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Correspondence
The Origin of Electromagnetic Induction In Ref. 3 it was shown that the magnetic force is a pure mo-
tional consequence of the electric force, so that the horizontal
Abstract: The acceleration dependent electromagnetic force,
force in Fig. 1 becomes
known as the Weber inductive force, is derived by considering
the detailed dynamics of the interaction between two charges in
parallel motion. We find that the Weber inductive force is a mo-
tional consequence of the electric force, and we show how it
fem =
1 q1q2
4πε0 R*2
R̂ =
1 q1q2
4πε0 R 2
(
1 − v2 / c 2 R̂ ) (1)
( )
d 2W = − q2 4πε0c 2 R ds1 ids2dI1 / dt (4)
charges we may expect, as in the case of magnetism, further
terms in the force formula [2]. However, when the motion of the
charges is in parallel, as in Fig. 1, the magnetic force between
As an example, consider the mutual induction of two closed them acts as if we dealt with closed conductors, a phenomena
conductors. The induction voltage ε in conductor number 2, due which is valid also in the case of induction. This result ought to
to a time varying current in conductor number 1, is then be expected since the parallel motion of two charges is equivalent
to two infinite straight parallel conductors.
ε=
∫ ∫ (1 / q )d W 2
2
2) Since this analysis is based on the force between objects at rest
together with the fact that interaction takes time, it can readily be
∫ ∫ (1 4πε c R ) ds ids
dI (5)
dt
1 2 applied to gravitation. It can then be shown that the acceleration
= − 0 1 2
= −M12dI1 / dt
1 2
dependent term of the force is directly related to inertial mass [8].
We will treat this problem in a coming article.
which is the Faraday-Henry induction law with the Neumann
definition [7] for mutual inductance Summary
From the interaction between two charges in parallel motion
M12 =
∫ ∫ ds1 ⋅ ds2 4πε0c 2 R (6) we derived the Weber inductive force as a motional consequence
of the static electric force and demonstrated the conceptional ori-
1 2
gin of inductance. It was shown how the Faraday-Henry induc-
ds1 and ds2 may also belong to the same conductor, dealing tion law, relating to the energy concept, follows from the induc-
then with self-induction. From formula (6) it follows directly that tive force.
inductance is mutual, i.e. M12 = M 21 . References
Motional inductance can readily be taken into account in this
[.1.] L. Page, A Derivation of the Fundamental Relations of Electrody-
approach. By letting the length element ds2 vary with time,
namics from Those of Electrostatics, American Journal of Science,
formula (4) modifies to 34 (1912) 57
q2 [.2.] A.K.T. Assis, Weber’s Electrodynamics, Kluwer Academic Publ.,
d
d 2W = − ds2 ⋅ (I ds ) (7) 1994
4πε0c 2 R dt 1 1
[.3.] K. Prytz, Galilean Electrodynamics, Special Issue 1, p. 11; R.D. Sard,
“The Forces between moving Charges”, Electrical Engineering 66
so that formula (5) becomes (1947) 61
[.4.] H. Grassman, Neue Theorie der Elektrodynamik, Annalen der
d
ε=− (M12 I1 ) (8) Physik, 64, 1845; A-M Ampere, Mem. Acad. Sci. 6 (1823) 175-388
dt
[.5.] CF Gauss, Zur mathematischen Theorie der elektrodynamische
In general, if there are N conductors interacting, formula (8) Wirkung, Werke (Göttingen), 5, 1867; W Weber, Elektrodyna-
modifies to mische Massbestimmungen uber ein allgemeines Grundgesetz der
N elektrischen Wirkung, Werke (Julius Springer) 3 (1893) 25
εi = ∑ − dtd (M I )
ij j
(9) [.6.] P. Moon, D. Spencer, Journal of Franklin Institute, 257 (1954) 369;
A.K.T Assis, J. Fukai, H.B. Carvalho, Phys. Lett. A 268 (2000) 274
j =1
[.7.] F. Neumann, Berlin Akad. D Wissen., Abh., 1845
for induced voltage in conductor number i . The sum includes [.8.] D.W. Sciama, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
conductor number i for self-induction. 113 (1953) 34; E. Mach, History and root of the principle of the con-
From Fig. 1, we see now the basic origin of induction and in- servation of energy, 1872.
ductance. It is the longitudinal interaction among the charges. Kjell Prytz, University of Gavle, SE-801 76 GÄVLE
When there is an acceleration the balance between upward and e-mail Kjell.Prytz@hig.se
downward vertical forces is broken and we get a net effect paral-
lel or anti-parallel to the motion, a kind of inertia we call induc-
tion.