INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES :-

INTRODUCTION :-
All instruction should be carefully graded & arranged in a natural order. The teacher in
her methods should appeal through sense perception to the understanding of the child. Education must begin
with the child & must be adapted to the needs & requirements of the child as he grows. Only in the manner,
an individual will be made socially efficient. Progressive methods of teaching provide suitable opportunities
for learning by doing for experimentation’ & for co-operation every teacher must devise his own method,
good method can result only from the following up of broad principles, e.g. orderly arranging of procedure in
teaching , arrangement of subject matter which will avoid waste of time & energy. A method must link up the
teacher & her pupils into an organic relationship with constant mutual interaction.

DEFINITION :-
The method of teaching in which approaches most likely to the method of investigation,
- Burke)
A device implies the external mode or from which teaching may take from time to time.
Teaching method is the stimulation, guidance direction & encouragement for learning.
-Burton

MEANING:-
The procedural dimension in the educative process refers to the methods & technique. Which
may be used by the teacher or the learner to achieve the desired educational objectives. Teaching in nursing
encompasses both cognitive & artistic aspects. Teaching skill & technical competency in teaching have effect
on student’s learning. Art in teaching is necessary & can be developed.

OBJESTIVES OF METHODS OF TEACHING:-

 Aim at developing love for work.
 Develops the capacity for clear thinking.
 Provides adequate opportunities for participation in freely accepted project & activities in which
cooperation & discipline are constantly in demand.
 Expands students interest.
 Provides opportunities to pupils to apply practically the knowledge & skill acquired by them.
 Eagerness of the inspectorate.
Officer in education department are personally eager to see experimentation within reasonable limits.
 General support of the profession.
 Teamwork & a sense of security.
 Mastery of the subject matter.
 Provision for a good library & teaching learning material.
 Role of teachers training institutes
 Cooperation of the parents

CLASSIFICATION OF METHODS OF TEACHING :-

INSPIRATIONAL METHODS :-
Based on high activity on the part of the teacher, e.g. simulation & micro-teaching.
EXPOSITORY METHODS :-
Cognitive emphasis is high, while student activity & emphasis on experience is low. E.g.
lecture method.
INDIVIDUALIZED METHODS :-
Main emphasis is for each learner to learn at his own pace, e.g. programmed
instruction, self study case method & computer oriented instruction.
ENCOUNTER METHODS :-
Providing experience through confrontation or through encounter effective for change in
basic behavioural patterns & developing new ways of looking at things, e.g. role play, simulation.
DISCOVERY METHODS:-
These methods are high on call dimension like learner activity, experiences,
experimentation by the learner & cognitive understanding. E.g. problem solving technique.
GROUP METHODS :-
e.g. project method, socialized classroom method.

CHARACTERISTICS OF METHODS OF TEACHING:-

 Imparting knowledge in an efficient manner.
 Inculcates desirable values & proper attitude & habits of work in the students.
 Create a genuine attachment to work & a desire to do it as efficiently , honestly & thoroughly as
possible.
 The principle of verbalism & memorization activity & project method should be assimilated in school
practice.
 Provides opportunities for student to learn actively & to apply practically the knowledge that they have
acquired in the class room.
 Trains the learners in the technique of study methods of acquiring knowledge through personal effort
& initiative.
 A well thought out attempt should be made adopt methods of instruction in order to
 Opportunity for the students should be provided to work in group & to carry out group projects &
activities to develop in them the qualities necessary for group life & for cooperative work.
SELECTION PRINCIPLES:-
Methods should be suited to:-
 the objectives & the content of the course.
 The capacity of the student .
 Accord with sound psychological principles.
 Teacher’s personality & capitalizes on her special assets.
 Should use creatively.
 THE LECTURE METHOD :-

INTRODUCTION :-
Lecture method is the oldest method of teaching . it is based on the philosophy of
idealism. Lecture is generally described as the a teacher centered teaching method involving one way
communication. The term lecture was derived from the word lecture which means to read a load.
DEFINITION:-
Lecture is a pedagogical method whereby the teacher formally delivers a carefully planned
expository address on some particular topic.
-James Michael lee

PURPOSE OF LECTURE METHODS :-

1. To provide structured knowledge.
2. To motivate & guide in hunting knowledge.
3. To arouse students interest in a subject.
4. Introduce students to new areas of learning.
5. To clarify difficult concept.
6. To assist in preparing students for discussion.
7. To promotes critical thinking.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES LEADING TO EFFECTIVE LECTURING:-

 The delivery of lecture should be in an active mode.
 The lecture should think from the point of view of the students.
 The lecture should present the subject matter in a systemic way.
 The lecture should use the language which is easily understandable to each student.
 The lecture should ensure continuous attention & reflection by the learner by posing
challenging situation.

