MTH781P: Data Analytics Autumn 2017

Coursework 1 A. Baule

Please note that the coursework does not form part of the assessment for this module. Course-
work questions are intended to help you understand and consolidate the material from the lecture.
During the tutorial session you can ask questions for individual support and feedback. If you
would like written feedback you can also submit written answers for me to correct.

1. Condé Nast Traveler conducts an annual survey of subscribers to determine the best new
hotels to stay in throughout the world. The following table shows the ten hotels that were
ranked most highly in 2006.

(a) How many observations and how many variables are there in the data set?

(b) Which variables are categorical and which are quantitative?

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(c) What type of measurement scale is used for each of the variables?

(d) What is the average number of rooms for the ten hotels?

(e) What is the average room rate?

(f) Which fraction of the hotels are located in Portugal?

(g) Which fraction of the hotels have fewer than 30 rooms?

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 2. Box plot. Add two observations to the data: (i) A new upscale hotel in HongKong at
US$1200 and (ii) a budget hotel in Bangkok at US$20. Draw a box plot as follows (you
can ignore exchange rate differences):

(a) Rank the data from cheapest to most expensive

(b) Identify the median, Q1, and Q3. If the quartiles fall between two values, you need
to take the average.

(c) Draw the box plot and identify the lower whisker as the data value that is still within
1.5×IQR of Q1. Likewise, the upper whisker is the data value that still falls within
1.5×IQR of Q3.
What do you conclude from the plot?

3. A manager of a large corporation recommends a £10,000 raise be given to keep a member

of staff from moving to another company. Which sources of data could be used to decide
whether such a raise would be appropriate, and how?

The personal department or internal source will decide whether such a raise would be appropriate
or not because this department contains the information of employee salaries.

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4. The following is a list of the the mobile phone operating systems that were used in 50
consecutive requests to load a particular web page:

Android Android Android Symbian Apple Apple Symbian Apple

Apple Android Android Symbian Android Apple Nokia Android
Apple Apple Apple Nokia Nokia Apple Symbian Apple
Nokia Symbian Android Nokia Android Apple Android Symbian
Symbian Apple Android Android Apple Android Android Apple
Apple Nokia Symbian Symbian Android Android Apple Symbian
Symbian Android

(a) Determine the frequency distribution of mobile phone usage and construct a bar
chart.

(b) On the basis of the sample, which mobile operating system is the most popular?

(c) When and where was the data likely collected? How do the parameters of collection
influence the conclusions that can be drawn from the data.

5. Suppose you want to estimate the percentage of videos on YouTube that are cat videos.
It is impossible for you to watch all videos on YouTube so you instead consider a random
sample of 1000 videos. You find that 2% of these videos are cat videos. Which of the
following is an observation, a variable, a sample statistic, or a population parameter?
(a) percentage of all videos on YouTube that are cat videos

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 (b) 2%

(c) a video in your sample

(d) whether or not a video is a cat video

6. Assume you would like to learn more about the relationship between the amount of time
students spend on social networking sites and their performance at university. For each
of the following ways of collecting data, name the sampling strategy and discuss any
advantages and disadvantages it might have.
(a) You hand a survey to every student in this room and make sure they complete it.

(b) You post a link to an online survey on Facebook and ask your friends to complete it.

(c) You randomly sample 100 students from UK universities and send them a link to an
online survey.

(d) You randomly sample 10 lecturers at UK universities and ask them to give the survey
to a random sample of the students in a course they are teaching.

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7. For each of the following pairs of samples, compare the medians and IQRs. Explain your
reasoning.
(a) (1) 3, 5, 6, 7, 9; (2) 3, 5, 6, 7, 20

(b) (1) 3, 5, 6, 7, 9; (2) 3, 5, 7, 8, 9

(c) (1) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; (2) 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

(d) (1) 0, 10, 50, 60, 100; (2) 0, 100, 500, 600, 1000

8. For each of the following pairs of samples, compare the mean and standard deviation.
Explain your reasoning.
(a) (1) 3, 5, 5, 5, 8, 11, 11, 11, 13; (2) 3, 5, 5, 5, 8, 11, 11, 11, 20

