Secondary Education
Regional Information Base:
Country Profile
Pakistan
UNESCO Bangkok
Secondary education regional information base: country profile –
Pakistan. Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok, 2010.
20 pp.
© UNESCO 2010
Published by the
UNESCO Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
920 Sukhumvit Road, Prakanong
Bangkok 10110, Thailand
Printed in Thailand
The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication
do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning its
frontiers or boundaries.
EPR/09/OS/052-400
Table of Contents
List of Tables and Figures
Acknowledgements
Reader’s Guide
Abbreviations
1. Secondary Education at a Glance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Education System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Size of Schooling Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Access and Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Geographical Distribution of Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Student Progression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.6 PTR and Average School Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Institutional Context of Secondary Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 Education System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Legislative Framework and Key Policy Documents. . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Administrative Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 Financing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. General Secondary Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1 Types of Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Admission Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Student Assessment and Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
3.4 Tuition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5 Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4. Private Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
… No data available
na Not applicable
* National estimation
** UIS estimation
General Notes:
The Secondary Education Information Base: Country Profile uses statistics from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
(UIS) and national sources. Although in principle UIS statistics are used as the primary data source to facilitate
comparison with other countries, nationally available statistics are used extensively where specific data is not
available from UIS.
All data indicated as UIS data was retrieved from UIS Education Database (www.uis.unesco.org) on June 3, 2009.
Statistics from national sources were collected through questionnaires and the original source is indicated
under each table/figure.
All tables and figures have been compiled by UNESCO Bangkok.
Definitions:
A comprehensive list of education indicators, their definition, purpose, calculation method, and formula
used in UIS statistics is available from UIS glossary of Education Indicators (www.uis.unesco.org/
ev.php?ID=5202_201&ID=DO_TOPIC).
The year cited in tables and figures refers to the year in which the academic or financial year ends. Therefore,
wherever the given year is spread across two calendar years, the year is cited according to the later year (e.g.
academic year 2003/04 is presented as 2004). As for the statistics retrieved from national sources, the reference
year is reserved as presented in the original source.
Levels of education in UIS statistics are defined as per the International Standard Classification of Education
1997 (ISCED97: www.uis.unesco.org/ev.php?ID=3813_201&ID2=DO_TOPIC). According to ISCED97,
secondary education is divided into two levels: lower secondary (Grade 6-8) and upper secondary (Grade
9-12). In the case of Pakistan, middle school (Grade 6-8)1 corresponds to the former while Grade 9-10
(Matriculation) is considered to be Secondary. For Grade 11-12, the terms Intermediate and Higher Secondary
are used interchangeably. Matriculation (Grade 9-10) and Intermediate (Grade 11-12) combined correspond
to the upper secondary level in ISCED97. For this country profile, the terms “middle”, “matriculation”, and
“intermediate” are used by data from national sources to refer to specific levels of secondary education. UIS
data uses the terms “lower secondary” and “upper secondary” with the latter referring to both matriculation
and intermediate levels.
1
The government of Pakistan has recently upgraded Elementary education to include Grade 6-8.
Abbreviations
ADB Asian Development Bank
AEPAM Academy of Educational Planning and Management
BPS Basic Pay Scales
DEO District Education Officer
DFID Department for International Development (UK)
EDO Executive District Officer
EFA Education for All
ESR Education Sector Reform
EUR Euro
GBP British pound
GER Gross Enrolment Ratio
GPI Gender Parity Index
HEC Higher Education Commission
HSS Higher Secondary School
HSSC Higher Secondary School Certificate
IBE International Bureau for Education
ISCED International Standard Classification of Education
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
MOE Ministry of Education
NEAS National Education Assessment System
NER Net Enrolment Ratio
NPA National Plan of Action
NRB National Reconstruction Bureau
NWFP Northwest Frontier Province
PED Provincial Education Departments
PITE Provincial Institute of Teacher Education
PKR Pakistan Rupee
Pre-STEP Pre-Service Teacher Education Project
PTR Pupil-teacher Ratio
STEP Strengthening of Teacher Education in Pakistan
TEVTA Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority
TA Technical Assistance
TVE Technical and Vocational Education
UIS UNESCO Institute for Statistics
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNPD United Nations Population Division
USAID United States Agency for International Development
USD United States Dollar
Pakistan
1. Secondary Education at a Glance
Professional Education
Technical Education
Vocational Education
Basic Education
Free Education
Pakistan 1
Figure 2. Change in Number of Enrolment, Figure 3. Change in Number of Teaching Staff,
1980-2007 1980-2007
20,000 750
700
18,000 650
600
12,000 450
400
10,000 350
8,000 300
250
6,000 200
4,000 150
100
2,000 50
0 0
1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007
Middle School (G 6-8) Matriculation (G 9-10) Middle School (G 6-8) Matriculation (G 9-10)
Primary (G 1-5) Secondary (G 6-10) Primary (G 1-5) Secondary (G 6-10)
Intermediate (G 11-12) Intermediate (G 11-12)
Source: Ministry of Finance. 1981, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006. Source: Ministry of Finance. 1981, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006.