FACTOR IN PLANNING THE LECTURE:-

1. LEARNERS FACTORS :- the most obvious factor to be considered is the type of
course, the class in pursing as this will dictate to a large extent the level of objectives
e.g. ANM ,GNM ,etc.
2. SUBJECT MATTER FACTOR:- the domain of the objectives will exert profound
influence over the planning of lecture.
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR:- These exert a practical constraint over lecture
planning as the environment may not contain such things as power points , chalkboard
, OHP, movie projector , computer LCD etc.
4. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS:- the organization of the content must be logical &
meaningful & the sequence should progress from simple to complex, from concreate to
the abstract & from know to unknown.
TYPES OF LECTURE:-
1. THE IDEAL LECTURE
2. CLASSICAL LECTURE
3. THE EXPERIENTIAL LECTURE
1. THE IDEAL LECTURE:- the hallmark of the ideal lecture is its voluntary nature participants
attends the lecture of their own volition & this implies commitment on their part. E.g political
lecture.
2. CLASSICAL LECTURE:- In public educational systems attendance at lecture is seen being
largely compulsory in contrast ideal lecture. This element of coercion towards a performance
centered focus with students mainly concerned with getting good grade.
3. THE EXPERIENTIAL LECTURE:-this from of lecture is used prior to experiential learning
activities & is intended to give participant basic concepts & explanation about the issue in question.

IMPORTANCE OF LESSON PLAN IN LECTURE METHOD :-

1. It is a plan prepared by a teacher to teach a lesson in an organized manner.
2. It ensure a definite objective for the days work & a clear visualization of that objectives.
3. It keeps the teacher on the tract to ensure steady progress & and a definite outcome of teaching
and learning procedures.
4. Enables to choose & adopt effective method of teaching.
5. Enables to evaluate teaching section.
6. It helps the teacher to delimit the teaching field, keeps boundaries with in which the teacher
has to work & there by it saves the time and labour.
7. When it is well planned, interest of the students can be maintained.
8. Gives the teacher greater confidence, self reliance & freedom in teaching , she will not forget
any point that should be explained to students.
9. It prevents the teacher deviating from the topic.
10.Helps the teacher to select & organize the material, which he wants to present in the class.
11.Relates the learning structures with teaching activities.

LECTURING TECHNIQUE:-
1. VOLUNTARY DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION OR SPONTANEITY:-
Reading continuously from the note will hamper spontaneity and reduce
the interest of the students. Instead of reading continuously from a prepared note the teacher
has to converse freely with
the students
2. VOICE GRADATION AND VOICE QUALITY:-
Voice gradation is the periodical alteration of both pitch & volume while lecturing .
lecturing in a monotone make students more passive
3. ADEQUATE PACING :-
Too slow a pace & too fast a pace are not advisable as the former
creates boredom and confusion. The teacher has to develop a routine pace of going fast
while teaching simple topics & has to slow down when dealing with difficult areas so that
the students can follow easily.
4. PROPER BODY LANGUEGE:-
Action often speaks louder than words so the teacher must be aware
about the body language while lecturing. Maintaining eye contact with students is very essential.
5. CONTROL ANNOYING MANNERISMS:-
 Annoying mannerisms are very distracting to the student. Crushing or
tossing chalk, breaking the knuckles, waving hands unnecessarily, pinching the nose & repeatedly
saying ‘so’ ‘right’ ‘okay’ are the common annoying mannerisms.
6. JIDICIOUS USE OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS:-
In addition to block board, charts, & graphs , advancement in
educational technology offers helps through a handful of sophisticated AVaids to the teacher in
facilitating learning by way of the lecture method.
7. SIMPLE PLANS & KEY POINTS:-
When planning for lecture always go for a simple plan instead of
complicated ones. Select some key points from the content , this will help student to recollect the
taught lessons in an easy manner.
8. ELICIT FEEDBACK FROM STUDENTS:-
To a certain extend feedback assists the teacher to assess the amount of
knowledge received by the students & the progress they have achieved.
9. PROVIDING FURTHER CLARIFICATION:-
One of the purpose of the lecture is to clarify difficult concepts by citing examples or
through illustrations. It is better to provide further clarification before proceeding to the next topic
or session.
10. TIME MANAGEMENT:-
When time exceeds than expected , tension slowly invades the teacher & damage the
lecture. Hence skill in managing time is essential for conducting lecture in a smooth way.