(b) (1) -20, 0, 0, 0, 15, 25, 30, 30; (2) -40, 0, 0, 0, 15, 25, 30, 30

(c) (1) 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10; (2) 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30

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 (d) (1) 100, 200, 300, 400, 500; (2) 0, 50, 300, 550, 600

x̄
9. The statistic median can be used as a measure of skewness. For a sample in which all
observations are positive numbers, what is the likely shape under the following conditions?
Explain your reasoning.
x̄
(a) median =1

x̄
(b) median <1

x̄
(c) median >1

10. The first histogram below shows the distribution of the yearly incomes of 40 patrons at a
coffee shop. Suppose two new people walk into the coffee shop: one making $225,000 and
the other $250,000. The second histogram shows the new income distribution. Summary
statistics are also provided.

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(a) Would the mean or the median best represent what we might think of as a typical
income for the 42 patrons at this coffee shop? What does this say about the robustness
of the two measures?

(b) Would the standard deviation or the IQR best represent the amount of variability in
the incomes of the 42 patrons at this coffee shop? What does this say about the robustness
of the two measures?

8
MTH781P: Data Analytics Autumn 2018
Coursework 1 solutions A. Baule

1. (a) 10 observations; 5 variables.

(b) Categorical: name, country; quantitative: rank, room rate, number.
(c) No measurement scale: name, country; measurement in terms of 1 unit: rank, num-
ber; measurement in terms of 1 unit of money: room rate.
(d) N = 110 1i=1 0Ni = 48.5.

(e) Convert currencies to a single one, e.g., US$ and calculate the average as before:
R = $290.92.
(f) Fraction: 1/5.
(g) Fraction: 3/10.
2. (a) Ignoring exchange rates, you obtain the list:

{20, 75, 150, 166, 180, 213, 270, 275, 347, 375, 574, 1200}
(b) When the quartiles fall in between two values, you can take the average. Note that
software often uses a different interpolation and might lead to slightly different values.
Using averages, you obtain: Median = (213 + 270)/2 = 241.5, Q1 = (150 + 166)/2 =
158, Q3 = (347 + 375)/2 = 361.
(c) The lower whisker is at the lowest value still greater than Q1-1.5IQR, which is 20.
The upper whisker is at the largest value still smaller than Q3+1.5IQR, which is 574.
You conclude that there is only a single outlier in the data, which is the hotel with
the 1200 rate.
3. This question is open-ended and does not have a well-defined solution. You can use it to
practice your thinking about complex business problems, which you are likely to encounter
in a job interview. Some thoughts: (a) Following ideas discussed in this course you might
think an experiment could evaluate the usefulness. To this end employees on similar salary
levels (stratified) need to be randomly assigned into a control and a treatment group. The
treatment group receives the payrise, while the other doesn’t. A suitable statistic would
be the number of employees who change their mind. Such an approach probably only
works, if you want to compare different amounts of incentives, since otherwise nobody in
the control group would change their mind by themself. A bigger problem though is the
cost of such an experiment: to get one data point you have to pay 10k for every year the
employee stays on! This is not feasible. (b) For the company a cost comparison could be
based on the amount it would cost to hire a new employee and train him to the required
level of skill. This is balanced by the 10k expense. Again, you need to remember that this
is not a one-off expense, but year after year. To estimate the total cost one could look,
e.g., at the average time employees are staying in the job. (c) Another factor could be the
individual performance of the employee and whether his/her current salary is appropriate.
If he/she is a high-performer a pay rise might be appropriate to lift him/her into a higher
salary band.