MOE. 2007, 2008b. MOE. 2007, 2008b.
84.8 84.8
86.2
80
67.3 69.19
Gross enrolment (%)
60
48.4 47.6 48.8
43.1 43.2
40
32.5 32.9
29.6
26.2
21.6
19.6
20 17.5 17.0
15.2
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 2008
60 55 53
51 48 51
43 45 45
40 200.4
34 33
128.9
20 94.3
0
Pakistan Punjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan
(National average)
Pakistan 3
2. Institutional Context of Secondary Education
Pakistan 5
Figure 6. MOE’s Organizational Chart
Minister
Minister Secretary
of State
2.4 Financing
The federal government provides funds for education to the provinces on the basis of the National Finance
Award (NFA) formula. The major share of funding for education, however, is met by tax revenues generated
by the provinces, and spent in the respective province. Some activities are directly financed by the federal
government. Innovative reforms and projects are usually funded by foreign loans/grants or assistance from
international aid agencies.
Higher secondary schools (HSSs), intermediate colleges, and intermediate sections of degree colleges are
funded and managed by the provincial governments through their Higher Education Departments. At the
federal level, all intermediate schools and colleges are looked after by the Federal Directorate of Education
under the Ministry of Education.
Higher education is financed by the independent budget of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) which
was established under an Act of Parliament in 2001. The federal government, through the HEC, distributes the
budget to public universities and degree awarding institutions all over the country.
Fiscal year is July 1 – June 30 of the following year.
School year is April 15 – April 14 of the following year
As % of GDP 2.9%
As % of total govt. expenditure 11.2%-1
Per pupil as % of GDP per capita
Primary ...
Secondary ...
Tertiary ...
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2010.
80% 17.9%
8.64%
Scholarships & misc.
60% Literacy
Teacher Education
24.69% Technical Education
Secondary Education (US)
40%
Elementary Education (PE+LS)
11.11%
Pre-Primary Education
11.73%
20%
17.28%
0%
2005/06
Pakistan 7
During recent years, the education budget has been increased from PKR 78.924 billion in 2001/02 to PKR
253.746 billion in 2007/08.
2.50 2.47
250 2.5
Expenditure. (Rupees in billions)
% of GDP
1.79
150 41.9 1.5
33.4
29.9
100 10.4 1.0
6.4 8.5 128.9 159.9 190.2 200.4
0 0.0
2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09
An assessment of per student public sector expenditure on school education at district level was conducted
during 2005/06. The following table summarizes the results.
80, 000
Expenditure per Student (Rupees)
70, 000
58,333
60, 000
50, 000
40, 000
30, 000
Grade Administrative
1-5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Authority
District Education
Middle School
Departments
District Education
Secondary School
Departments
District & Provincial
Higher Secondary School
Education Departments
Provincial Education
Intermediate College
Departments
Pakistan 9
3.3 Student Assessment and Promotion
Annual Promotion
The annual examination for promoting students to the next grade in elementary and middle schools is
administered internally by the school. Question papers are created and marked by subject teachers. The
principal along with subject teachers make the final decisions. Students appear in separate examinations for
each subject they are studying, and promotion is granted to students who score at least 33 percent in each
subject as well as in total. In the past, the year-end examination for grade 9 was conducted by the school, but
now it is conducted by the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education of the area which also administers
the year-end examinations for grades 10 to 12.
