Antenna Gain Measurements in Multipath Sites: Prof. Dr.-Habil. Razvan D. TAMAS

Antenna Gain Measurements in Multipath Sites
Prof. Dr.-Habil. Razvan D. TAMAS - YO4AG

IEEE Senior member,
Chair, IEEE Romania Section - Antennas and Propagation / RFID Joint Chapter
Assistant Prof. Liliana ACHITEI - YO4YLL

IEEE Graduate student member,
Secretary and treasurer, IEEE Romania Section - Antennas and Propagation / RFID Joint Chapter
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications – Constanta Maritime University, Romania

Doctoral School of Electronics and Telecommunications, and Information Technology –
University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania
FIRST ROMANIAN SUMMER SCHOOL
OF ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION
Summary
 Two-antenna method
 Antenna measurements in a real operating site
 Distance averaging technique: a statistical approach
 Distance averaging technique: a SAR-type approach
 Near-field / intermediate field measurements
 Conclusion
1. Two-antenna method: introduction
Friis transmission formula hypothesis:
- Free space, Gt r
Gr
- Antennas infinitely small, Pt Pr
- Far-field zone, Antenna #1 Antenna #2
- Impedance matching. (gain standard)
1  4r  Pr
2
Gr   
Gt    Pt
1. Two-antenna method: impact of the termination impedances
Friis transmission formula hypothesis: termination impedance matching both on transmission and receiving antennas
For different termination impedances a correction is needed.

R0
Gt S21= S12 Gr R0
Vg P2
S22
S11 Pt
b2 2V2
For termination on the normalizing impedance, R0 : S 21  
a1 a2  0
Vg
2
 Vg 
 
The input power: Pt 
1 2 
2 R0

1  S11
2

1. Two-antenna method: impact of the termination impedances

Za2
P2
The receiving antenna is not impedance matched; the received power does not reach its V0
R0
maximal level Pr (as in the Friis transmission formula), but a different level, P2 : V2
Z a 2  R0
V2  V0
R0 1  S22  1  
2 R0
V2 
V0
1  S22 
Z a 2  R0 Z a 2  R0 Z a 2  R0 2
2
2
 V0   V0 
1  2 
  R 1 V2 R0
2
1
1  2 
2
1 V2
P2   1  S22
2
Since: Pr  2 then Pr  Pout 0 
2 R0 2 R0 Ra 2 Ra 2 1  S22 2 2 R0 Ra 2 1  S22 2
2
 4 r 
2 2
Pr R0 S 21 1 R0 S21
Gr 


Pt Ra 2  f  1  S 22 2 1  S11 2  and
Gt
 

   Ra 2  f  1  S22 2 1  S11 2 
1.Two-antenna method: usual antenna measurement sites:
Anechoic chambers Open Area Test Sites (OATS)

2. Antenna measurements in a real operating site
• Multi-path propagation through reflection and scattering on environing objects

• Measuring range constraints
• Noise interference
Distance averaging technique [1] :
• A frequency-domain antenna measuring technique for multi-path sites, based on

averaging a normalized transfer function evaluated at several distnces between
antenna under test and probe antenna
[1] R. D. TAMAS, D. DEACU, G. VASILE, C. IOANA, A method for antenna gain measurements in nonanechoic sites, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters,
John Wiley & Sons Inc. USA), Vol. 56, No. 7, pp. 1553-1557, July 2014 (DOI 10.1002/mop.28386), ISSN: 0895-2477
3. Distance averaging technique: a statistical approach
Friis transmission formula hypothesis:
E (0)  E0 r E ( r )
Antenna #1 Antenna #2
E0
E (r )   exp( jk0 r )
r
Normalized transfer function: compensation of the propagation effects i.e., magnitude

and phase,
E (r )
f free space   r  exp( jk0 r )  1
E0
Impact of the reflection and scattering on the normalized transfer function of a set of
two omnidirectional antennas
Obstacle E0 E
E (r )   exp( jk0 r )  R  0  exp( jk0 ri )
s’ s
r ri
ri= s’+ s E (r ) r
f reflection (r )    r  exp( jk0 r )  1  R   exp( jk0 r )  exp( jk0 ri )
r
E0 ri
Antenna #1 Antenna #2 Constant term
r
f diffraction (r )  1  As ,h   exp( jk0 r )  exp( jk0 ri )
s'
As , h  Ds , h / s Ds,h – diffraction coefficient
Normalized, transfer functions:

1 rmax 1 rmax
Freflection (rmin , rmax ) 
rmax  rmin 
rmin
f reflection (r ) dr Fdiffraction (rmin , rmax ) 
rmax  rmin 
rmin
f diffraction (r ) dr
[1] R. D. TAMAS, D. DEACU, G. VASILE, C. IOANA, A method for antenna gain measurements in nonanechoic sites, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters,
John Wiley & Sons Inc. (USA), Vol. 56, No. 7, pp. 1553-1557, Juillet 2014 (DOI 10.1002/mop.28386), ISSN: 0895-2477
10
Case study: regular shape obstacles
90° wedge 90° wedge
1.53m 1.53m
1m xmax 1m xmax
Antenna #1 Antenna #2 Antenna #1 Antenna #2
Fdiffraction,s Fdiffraction,h
1.03 1.15
1.02
1.01 1.1
1 300 MHz
1.5 GHz
0.99 1.05 3 GHz
0.98
300 MHz
0.97 1.5 GHz 1
3 GHz
0.96
0.95 0.95
0.94
0.93 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0.9 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
xmax [m] xmax [m]
11
Far-field results for UWB antennas: a comparison to time-gating on data measured in a multipaths site [1], and
to measured results in an anechoic chamber [2], [3].
2
1  4d0  R0
2 R0 – normalizing impedance
1 N
d  S21
S 21    n  S 21,n  exp( jk0 d n )
N n 1  d 0 
Gr   
Gt    Ra 2 1  S22 2 1  S11 2   Ra – antenna radiation resistance
(d/d0) |S21| G[dBi]
0.07
2
0.06
0
Moyenne
0.05 -2
0.04 -4
Measured results,
-6 distance averaging
0.03
Measured results, time-
-8 domain gating
0.02
Measured results,
-10 anechoic chamber
0.01
-12
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
f [GHz]
f [GHz]
[1] R. D. Tamas, D. Deacu, G. Vasile, C. Ioana, A method for antenna gain measurements in nonanechoic sites, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, John
Wiley & Sons Inc. (USA), Vol. 56, No. 7, pp. 1553-1557, July 2014 (DOI 10.1002/mop.28386), ISSN: 0895-2477
[2] R.D. Tamas, D. Deacu, G. Caruntu, T. Petrescu, An Indoor Measuring Technique for Antenna Gain, IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology
(IWAT 2013), 4-6 March 2013, Karlsruhe, Germany, pp. 219 - 222
[3] D. Deacu, R.D. Tamas, T. Petrescu, I. Candel, T. Petrut,: On the Accuracy of the Distance-Averaging Method for Antenna Gain Measurements, IEEE
International Workshop on Antenna Technology, (iWAT 2014), Sydney, Australia, 4-6 March 2014
12
4. Distance averaging technique: a SAR-type approach [1]

φ
x
O
Weighted average on a set of normalized transfer function: it can Resulting gain figure
be assimilated to an endfire array factor
dn 
2
1  4d 0  R0
N 2
1
S 21      S 21
 0 n  Gr   
 
S 21, n Fn ( f ) exp( jk d )
N n 1  d 0  Gt    Ra2 1  S 22 2 1  S11 2
[1] L. ANCHIDIN, R. D. TAMAS, G. CARUNTU, C. A. ILIE, Near-Field Gain Measurements Using the Distance Averaging Method: Linear Scanning versus Matrix
Scanning, 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, 8-13 July 2018 Boston, Massachusetts
(USA)
13
4. Distance averaging technique: a SAR-type approach

90 90
1 1
Array factors 120
0.8
60 120
0.8
60
0.6 0.6
150 30 150 30
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
180 0 180 0
Single row averaging

210 330 210 330
Three rows averaging
800 MHz 240 300
1.2 GHz 240 300
90 270 270
1 90 90
120 60 1 1
0.8 120 60 120 60
0.8 0.8
0.6
150 30 0.6 0.6
0.4 150 30 150 30
0.4 0.4
0.2
0.2 0.2
180 0
180 0 180 0
210 330
210 330 210 330
1.6 GHz 240 300 1.8 GHz 240 300 2 GHz 240 300
270 270 270
14
4. Distance averaging technique: a SAR-type approach
Results:
Gain [dBi]
Antenna under test: Probe antenna 3 Measured in anechoic chamber
Vivaldi dipole Measured: multipath site, single row averaging

for f>500 MHz 2
Measured: multipath site, three rows averaging
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
Frequency [GHz]
15
5. Near-field / intermediate field measurements
Radiated field components

Field zones limits
Far-field data extrapolation
16
5. Near-field / intermediate field measurements: radiated field
Radiating field components for an elementary dipole in a given field point, P(r, θ, φ) :
1 I dz '  jk0 r  1  Z0 I dz '  jk 1