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 4. (a) The frequency distribution is: Android=17/50; Apple=16/50; Nokia=6/50; Sym-
bian=11/50.
(b) On the basis of the sample Android is most popular, but Apple is very close and the
difference might not be significant.
(c) Symbian is a discontinued smartphone OS, which was around 2009-2011 used by
NTT DoCoMo. The fact that its proportion is relatively high suggests that the data
is likely collected during that time period in Japan. The geographical location limits
to some extent general conclusions.
5. (a) Population parameter. (b) A sample statistic. (c) An observation. (d) A variable.
6. (a) Stratified sample, because fellow students likely have similar characteristics. Does not
allow you to draw conclusions beyond the characteristics of the group. (b) Cluster sample.
A problem here is possible bias towards members who spend a lot of time on social media.
(c) Simple random sample. Not feasible in practice, since there are too many students
to sample from and you would not be able to obtain the contact details. (d) Multistage
sample. Probably the best solution.
7. You can use, e.g., EXCEL to calculate the quartile values:
(a) (1) Median=6 and IQR=2. (2) unchanged. Median and IQR are robust with respect
to outliers.
(b) (1) Median=6 and IQR=2. (2) Median=7 and IQR=3. Increasing values within the
IQR, increases the IQR.
(c) (1) Median=3 and IQR=2. (2) Median=8 and IQR=2. IQR is independent under
shifts by a common offset.
(d) (1) Median=50 and IQR=50. (2) Median=50 and IQR=500. Scaling the values by
a common factor also scales the median and IQR.
8. (a) (1) Mean=8, standard deviation=3.61 (rounded to two digits). (2) Mean=8.78, stan-
dard deviation=5.21. Outliers strongly influence mean and standard deviation.
(b) (1) Mean=10, standard deviation=17.93. (2) Mean=7.5, standard deviation=23.30.
Same interpretation as above.
(c) (1) Mean=5, standard deviation=3.74. (2) Mean=25, standard deviation=3.74.
Shifting all values by a common offset shifts the mean by the same value but leaves
the standard deviation unchanged.
(d) (1) Mean=300, standard deviation=158.11. (2) Mean=300, standard deviation=276.13.
Reducing values to the left of the mean and increasing values to the right by the same
amount leaves the mean unchanged but increases the variance.
9. (a) When the median equals the mean, the distribution is approximately symmetric.
(b) When the mean is smaller than the median, it means that there is more area under
the distribution to the left of the median and the distribution is positively or right
skewed
(c) Opposite as above.
10. (a) The mean is strongly affected by the two outliers, while the median is unchanged, so
the median is a more robust measure of a typical income.
(b) Same conclusion as for the mean. Variance strongly increases due to the outliers.

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MTH781P: Data Analytics Autumn 2018
Coursework 2 A. Baule

Please note that the coursework does not form part of the assessment for this module. Course-
work questions are intended to help you understand and consolidate the material from the lecture.
During the tutorial session you can ask questions for individual support and feedback. If you
would like written feedback you can also submit written answers for me to correct.

1. Which of the following statements are correct? Explain your reasoning.

(a) If a fair coin has been tossed many times and the last eight tosses all came up heads,
the probability that the next toss will come up heads is below 50%.

(b) Drawing a face card (jack, queen, or king) and drawing a red card from a full deck
of playing cards are mutually exclusive events.

(c) Drawing a face card and drawing an ace from a full deck of playing cards are mutually
exclusive events.

2. Below are four versions of the same type of game. Your archenemy chooses the version,
then you choose how many times you flip a fair coin: 10 times or 100 times. Explain your
choice for each version.

(a) If the proportion of heads is larger than 0.6, you win £1.

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 (b) If the proportion of heads is larger than 0.4, you win £1.

(c) If the proportion of heads is between 0.40 and 0.60, you win £1.

(d) If the proportion of heads is smaller than 0.30, you win £1.

3. If you flip a fair coin 10 times, what is the probability of each of the following?

(a) getting all heads

(b) getting all tails

(c) getting heads five times

(d) getting heads at least once

4. If you roll a pair of fair dice, what is the probability of each of the following?

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 (a) getting a sum of 1

(b) getting a sum of 5

(c) getting a sum of 12

5. In a multiple choice exam there are 5 questions and 4 choices for each question. If you were
to randomly guess the answers, what would be the probability for each of the following?

(a) you answer at least one question correctly

(b) the 5th question is the first question you answer correctly

(c) you answer all questions correctly

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6. Data collected at an international company suggests that each year roughly 25% of em-
ployees miss exactly one day of work due to illness, 15% miss 2 days, and 28% miss 3 or
more days.

(a) What is the probability that a randomly chosen employee does not miss any work
days due to illness this year?

(b) What is the probability that a randomly chosen employee misses at most one day?

(c) What is the probability that a randomly chosen employee misses at least one day?