Graduation
There is no special student assessment procedure for graduation from middle school except for the annual
end-of-the-year school examination. To graduate from matriculation schools, students have to appear in
written examinations for each subject. The Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education take charge of
the administration. Question papers are comprised of (1) “subjective type (80 percent)”, which consist of long
and short essay questions; and (2) “objective type (20 percent)”, which consist of a number of multiple choice
questions. In science and technical subjects, students are also assessed through oral/practical examinations
which usually make up 25 percent of total marks for the subject. The minimum passing mark for graduation
is 40 percent in both theory and practical portions of each subject. The examination is standardized across
different schools within the same geographical territory. The respective Board of Intermediate and Secondary
Education conducts the examination and does the certification.
3.4 Tuition
In principle, secondary education is provided free of charge regardless of level. However, a monthly charge of
PKR 1 for middle school students (PKR 12 annually, equivalent to USD 0.16 per year) and PKR 2 for students
at the matriculation level (PKR 24 annually, equivalent to USD 0.32 per year) are collected for the Faroogh-e-
Taleem Fund (Education Expansion Fund).
Support Programmes/Incentives
Textbooks are provided by the government free of charge up to the middle level, but students need to arrange
uniforms from their own resources. To encourage female students in selected rural districts go to school, a
stipend of PKR 200 per month is provided to each of them.
3.5 Curriculum
According to the Constitution of Pakistan, curriculum development is the domain of the federal government.
Authority is vested in the Curriculum Wing of the MOE through the Federal Supervision of Curricula, Textbooks
and Maintenance of Standards of Education Act, approved by parliament in 1976. Although localization of the
curriculum is not allowed for matriculation-level education, provincial representation is present at curriculum
development committees of the subjects. Textbooks are developed by the provincial Textbook Boards strictly
in accordance with the curriculum developed by the committees.
Table 15. Statutory School-opening Days and Teaching Weeks per Year, and Teaching Hours per Week
School opening days per year (1) Teaching weeks per year (2) Teaching hours per week (2)
Middle (G 6-8) 210 days 34 weeks 34 hours
Matriculation (G 9-10) 210 days 34 weeks 34 hours
Sources: (1) MOE. (2) DEO.
A more comprehensive and detailed description of the curriculum is available from World Data on Education
database by IBE.
4. Private Education
The current National Education Policy (1998-2010) encourages private investment in education. It notes that
the government alone cannot carry the burden of the whole education process and that it is imperative to
promote community participation and public-private partnerships. The Policy makes provision for special
incentives for education institutions set up in the private sector. They include: (a) plots of land in residential
schemes on reserve prices; (b) a reasonable rebate on income tax and on the expenditure incurred while setting
up educational facilities; (c) supply of electricity and gas at the domestic rate instead of the commercial rate;
and (d) matching grants for establishing educational institutions by the private sector in rural or poor urban
areas through Education Foundations for example.
There are two main types of non-public educational institutions up to matriculation level in Pakistan: (1)
private schools run by individuals for profit; and (2) schools run by NGOs or other voluntary organizations
on a non-profit basis. In principle, both types are fully independent and do not receive any grant-in-aid from
the government. However, curricula taught in non-public institutions must conform to the principles in the
Federal Supervision of Curricula, Textbooks and Maintenance of Standards of Education Act of 1976 (see 3.5
Curriculum for details). In terms of school costs, the fees of non-public institutions, especially the profit-driven
private schools, are very high and out of the reach of the poor. Therefore, the current National Education Policy
states that the fee structure of privately managed educational institutions should be developed in consultation
with the government.
Table 16. Number and Percent of Private Institutions, Enrolment, and Teachers, 2006/07
Pakistan 11
5. Secondary-Level Technical and Vocational Education and Training
The major types of TVE institutions at the secondary level include: (1) vocational institutes under Provincial
Education Departments; (2) commercial training institutes under the MOE and Provincial Education
Departments; (3) training centres operating under various departments, for example, labour and manpower,
social welfare, industries and agriculture; and (4) the MOE’s new technical stream at upper secondary schools. In
the latter programme, students are taught technical subjects such as woodwork, electricity, IT and metalwork
in mainstream schools as elective subjects. After graduation, they are granted a matriculation certificate in
technology, just as certificates in other subject areas such as science or arts are granted by their respective
Boards.
The National Education Policy (1998-2010) emphasizes the importance of TVE in the country. It recognizes
the development of opportunities for TVE, improvement of the quality of technical education, revision and
updating of curricula, introduction of emerging technologies, and strengthening links with industry to ensure
TVE training matches the requirements of the job market. The document sets five-year targets for increasing
the number of mono/polytechnic institutes from 84 to 135, the number of vocational institutes from 197 to
297, and commercial institutes from 216 to 266. Enrolment in these institutes is expected to increase to 62,000,
15,000 and 28,000 respectively.
