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or

 
 
brain attack) results from sudden interruption of blood supply to
the brain, which precipitatesneurologicdysfunction lasting longer than 24 hours. Stroke are either ischemic, caused by
partial or complete occlusions of a cerebral blood vessel by cerebral thrombosis or embolism or hemorrhage (leakage
of blood from a vessel causes compression of brain tissue and spasm of adjacent vessels). Hemorrhage may occur
outside the dura (extradural), beneath the dura mater (subdural), in the subarachnoid space (subarachnoid), or within
the brain substance itself (intracerebral).
Risk factors for stroke include transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) ± warning sign of impending stroke ± hypertension,
arteriosclerosis, heart disease, elevated cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, obesity, carotid stenosis, polycythemia,
hormonal use, I.V., drug use, arrhythmias, and cigarette smoking. Complications of stroke include aspiration
pneumonia, dysphagia, constractures, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, depression and brain stem
herniation.
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Stroke
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A p
 (sometimes called a 

p


  ) is the rapidly developing loss
of brain function(s) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to ischemia (lack of
blood flow) caused by blockage (thrombosis, arterial embolism), or a hemorrhage (leakage of blood).[1] As a
result, the affected area of the brain is unable to function, leading to inability to move one or more limbs on one
side of the body, inability to understand orformulate speech, or inability to see one side of the visual field.[2]

A stroke is a medical emergency and can cause permanent neurological damage, complications, and even
death. It is the leading cause of adult disability in the United States and Europe and it is the number two cause
of death worldwide.[3] Risk factors for stroke include advanced age, hypertension (high blood pressure),
previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), diabetes, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking and atrial
fibrillation.[4] High blood pressure is the most important modifiable risk factor of stroke.[2]

A stroke is occasionally treated with thrombolysis ("clot buster"), in the "stroke unit" of a hospital. Secondary
prevention may involve antiplatelet drugs (aspirin and often dipyridamole), blood pressure control, statins, and
in selected patients with carotid endarterectomy and anticoagulation.[2] Treatment to recover lost function
is stroke rehabilitation, involving health professions such as speech and language therapy, physical
therapy and occupational therapy.
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  is the term that refers to any functional abnormality of theCentralNervous System that
occurs when the normal blood supply to the brain is disrupted, as by ablood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, and vital
brain tissue dies.Cerebrovascular accident is commonly calledj
 
Cerebrovascular accident may be caused by any of three mechanisms.
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  blockage in the thrombus (clot) that has built up on the wall of the brain artery.
X c

  blockage by an embolus (usually a clot) swept into the artery in the brain.
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Rupture of a blood vessel and bleeding within or over the surface of the brain.
Thrombosis and embolism both lead to cessation of blood supply to part of the brain thus to infarction (tissue death).
Rupture of a blood vessel in or near the brain may cause an intracerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage.
The symptoms of a stroke usually develop over minutes or hours occasionally over several days. Depending on the
site, cause and extent of damage, any or all of the symptoms at right may be present, in any degree of severity. The
more serious cases lead to rapid loss of consciousness, coma, and death or to severe physical or mental handicap.
ë  weakness or paralysis on one side of the body is one of the more common effects of a serious stroke.
The following are the symptoms of Cerebrovascular accident:
X Headache
X Dizziness and confusion
X Visual disturbance
X Slurred speech or loss of speech
X Difficulty of swallowing
Risk factors:
X Age
X High blood pressure ± weakens the walls of arteries
X Atherosclerosis ± narrowed artery channels
X Heart disease ± cause blot clot in the heart that may break off and migrate to the brain.
X Diabetes mellitus ± accelerated degeneration of small blood vessel
X Smoking ± increase the risk ofhypertension
X Polycythemia ± a raised level of red cells in the blood.
X Hyperlipidemia ± high level of fatty substances in the blood
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