ADVANTAGE OF LECTURE METHOD:-

1. It is an efficient method of teaching where one teacher can communicate with a large
number of student.
2. It helps to apparent time saving and resources.
3. The teacher can plan exactly presentation in advance.
4. It provides better opportunity for clarification of important things.
5. A well presented lecture may increase student motivation.
6. It enables to present large amount of information in short time.
7. New knowledge may be presented which is not yet in the text book.
8. It is good for introducing a new topic supplementing information and introducing important
incidental information.
9. It is useful giving the framework upoin which student can built.
10. Since presence of teacher in the class, he has complete control over the content and can
develop presentation according to the plan.
11. The presence of teacher avoids interruption and disturbances and also gives a feeling of
security.
DISADVANTAGES OF LECTURE METHOD
1. Keeps the students in passive situation, provides only limited participation.
2. It does not facilitate learning problem solving.
3. Student’s attention may want, the need to suit the material presented to the level of
understanding of all students.
4. In this method more content may be covered by a teacher, but less learning may take place.
5. Lecture do not cater individual student needs.
6. There is no way to know the real reaction of pupil.
7. It may be difficult for students to take complete and accurate notes.
8. Pace of lecture does not suit all students.
 9. Students get material second hand rather than from primary sources.
10. It offers hardly any possibilityof checking learning progress.

DISCUSSION METHOD:-
INTRODUCTION:-
Discussion basically a cooperative problem solving activity. It occurs when a
group orientation purposefully interacts orally for enlightenment or policy determination.
DEFINITION:-
Discussion is a cooperative problem solving activity seeks a consensus regarding the solution of
a problem.
A discussion is a conversation with a focal point such as a specific topic, question, concept or problem in
which there is a sincere desire to arrive at a decision.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES:-
 There should be a clearly defined objective which is understood by all the participants.
 There should be leader to guide and coordinate proceeding.
 Everyone should feel free to participate.
 The main points in the discussion should be recorded.
 Shy person should feel free to participate.
 All points of view should be fairly considered.
 The discussion should be properly closed with a report , decision recommendation or summing
up of the matter discussed.
 The members of the group should come to the conclusion with a basic knowledge of the topic
to be discussed.

ADVANTAGE OF DISCUSSION METHOD:-

1. Development of skill in reflective thinking.
2. Development of special attitudes & personality traits’
3. Active participation not only results in better learning but also promotes retention &
recalling ability of students.
4. Development of skill in discussion.

DISADVANTAGE OF DISCUSSION METHOD:-

1. It is time consuming.
2. Success of discussion depends mainly on the preparation of students. Teacher has
his or her own limitation in preparing the students.
3. Discussion is less efficient if the number of students exceeds twenty.
 COMPOSITION OF GROUP:-
THE GROUP LEADER – ONE
Leader is the key person. Regulating , guiding, & classifying the discussion are
discussion are the major function of the group leader.
THE GROUP RECORDER-ONE
The recorder makes a record of the salient features of the discussion & helps the
members to correlate with any previous discussion.
THE GROUP OBSERVER-ONE
The observer job is to use this record in the behaviour of the group & in making
suggestions as to way in which the group can act differently & there by improve it
effectively.
THE GROUP MEMBERS- 15 -20
To keep the discussion moving towards its goals; to analyse the difficulties the
group may encounter in attaining an attitude.

LEVELS OF DISCUSSION:-
 Opening up a new area of study.
 Examination of the soundness of generalization.
 Synthesis of data & generalization.
 Application of the generalization & decision as action.

FORMS OF DISCUSSION:-

 Discussion technique for small group.

 The individual conference
 Class group discussion
 Seminar
 Clinical conference
 Role play
 Case analysis
 Discussion techniques for large groups
 Group discussion
 Symposium
 Panel discussion

PANEL DISCUSSION METHODS:-

INTRODUCTION:-
 All techniques of higher learning require the discussion among the participants.
The discussion provides the equal opportunities in the instructional situation to every participant. The
discussion technique of the learning is based on the modern theory of organization. The assumption of this
theory is that every member of the organization has the capacity to initiate & solve the problem & being certain
attitude & valves to the organization . thus interactional technique is the most appropriate in democratic way
of life.

