Pa = 1 N / m2
1K = 1 ºC 1 hp = 550 ft∙lb/sec 1V =1W/A
Time (6.3) = 1.8 ºF 1W =1J/s
= 1.8 ºR Energy (6.10)
1W =1V/A
1d = 24 h
Force (6.7) 1J = 0.239 cal 1 Hz = 1 s-1
1h = 60 min -4
= 9.48 x 10 Btu 1F = 1 A·s / V
1 min = 60 s 1N = 0.225 lb = 0.7376 ft·lbf 1H = 1 V·s / V
1 yr = 365 d 1 kip = 1,000 lb 1kW h = 3,600,000 J
8.0 SI Prefixes
Numbers Less Than One Numbers Greater Than One
Power of 10 Prefix Abbreviation Power of 10 Prefix Abbreviation
10-1 deci- d 101 deca- da
10-2 centi- c 102 hecto- h
10-3 milli- m 103 kilo- k
10-6 micro- µ 106 Mega- M
10-9 nano- n 109 Giga- G
10-12 pico- p 1012 Tera- T
10-15 femto- f 1015 Peta- P
10-18 atto- a 1018 Exa- E
10-21 zepto- z 1021 Zetta- Z
10-24 yocto- y 1024 Yotta- Y
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc. IED POE DE CEA AE BE CIM EDD 3
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2014
v15.0
P=τω (9.11)
P = Qp (9.22) Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
P = power absolute pressure = gauge pressure VT = V1 + V2 + ··· + Vn
E = energy + atmospheric pressure (9.23) n
W = work or VT = k=1 Vk (9.37)
p = absolute pressure
t = time F = force V = voltage
τ = torque A = area VT = total voltage
ω = angular velocity V = volume I = current
T = absolute temperature IT = total current
Q = flow rate R = resistance
Efficiency v = flow velocity RT = total resistance
Pout
P = power P = power
Efficiency (%) = ∙100% (9.12)
Pin
Mechanics Thermodynamics
Pout = useful power output d
Pin = total power input s= (9.24) P = Q′ = AU∆T (9.38)
t
∆Q
∆d P = Q' = (9.39)
v= (9.25) ∆t
Energy: Potential ∆t 1 k
vf − vi U= =L (9.40)
U = mgh (9.13) a= (9.26) R
t
kA∆T
U = potential energy vi 2 sin(2θ) P= (9.41)
L
m =mass X= (9.27)
-g A1v1 = A2v2 (9.42)
g = acceleration due to gravity
v = vi + at
Pnet = σAe(T2 4 -T1 4 )
(9.28)
h = height (9.43)
2
d = di + vit + ½at (9.29) PL
k= (9.44)
Energy: Kinetic 2 2
v = vi + 2a(d – di) (9.30) A∆T
h x b h
bh3
x= and y = (10.3)
x
2 2
Ixx = (10.1)
12
b Right Triangle Centroid y
b h
x= and y = (10.4)
Ixx = moment of inertia of a rectangular section 3 3
x
about x axis
y
Semi-circle Centroid
Complex Shapes Centroid
4r
xi Ai yi Ai x = r and y = (10.5)
x= and y = (10.2) 3π x
Ai Ai
σ = stress ωL
Reaction RA = RB = (12.4)
F = axial force 2
A = cross-sectional area ωL2
Moment Mmax = (at center) (12.5)
8
5ωL4
Deflection Δmax = 384EI
(at center) (12.6)
Strain (axial)
δ
Reaction RA = RB = P (12.7)
ε= (11.2)
L0 Moment Mmax = Pa (12.8)
ε = strain Deflection
Pa
Δmax = 24EI (3L2 -4a2 ) (12.9)
L0 = original length (at center)
δ = change in length
Pb Pa
Reaction RA = and RB = (12.10)
L L
Pab
Moment Mmax = (at Point of Load) (12.11)
Modulus of Elasticity L
Pab a+2b 3a a+2b
σ Deflection Δmax = 27EI
(12.12)
E= (11.3)
(at x =
a a+2b
ε 3,
when a>b )
AMA
% Efficiency= ( ) 100 (13.3)
IMA
Lever
1st Screw
Class
C
IMA = (13.8)
Pitch
1
2nd Pitch = (13.9)
Class TPI
C = circumference
r = radius
Pitch = distance between
threads
3rd TPI = threads per inch
Class
Compound Machines
Compound Gears
Effort at Wheel
B D
GRTOTAL = ( ) (C) (13.13)
A
Pulley Systems
Steel Beam Design: Shear Steel Beam Design: Moment Spread Footing Design
Vn Mn qnet = qallowable - pfooting (14.5)
Va ≤ (14.1) Ma ≤ (14.3)
Ωv Ωb
pfooting = tfooting ∙150 lb3 (14.6)
ft
Vn = 0.6FyAw (14.2) Mn = FyZx (14.4)
P
q= (14.7)
A
Va = internal shear force Ma = internal bending moment
Vn = nominal shear strength Mn = nominal moment strength qnet = net allowable soil bearing
Ωv = 1.5 = factor of safety for shear Ωb = 1.67 = factor of safety for pressure
Fy = yield stress bending moment qallowable = total allowable soil
Aw = area of web Fy = yield stress bearing pressure
𝑉𝑛
