Your blood is made up of different cell types including red blood cells for carrying oxygen,

platelets to help blood clot and white blood cells that fight infections. They all originally come
from stem cells, which have the potential to develop into any type of blood cell as they divide
and mature. Problems in this process, known as ‘differentiation’, are at the root of all blood
cancers. Different types of blood cancer depend on when and how these problems occur.

These problems often lead to your body producing large numbers of immature blood cells that
can’t perform their job properly. They can also ‘clog up’ your bone marrow, which prevents
other types of blood cells from doing their job too.

Unfortunately, blood cancer affects a large number of people. Every 14 minutes, someone in the
UK is told they have a blood cancer. That’s 104 people a day. So you are certainly not alone.

Blood cancers are categorised into three groups. We have gathered information on some of the
more common examples of each group so you can learn more about your circumstance. We also
link to organisations that offer additional advice and support.

 Leukaemia
 Lymphoma
 Myeloma

The what are my treatment options? section looks at other possible ways that your medical
team might decide to treat your cancer - either before or instead of a stem cell transplant.

Anthony Nolan also supports the IMPACT partnership that co-ordinates clinical trials across the
UK that focus on improving stem cell transplantation. See the IMPACT website for more
details.

Additional advice and support for you and your family is available from Cancer Research UK,
Macmillan, Bloodwise, Leukaemia Care and the Lymphoma Association. Children and
teenagers are also supported by CLIC Sargent, the Children’s Cancer and Leukaemia Group
(CCLG) and the Teenage Cancer Trust.

Leukaemia

Leukaemias are cancers that affect your blood cells, mainly your white blood cells and bone
marrow. These cells often divide too quickly and don’t develop properly, which compromises
your immune system and ability to fight infections.

Many types of leukaemia are either ‘acute’ or ‘chronic’ based on how they behave. In general,
acute conditions develop very quickly and need treating aggressively straight away. Chronic
conditions usually progress more slowly and intensive treatment may not be needed straight
away.

There are four main types of leukaemia:

  Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
 Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
 Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)

Other types of leukaemia include:

 acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL)

 hairy cell leukaemia (HCL)
 large granular lymphocytic leukaemia (LGL)
 t-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL)
 chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML)

If you would like more information on these and other less common types of leukaemia, you can
visit Leukaemia Care, Bloodwise or Cancer Research UK.

Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that affects your lymphatic system, an important part of
your immune system that produces and transports white blood cells around your body. It also
removes waste products from your blood.

Lymphoma can develop in many parts of your body, including your lymph nodes, bone marrow,
blood, spleen and other organs.

There are two main types of lymphoma, based on how they behave and their treatment:

 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
 Hodgkin lymphoma

More detailed information about less common types of lymphoma can be found on the
Lymphoma Association website.

Myeloma

Myeloma (also referred to as multiple myeloma) is a blood cancer that affects a certain type of
white blood cell called a plasma cell. These cells are made in your bone marrow and produce
antibodies which help fight infection.

Our Myeloma page has more information.

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)

What is AML?
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) occurs in your bone marrow, when a type of blood cell called a myeloid
cell starts growing abnormally and in an uncontrolled way. Normally your blood stem cells develop into
myeloid cells, which then become red blood cells, platelets and certain white blood cells (called
neutrophils).

If you have AML, your myeloid cells can’t fully mature and they remain as young, immature cells called
myeloblasts. These cells divide too quickly which can ‘clog up’ your bone marrow and stop other blood
cells from doing their job properly too.

AML is ‘acute’ because it usually develops quickly, sometimes within a few days or weeks. There are
different types of AML – your symptoms will depend on the type you have, the number of leukaemia
cells in your body, and where they are.

AML can be classified into ‘high’, ‘standard’ and ‘low’ risk – but this only relates to the type of treatment
you will be given, not to the chance of it working.

https://www.anthonynolan.org/patients-and-families/blood-cancers-and-blood-disorders/what-blood-
cancer/chronic-myeloid-leukaemia