As described earlier, a number of departments other than education are involved in the provision of TVE. The
MOE takes overall responsibility in policy planning and coordination of standards and curriculum development.
In terms of equivalency, students in TVE streams at lower secondary level are not entitled to switch to upper
secondary general education or higher. However, students who have completed a TVE programme at upper
secondary level may continue their education in a relevant university programme, provided that they have
successfully completed the required number of years of education for that particular field.
The National Vocational and Technical Education Commission (NAVTEC) was established under the Prime
Minister’s Secretariat to improve all aspects of TVE in the country. Similarly, provincial governments have
established Technical Education and Vocational Training Authorities (TEVTA) to improve TVE at the provincial
level, especially for skills development and poverty reduction.
In the public sector, teachers are hired on different national basic pay scales (BPS) called grades, depending on
their qualifications and the requirements of the post. Teachers teaching middle classes (G 6-8) who obtained
their Certificates of Teaching after intermediate level, are hired at national BPS No. 14. Teachers who have
Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) / Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degrees plus a Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree are hired
at BPS No. 16 and granted BPS 17 after having service experience and posting as a head teacher. Teachers for
intermediate classes (G 11-12) are hired at BPS 17 and have Master of Arts (M.A.) / Master of Science (M.Sc.)
degrees in their relevant subject. Promotions to higher grades are granted upon gaining service experience
under the rules set by respective governments. In addition to basic pay, all public employees including teachers
are provided house rent or allowance, transport allowance, cost of living allowance, and free medical care or a
medical allowance. Medical treatment is free for BPS 17 and above. Full pay (excluding conveyance) is provided
during illness or leave on medical grounds.
Pakistan 13
Currently, in-service training is not considered mandatory for in-service teachers. Consequently, participation is
not taken into account for career development and promotion. The duration of in-service training programmes
varies from a couple of days to a few weeks. Similarly the content, level and quality of training programmes are
uneven. Efforts are underway to standardize in-service teacher training programmes to improve quality and
impact.
7. Recent Reforms
Agency Implementation
Project Title Level of Education Links
(type of assistance) Period
Lower Secondary Education 1992-/1993- www.adb.org/Projects/
ADB (TA/Loan) Middle
[Middle School] Project 2004 project.asp?id=22091
Education Program on Technical
Middle + Matriculation 1990-, 1994- www.adb.org/Projects/
Education and Vocational Training ADB (TA/Loan)
+ Intermediate /1995-2004 project.asp?id=24098
(TVET)
Second Science Education Sector 1995-/1997- www.adb.org/Projects/
ADB (TA/Loan) Middle + Matriculation
Project 2007 project.asp?id=26326
Primary + Middle + www.adb.org/Projects/
Teacher Training Project ADB (TA/Loan) 1993-2000
Matriculation project.asp?id=22094
National Education Assessment
WB, DFID PE 2002-2008 …
System (NEAS)
Assistance (ESRA) USAID, etc. Sector-wide 2001-2007 …
Note: Implementation period for ADB and WB here refers to the period from the year of project approval to the [estimated] project
completion year.
The projects and information listed here are taken from agency’s websites at the time of data collection.
STEP
UNESCO, with financial assistance of USAID and in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Provincial
Education Departments and other stakeholders, launched STEP, the Strengthening of Teacher Education in
Pakistan (October 12, 2005). Under the STEP project, standards for teachers’ certification and accreditation of
teacher training institutions were developed (www.moe.gov.pk).
ED-LINKS
USAID has launched Links to Learning “ED-LINKS” a five-year programme (2008-2013) for secondary level at
a total cost of USD 90 million. Programme objectives include (a) student learning and learning environment
improvement; (b) teacher education and professional development; and (c) governance and strengthening of
public sector capacity at federal, provincial and district levels to sustain quality education. Learning gains will
be improved for mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, computer sciences and the English language.
Pre-STEP
A Pre-Service Teacher Education Project (Pre-STEP) has now been launched with USAID assistance of USD 75
million to improve the quality of students’ learning at various school levels by enhancing the capacity and
quality of teachers. The outputs of the project are:
Output 1: I mproved systems and policies that support teachers, teacher educators and education managers:
• Baseline data collection on teacher training institutions.
• Baseline data collection on number of teachers.