= allowable shear strength Zx = plastic section modulus about pfooting = soil bearing pressure
𝛺𝑣 neutral axis due to footing weight
𝑀𝑛
= allowable bending strength tfooting = thickness of footing
𝛺𝑏
q = soil bearing pressure
15.0 Storm Water Runoff P = column load applied
Rational Method Runoff Coefficients A = area of footing
Storm Water Drainage
Categorized by Surface
Q = CfCiA (15.1) Forested 0.059—0.2
16.0 Water Supply
C1 A1 + C2 A2 + ∙∙∙ Asphalt 0.7—0.95
Cc = (15.2)
A1 + A2 + ∙∙∙ Brick 0.7—0.85
Hazen-Williams Formula
3 Concrete 0.8—0.95
Q = peak storm water runoff rate (ft /s) 10.44LQ
1.85
Shingle roof 0.75—0.95
Cf = runoff coefficient adjustment hf = 1.85 4.8655 (16.1)
factor Lawns, well drained (sandy soil) C d
C = runoff coefficient Up to 2% slope 0.05—0.1 hf = head loss due to friction
i = rainfall intensity (in./h) 2% to 7% slope 0.10—0.15 (ft of H2O)
A = drainage area (acres) Over 7% slope 0.15—0.2 L = length of pipe (ft)
Lawns, poor drainage (clay soil) Q = water flow rate (gpm)
Up to 2% slope 0.13—0.17 C = Hazen-Williams constant
Runoff Coefficient
2% to 7% slope 0.18—0.22 d = diameter of pipe (in.)
Adjustment Factor
Return Over 7% slope 0.25—0.35
Period Cf Driveways, 0.75—0.85 Dynamic Head
1, 2, 5, 10 1.0 walkways Categorized by Use dynamic head = static head
25 1.1 Farmland 0.05—0.3 – head loss (16.2)
50 1.2 Pasture 0.05—0.3 static head = change in elevation
100 1.25 between source and
Unimproved 0.1—0.3
discharge
Parks 0.1—0.25
Cemeteries 0.1—0.25
Railroad yard 0.2—0.40 17.0 Heat Loss/Gain
Playgrounds 0.2—0.35
(except asphalt or Districts
Business Heat Loss/Gain
concrete)
Neighborhood 0.5—0.7
Q′ = AU∆T (17.1)
City (downtown) 0.7—0.95
Residential 1
U= (17.2)
Single-family 0.3—0.5 R
Multi-plexes, 0.4—0.6 Q = thermal energy
detached
Multi-plexes, 0.6—0.75 A = area of thermal conductivity
attached
Suburban 0.25—0.4 U = coefficient of heat
Apartments, 0.5—0.7 conductivity (U-factor)
condominiumsIndustrial ∆T = change in temperature
R = resistance to heat flow (R-
Light 0.5—0.8
value)
Heavy 0.6—0.9
Pipe Size
Flanged Fittings 1/2 3/4 1 1¼ 1½ 2 2½ 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Regular 90 degree 0.9 1.2 1.6 2.1 2.4 3.1 3.6 4.4 5.9 7.3 8.9 12.0 14.0 17.0 18.0 21.0 23.0
Elbows Long radius 90 degree 1.1 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.7 3.4 4.2 5.0 5.7 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.4 10.0 11.0
Regular 45 degree 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.6 7.7 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 16.0
Line Flow 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.7 5.2 6.0 6.4 7.2 7.6
Tees
Branch Flow 2.0 2.6 3.3 4.4 5.2 6.6 7.5 9.4 12.0 15.0 18.0 24.0 30.0 34.0 37.0 43.0 47.0
Return Regular 180 degree 0.9 1.2 1.6 2.1 2.4 3.1 3.6 4.4 5.9 7.3 8.9 12.0 14.0 17.0 18.0 21.0 23.0
Bends Long radius 180 degree 1.1 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.9 3.4 4.2 5.0 5.7 7.0 8.0 9.0 9.4 10.0 11.0
Globe 38.0 40.0 45.0 54.0 59.0 70.0 77.0 94.0 120.0 150.0 190.0. 260.0 310.0 390.0
Gate 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2
Valves Angle 15.0 15.0 17.0 18.0 18.0 21.0 22.0 285.0 38.0 50.0 63.0 90.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 190.0 210.0
Swing Check 3.8 5.3 7.2 10.0 12.0 17.0 21.0 27.0 38.0 50.0 63.0 90.0 120.0 140.0
X+X=1 (21.8)
X+Y = X • Y (21.21)
Associative Law
X(YZ) = (XY)Z (21.12)
X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z (21.13)
Distributive Law
Coarse Fine
Grained grained
Run sieve Run LL and
analysis PL on
%G > %S %S > %G minus No.
40 sieve
Gravel (G) Sand (S)
material
CEA 7
© 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
PLTW Engineering Formula Sheet 2014