(d) For two siblings who both work at the company, what is the probability that neither
of them misses any days of work?

(e) What is the probability that both siblings miss at least one day?

(f) Note any assumption you had to make in answering the earlier questions. Are these
assumptions reasonable?

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7. The manager of a large apartment complex provides the following probability estimates
regarding the number of vacancies that will arise over the next month.

vacancies 0 1 2 3 4 5
probability 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10

What is the probability for each of the following events?

(a) no vacancies

(b) two or fewer vacancies

(c) at least four vacancies

8. Let P (A) = 0.3 and P (B) = 0.7. We denote by P (A ∩ B) the probability of the joint
event P (A and B) and by P (A ∪ B) the probability of the event P (A or B).

(a) Can you compute P (A ∩ B) if you only know P (A) and P (B)?

(b) Assuming A and B are independent, what are P (A ∩ B), P (A ∪ B), and P (A | B)?

(c) Assuming P (A ∩ B) = 0.1, what are P (A | B) and P (A ∪ B)?

(d) Assuming P (A ∪ B) = 0.79, are A and B independent?

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9. The following table displays the distribution of health status of respondents to a survey
(excellent, very good, good, fair, poor) and whether or not they have health insurance.

a. Are being in excellent health and having health coverage mutually exclusive?

b. What is the probability that a randomly chosen individual has excellent health?

c. What is the probability that a randomly chosen individual has excellent health given that
he has health coverage?

d. What is the probability that a randomly chosen individual has excellent health given that
he doesn’t have health coverage?

e. Do having excellent health and having health coverage appear to be independent?

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10. A purchasing agent has placed a rush order for a particular raw material with two different
suppliers, A and B. If neither order arrives in 4 days, the production process must be shut
down until at least one of the orders arrives. The probability that supplier A can deliver
the material in 4 days is 0.55. The probability that supplier B can deliver the material in
4 days is 0.35.

(a) What is the probability that both suppliers deliver the material in 4 days? Assume
independence.

(b) What is the probability that at least one supplier delivers the material in 4 days?

(c) What is the probability that the production process is shut down in 4 days because
of a shortage in raw material?

11. A market survey of 800 people found the following facts about the ability to recall a
television commercial for a particular product and the actual purchase of the product:

could recall tv commercial could not recall tv commercial total

purchased 165 83 248
did not purchase 241 320 561
total 406 403 809

Let T be the event of the person recalling the tv commercial and B the event of purchasing
the product:

(a) Find P (T ), P (B), and P (T ∩ B)

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 (b) Are T and B mutually exclusive events? Use probability values to explain.

(c) What is the probability that a person who could recall seeing the tv commercial has
actually purchased the product?

(d) Are T and B independent events? Use probability values to explain.

(e) Comment on the value of the commercial in terms of its relationship to purchasing
the product.

12. Let the probability that the FTSE100 increases today be 0.8 and the probability it goes
up tomorrow be 0.45. Also, let the probability that it increases both today and tomorrow
be 0.35. What is the probability that:

(a) It increases neither today nor tomorrow?

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(b) It does not increase today but does increase tomorrow?

(c) It increases today or tomorrow, but does not go up on both days?

(d) It increases tomorrow, given that it does not increase today?

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MTH781P: Data Analytics Autumn 2018
Coursework 2 solutions A. Baule

1. (a) wrong; (b) wrong; (c) true.

2. (a) 10 times; (b) 100 times; (c) 100 times; (d) 10 times.

−10; (d) 1 − 2−10.

3. (a) 2−10; (b) 2−10; (c) 10! 25!5!
4. (a) 0; (b) 4/36; (c) 1/36.
5. Assume that there is only one correct answer, then: (a) 1 − (3/4)5; (b) (3/4)4/4; (c)
(1/4)5.

6. (a) 0.32; (b) 0.57; (c) 0.68; (d) 0.322; (e) 0.682; (f) We assume that the siblings have the
properties of two independent random members of the population. In reality, indepen-
dence might not hold.

7. (a) 0.1; (b) 0.5; (c) 0.25.