• Preparation of preliminary plans for better teacher development for each province.
Pakistan 15
Output 4: Research programmes and evaluation systems institutionalized.
• Review current research and evaluation systems.
Under this five-year project the faculties of education of 15 selected universities spread all over the country will
be developed (including foreign training of faculty and students) along with standardization and development
of the curriculum for the new four-year degree programme.
Infrastructure Improvement of Middle Schools in NWFP, through Debt for Education Swap II (2005-2010)
The objective of the project is to improve the learning environment in middle schools in NWFP.
The thematic areas of support include:
• Upgrade of primary to middle level;
• Rehabilitation of classrooms / provision of furniture; and
• Provision of basic facilities especially for girls’ schools.
Level of Funding:
• EUR12.782 million (= USD18.920 million);
• Debt cancellation of EUR25.564 million (= USD37.840 million)
Pakistan 17
9. Relevant Documents and Additional Resources
Listed below are documents and websites that provide country-specific information on education.
Publications
Ministry of Education:
Education for All: National Plan of Action 2001-2015. www.unescobkk.org/fileadmin/user_upload/efa/
PakistanNatlPlan.pdf (PDF; 945Kb)
Education Sector Reforms: Action plan 2001/02 to 2005/06
National Education Census 2006
National Education Policy 1998-2010
The State of Education in Pakistan 2003-04
Education in Pakistan: A white paper (2007)
Vision 2025
Draft National Education Policy 2009 (pending for approval) and many more are available at the website
of MOE (www.moe.gov.pk)
Documents
Academy of Educational Planning and Management:
Development of Education in Pakistan (2006)
Secondary School Certification Examination (Annual)
Retention and Transition Patterns of Children at School Education 1995-96 to 2004-05
Professional Requirements of Education Managers under Devolution Plan (2005)
Federal Bureau of Statistics:
Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2004-05
Government of Pakistan:
Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1973): www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution
Pakistan Economic Survey (Annual)
National Reconstruction Bureau:
Local Government Devolution Plan 2000
Websites
Ministry of Education: www.moe.gov.pk (English)
National Education Policy, Plans and Programmes: www.aepam.gov.pk/Education.htm
Details of Donors’ Assistance and Coordination
Revised Curriculum for Classes 0 – 12, for different subjects
Academy of Educational Planning and Management: www.aepam.edu.pk/index.asp (English)
Education Statistics: www.aepam.edu.pk/Education.htm
Asian Development Bank: www.adb.org (English)
Key Indicators: www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2006/pdf/PAK.pdf
Federal Bureau of Statistics: www.statpak.gov.pk (English)
International Bureau of Education: www.ibe.unesco.org (English)
World Data on Education: www.ibe.unesco.org/countries/WDE/WorldDataE.htm
Ministry of Finance: www.finance.gov.pk (English)
Economic Survey: www.finance.gov.pk/survey_0910.html
Pakistan 19
Reference
Central Intelligence Agency. 2007. The World Fact Book.
www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook (Accessed 30 May 2007)
Federal Bureau of Statistics. 2008. Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement
Survey (PSLM) - 2004-05.
Ministry of Education. 2007. Pakistan Education Statistics 2006-2007.
Ministry of Education. 2008a. Financing of Education in the Public Sector.
Ministry of Education. 2008b. Pakistan Education Statistics 2006-2007.
Ministry of Education (AEPAM). 2006. Development of Education in Pakistan.1995-96 to 2004-05.
Ministry of Education (AEPAM). 2008. Pakistan Education Statistics 2006-07 (annual).
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Ministry of Finance. 1991. Pakistan Economic Survey 1990-91.
Ministry of Finance. 1996. Pakistan Economic Survey 1995-96.
Ministry of Finance. 2001. Pakistan Economic Survey 2000-01.
Ministry of Finance. 2006. Pakistan Economic Survey 2005-06.
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http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2009 (Accessed 24 February 2010)
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October 2009)
UNESCO Bangkok
Education Policy and Reform (EPR)
Mom Luang Pin Malakul Centenary Building
920 Sukhumvit Road, Prakanong, Kongtoey
Bangkok 10110
Thailand
Geography
Demography
Sources: (1) UNPD. 2009. (2) UNPD. 2007. (3) UNDP. 2009.
USD 879
10 GDP per capita, 2007
USD 2,496 (PPP)
Education Indicators
Sources: (1) UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2010. (2) UNESCO. 2010.