ORIGIN OF THE PANEL DISCUSSION TECHNIQUE:-

The technique at the first time was used by Herry A Ober street in 1929. He organized a discussion for small
group for definite period for the audience ha also participated the important question were put by the audience
on the topic. The experts tried & answered all questions & certain points were clarified. Which were not
included in the several other persons had used this technique . this type of panel discussion are organized on
television & radio.
Panel discussion is the discussion in which 4 & 8 qualified personnel sit & discuss the topic in front of large
group or the audience. Panel discussion has a chairperson & 4 to 8 speakers. The success of the panel
discussion depend up on the chairperson, he is the one who has to keep the discussion going on & develop
train of thought.

PURPOSE:-
 To produce the features for the benefit of a large group.
 It is a socialised group conversation in which different point of view are presented.
 Panel discussion stimulus thought & discussion & clarifies thinking.
 The quick exchange of facts, opinion & plan trends to develop more critical attitude & better
judgement.
 It can be helpful to stimulate discussion encouraging thinking & developing group opinion.

OBJECTIVES OF PANEL DISCUSSION:-

The following are the main objectives of the technique
 To provide information and new facts.
 To analysis the current problem from different angle.
 To identify the values.
 To organize for mental recreation.

THEORETICAL OF PANEL DISCUSSION:-

The technique is based on the following principles.
 It observe the democratic principles of human behaviour. Equal opportunities are provided to
every participant.
 It encourages the active participation with originally & independently.
 Factual & sympathy & to respect the ideas of others.
 It is based on the modern theory of organisation. The panel discussion organizes teaching at
reflective level which is the most thoughtful & employ independent thinking of the participents

THE GROUP DISCUSSION MAY BE OF 2 TYPES:-

 I. PUBLIC PANEL DISCUSSION
II. EDUCATIONAL PANEL DISCUSSION

PUBLIC PANEL DISCUSSION:-

This types of panel discussion are organized for the common men problems. Three
type of objectives are achieved by this kinds of discussion.
 To provides factual information regarding current problems.
 To determine the social valves.
 To recreate the common men.
 The public panel discussion are organized in the television program.
EDUCATIONAL PANEL DISCUSSION:-
It is used in educational institutions to provide & conceptual knowledge &
clarification of certain principles & theories.
The following three objectives are achieved by the educational technique;;
 To provide factual information & concept knowledge.
 To give awareness about theories & principles.
 To provide solution of certain problems.

PROCEDURE OF PANEL DISCUSSION:-

A panel discussion consist of 4 types of persons. It means 4 roles are played in

organizing panel discussion.
 Instructor
 Panelist’s
 Audience
 Moderator
INSTRUCTOR:-
In the panel discussion most important role is of instructor. It is the
responsibility of instructor how, where & when panel discussion will be organized ,the
schedule of panel discussion is prepared by him, some times he has plan rehearsal also.
MODERATOR:-
In the discussion moderator has to keep the discussion on
theme & encourages the interaction among the members. He has to summarize & high
light the discussion more often. The moderator must have the mastery on the theme or
problem of the discussion.
PANELISTS:-
There are 4 to 10 panellists in the discussion. The
members of the panellists in semi circle before the audience. The
moderator sits in the middle of the panellist. The panellist must Have the
mastery on the theme of the discussion.
AUDIENCE:-
After the panel discussion, audience are allowed to participate & seek
clarification. They can present their points of view & their experiences regarding the
theme or problem, the panellist attempt to answer the questions of the audience. In
some situations moderator also tries to answer to question.

PANEL DISCUSSION TECHNIQUE:-

Other chairperson & 4 to 8 speakers sit in front of the large audience.
 Chairperson opens the meeting, welcome the group & then invites the panel speakers
to panel discussion there is no specific, agenda no order of speaking & no set of
speeches.
The chairperson, can interact in the form of questions & simple statement related to
topic any of the speaker without any order form.
At the end , after exploration of many aspects of subject by speaker. the chairmen
opens the discussion for audiences by inviting them to participate in discussion.

USES OF PANEL DISCUSSION:-

The instructional technique has the following advantages.

 This technique encourages social learning.
 The higher cognitive & affective objectives are achieved
 It is used to develop the ability of problem solving & logical thinking.
 It develops the interests & right type & attitude towards problem.
 It develops the capacity to respect others idea & feeling & ability of tolerance.
 It provides the opportunity of assimilation of theme & content.

CHARACTERSTICS OF PANEL DISCUSSION:-

The following are the main characteristics of panel discussion technique:-

 It is used to college & university level to organize teaching at reflective level.
 It develop the ability of problem solving
 It provides the opportunity to understand nature problem theme 7 giving their point of view logically.
 It develops right types of attitude & ability to tolerance anti ideas of others
 It develops the ability of creative thinking & to criticize the theme
 It develop the manners of putting question & answering questions.