8. (a) no; (b) P (A ∩ B) = P (A)P (B) = 0.21, P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B) = 0.79,

P (A|B) = P (A) = 0.3; (c) P (A|B) = P (A ∩ B)/P (B) = 1/7, P (A ∪ B) = P (A)+ P (B) −
P (A ∩ B) = 0.9; (d) P (A ∩ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∪ B) = 0.21 = P (A)P (B), so
independent
9. (a) no; (b) 0.2329; (c) 2099
≈ 0.24; (d) 230 ≈ 0.18; (e) since 0.24 is quite close to 0.233,
8738 1262
they are approximately independent.

10. (a) 0.55×0.35=0.1925; (b) 0.55+0.35=0.9; (c) 0.45×0.65=0.2925.

11. (a) P (T ) = 406/809, P (B) = 248/809, P (T ∩B) = 165/809; (b) no, because P (T ∩B) /= 0;
(c) P (B|T ) = 165/406; (d)P (B|T ) /= P (B), so not independent; (e) P (B|T ) ≈ 0.41, while
P (B|Tc) = 83/403 ≈ 0.2, so the commercial seems effective.
12. Let’s denote by A the event “increases today” and by B “increases tomorrow”. Denote
the complement of A as Ac, i.e., ”does not increase today”, likewise for B c .

(a) The probability P (Ac ∩ B c ) is equivalent to P ((A ∪ B) c ) = 1 − P (A ∪ B). Now,

P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B) = 0.9, so you obtain P (Ac ∩ Bc ) = 0.1.
Alternatively, you can use P (Ac ∩ Bc ) = 1 − P (A ∩ B c ) − P (Ac ∩ B) − P (A ∩ B) = 0.1
with the result derived in (c).
(b) We have the property P (B) = P (Ac ∩ B)+ P (A ∩ B), so P (Ac ∩ B) = P (B) − P (A ∩
B) = 0.1.
(c) P (A ∩ Bc) = P (A) − P (A ∩ B) = 0.45. So P (A ∩ Bc) + P (Ac ∩ B) = 0.55.
(d) P (B|Ac) = P (Ac ∩ B)/P (Ac) = P (Ac ∩ B)/(1 − P (A)) = 0.5.

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MTH781P: Data Analytics Autumn 2017
Coursework 3 A. Baule

Please note that the coursework does not form part of the assessment for this module. Course-
work questions are intended to help you understand and consolidate the material from the lecture.
During the tutorial session you can ask questions for individual support and feedback. If you
would like written feedback you can also submit written answers for me to correct.

1. Imagine you have an urn containing 5 red, 3 blue, and 2 orange marbles in it.

(a) What is the probability that the first marble you draw is blue?

(b) Suppose you drew a blue marble in the first draw. If drawing with replacement, what
is the probability of drawing a blue marble in the second draw?

(c) Suppose you instead drew an orange marble in the first draw. If drawing with
replacement, what is the probability of drawing a blue marble in the second draw?

(d) If drawing with replacement, what is the probability of drawing two blue marbles in
a row?

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 (e) When drawing with replacement, are the draws independent? Explain.

2. Suppose we pick three people at random. For each of the following questions, ignore the
special case where someone might be born on February 29th, and assume that births are
evenly distributed throughout the year. (a) What is the probability that the first two
people share a birthday? (b) What is the probability that at least two people share a
birthday?

3. Consider a game in which you draw 3 cards without replacement from a well-shuffled full
deck of playing cards. If you draw 3 hearts, you win £50. If you draw 3 black cards, you
win £25. In all other cases you win nothing.

(a) What are the expectation and standard deviation of your winnings?

(b) If the game costs £5 to play, what would be the expected value and standard deviation
of your net profit or loss?

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 (c) Should you play the game at a costs of £5? Explain your reasoning.

4. The value of a portfolio increases by 18% during a financial boom and by 9% during
normal times. It decreases by 12% during a recession. What is the expected return on
the portfolio if each of the three scenarios is equally likely?

5. The game of European roulette involves spinning a wheel with 37 slots: 18 red, 18 black,
and 1 green. A ball is released onto the wheel and will eventually land in a slot, where
each slot has an equal chance of capturing the ball. Gamblers can place bets on red or
black. If the ball lands on their color they double the money they have bet, if it lands on
another color they lose it.

