s(t )  A(t ) cos[0 t   (t )]

A(t ) : amplitude
0  2f : radian frequency 5. BPSK (Binary phase-shift keying)
 (t ) : phase
1. ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)

2 Ei (t ) i  1, ,M
Si (t )  cos( wo t   )
T 0t T

▪ Simple Modulation/Demodulation
▪ 3dB BER degradation compared to BPSK
2. FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)  basis function of unit energy

Si (t ) 
2E
cos( wi t   ) i  1, ,M
T 0t T

▪ Orthogonal Signaling
▪ Bandwidth increases as M becomes larger
3. PSK (Phase Shift Keying)  detector output (correlation output)

2E i  1, , M
si (t )  cos[0t  i ]
T 0t T
▪ Antipodal signal sets for M=2 (Binary PSK: BPSK)
 Conditional error probability when m2=0 was transmitted:
▪ Bandwidth decreases as M becomes larger
4. APSK (Amplitude Phase Shift Keying)
2Ei (t )
si (t )  cos[0t  i ], 0  t  T , i  1,..., M
T
 Combination of ASK and PSK
 Simultaneous phase and amplitude changes at the transition
times
 From the symmetry in the decision regions and conditional pdf
  Effective Aperture
2
A G
 The best BER performance (among all binary modulation) 4
Antipodal signaling (equivalent to Bipolar NRZ signal)  Friis Free-Space Equation
  EIRP  PG A
Power spectrum Pr   A  t t 2r watts
2  r
 Modulated signal can be written as:  4 d  4 d
 Path loss
▪ The difference (in decibels) between the transmitted
where g(t) is a sequence of random binary wave signal power Pt and received signal power Pr
P
PL  10log10  t 
 Pr 
6. Digital Communications- Radio Comm. Link Budget  4 d 
2

 10log10  Gt Gr   10log10  
 Free-Space Propagation Model   
 Power density  Free Space Loss
P
  d   t 2 watts/m 2  4 d 
2

4 d FSL  10log10  
  
 Radiation intensity
7. Quadriphase-shift keying (QPSK)
  d 2 d 
 The ratio of the radiation intensity in that direction to the
average radiated power
  ,     ,  
g  ,    
Pav P / 4
 Power gain: D is the directivity relative to isotropic antenna
for given direction
G  radiation D
 Effective radiated power referenced to an isotropic source
(EIRP)
The product of the transmitted power, Pt; the power gain of the transmitting
EIRP  PG
t t
  Avg symbol error probability

8. M-ary PSK
 Euclidean distance in 2-dimension signal space

9. Binary FSK
 11. MSK (Minimum Shift Keying)

10. M-ary FSK

 Quadrature Representation of MSK
12. GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying)
13. General remarks on FSK and MSK
Compare power spectral modulations scheme