(a) If you bet £3 in a single round, what are the expectation and variance of your
winnings?

(b) If you bet £1 each in three separate rounds, what are the expectation and variance
of your total winnings?

(c) Discuss which of the two strategies is better.

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6. A consulting firm has submitted a bid for a large project. Initially the bid had a 50%
chance of being successful, but the agency to which the bid was submitted has subsequently
requested additional information on the bid.

(a) What is your prior probability that the bid will be successful (i.e., prior to receiving
the request for additional information)?

(b) Past experience indicates that additional information is requested on 75% of the
successful bids and 40% of the unsuccessful bids. Given this additional information,
what is the probability that the bid will be successful.

(c) What is the conditional probability of a request for additional information given that
the bid will be ultimately successful?

7. What percent of a standard normal distribution N (µ = 0, σ = 1) is found in each region?

Use the standard normal Z-table on QMplus. Draw a graph to illustrate your calculations.
(a) Z < 1.35 (b) Z > 1.48 (c) 0.4 < Z < 1.5 (d) |Z| > 2

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8. The Capital Asset Pricing Model is a financial model that assumes returns on a portfolio
to be normally distributed. Suppose a portfolio has an average annual return of 14.7%
with a standard deviation of 33%. A return of 0% means that the value of the portfolio
remains the same, a negative return means that it loses money, and a positive return
means that it gains money. In what percentage of years does this portfolio lose money?
What is the cutoff for the highest 15% of annual returns?

9. A machine that produces a special type of transistor has a 2% defect rate. The production
is considered a random process where each transistor is independent of the others.

(a) What is the probability that the 10th transistor produced is the first defective one?

(b) What is the probability that the machine produces no defective transistors in a batch
of 100?

(c) How many transistors would you expect to be produced before the first defective
one? What is the standard deviation?

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 (d) Assume that over time the defect rate has increased to 5%. How does this affect the
expected value and standard deviation of the waiting time until the first defect?

10. A small company has five employees – Anna, Ben, Claire, Damian, and Eddy – and a row
of five parking spots. On each day, each of the employees pulls into a random parking
spot that is unoccupied when they come to work.

(a) On a given day, what is the probability that the employees park in alphabetical
order?

(b) How many ways are there to arrange the cars?

(c) On a given day where Damian and Eddy don’t come to work, what is the probability
that the remaining employees park in alphabetical order with gaps between the cars?

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11. A coffee shop serves an average of 75 customers per hour during the morning rush.

(a) Which distribution we have studied is most appropriate for calculating the probability
of a given number of customers arriving within one hour during this time of day?

(b) What are the mean and the standard deviation of the number of customers this coffee
shop serves in one hour during this time of day?

(c) Would it be considered unusually low if only 60 customers showed up to this coffee
shop in one hour during this time of day?

(d) Calculate the probability that this coffee shop serves 70 customers in one hour during
this time of day?

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12. ‘Tossing the bagel’ was a popular street game played in the area between Brick Lane and
Mile End towards the end of the 19th century. A contemporary source1 describes it as
follows: ‘A bagel, lavishly buttered on one side, is thrown into the air. If it lands on the
buttered side the game is over. If it falls on the unbuttered side the game continues, and
the bagel is thrown again.’ Bets were made as to how long the game would continue.
Accusations of improper buttering often led to outbreaks of riots, and the game was
eventually made illegal in the 1960s.
In modelling this game we assume that the probability the bagel lands on the buttered
side is p ∈ (0, 1). We also assume that the outcome of a throw of the bagel is independent
of each of the previous throws. Let X be the total number of throws until the game ends.

(a) Show that the probability that the game ends after n throws equals (1 − p)n−1p.
L

∞
(b) Show that, with probability 1, the game eventually ends. [Hint: Calculate n=1 P (X =
n) as a “geometric series”]

(c) Suppose that the game is modified so that it only stops when two consecutive bagels
land on the buttered side. What is the expected number of total throws X in this
modified game?

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7
 Standard Normal Z-Table

0 z
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7703 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998
3.5 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998
3.6 0.9998 0.9998 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999
3.7 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999
3.8 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999
3.9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000