Z
1
S  E  H* Er  cos  e  0
jk   cos   20  3  e jk0r
2 j 0 r 2
2
 r 2  r r 
P(r, θ, φ) H  â
I(z’)
Z0 I dz '  jk 1 j   jk0r I dz '  jk 1
θ
r E  sin   0  2  e

H  sin    0  2  e jk0r
O
E â 4  r r k0 r 3  4  r r 
Y
 E H 
φ dPrad 1 
Active power density :  Re Z0==377
dS 2
X
 k0 2 jk0 1 jk0 1 j  k0 2
 2  3  4  3  4  5   Re E H   2
 
E H
r r r r r k0 r  r
 jk0 1 1 j 
Er H 
 3  4  4  5 
 Re Er H    0
 r r r k0 r 
Conclusion: as in the far-field zone, in the near / intermediate field zone only Eθ, and Hφ carry active power
17
5. Near-field / intermediate field measurements: redefining the field zones for

transmission between two finite-length antennas [1]
For any antenna and for a given direction of polarization a longitudinal, equivalent current distribution can be
defined
Z’ Z
Probe antenna: Antenna under test: The lower limit of the far-field zone defined as
transmitting antenna h1 receiving antenna
2
h2 2D 2 8h1
d 
I1(z’) θ
R  
Gt O’ z O Gr was solely derived for one field point.
I2(z)
h1  h2 
E1,θ (z) 2
-h2
-h1 d If d ≥ 3(h1+h2) : Rmax d 
2d
By imposing a maximal phase deviation of π/8 the lower limit of the far-field zone for transmission between two
antennas is found as
8h1  h2 
2
d

[1] L. ANCHIDIN, R. D. TAMAS, A. ANDRONE, G. CARUNTU, Antenna Gain Evaluation Based on Weighting Near-Field Measurements, IEEE International
Workshop on Antenna Technology (iWAT 2017), 1-3 March 2017, Athens, Greece
18
5. Near-field / intermediate field measurements: far-field data extrapolation by weighted
averaging
Constant current distribution hypothesis [1]
Z’ Z
Normalized voltage at the receiving antenna output:
Probe antenna: Antenna under test:
transmitting antenna h1 receiving antenna
(based on the mutual impedance for a set of two elementary dipoles) :
h2 V0,norm  d exp( jk0 d )V0
exp jk0 ( R  d )
I1(z’) θ
h1 h2
Gt O’
R
z O Gr  d  I1 ( z ' ) I 2 ( z ) sin 2  dz dz '
- h1  h2 R
exp jk0 ( R  d )
I2(z)
h1 h2
 d3 
E1,θ (z)
-h2 I1 ( z ' ) I 2 ( z ) dz dz '.
-h1 d
- h1  h2 R3
h1 h2
In the far-field zone, V0,norm  d exp( jk0 d )V0    I1 ( z ' ) I 2 ( z )dz dz '.
- h1  h2
Weighting functions can be defined by assuming constant current distributions on both antennas:
V0,norm 4h1h2
Fn ( f )  
V0,norm 3 h1 h2 exp jk0 ( R  d n )
dn  
- h1  h2 R3
dz dz '
2
1  4d0  R0
2
1 N
dn  S21
S 21   
n 1  d 0
 S 21, n  Fn ( f )  exp( jk 0 n 
d ) Gr   
Gt    Ra 2 1  S22 2 1  S11 2  
N 
19
averaging
Vivaldi antenna for f>500 MHz,

d=15 to 60 cm
(d/d0) |S21| [dB] |F(f,d)| [dB], d=15 to 60 cm GAUT [dBi]

3
9
-29
Average over weighted data 8
2.5
-30 7
2
6
-31
5
1.5
-32
4
-33 1 3
2
Measured, multiprobe method in anechoic
-34
0.5 chamber
1 Measured, single probe in multipath,
-35 indoor site with distance averaging
0 0
Simulated
-36
-1
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Frequency [GHz] Frequency [GHz] Frequency [GHz]
[2] L. ANCHIDIN, F. BARI, R. D. TAMAS, L. POMETCU, A. SHARAIHA, Near-Field Gain Measurements: Single-Probe Distance Averaging in a Multipath Site
versus Multi-Probe Field Scanning inside an Anechoic Chamber, 32nd URSI GASS, Montreal, Canada, 19-26 August 2017
20
averaging
Evaluation of equivalent current distributions from electromagnetic field measurements, by modal decomposition
Each term of the modal expansion series corresponds to a mode propagating with a given speed along a
polarization axis of interest:
Equation to be solved:
 N
v1 v2 v3 vn
kn 
c0 / n
 n k0
 J n G n ,k  Vk
n1
 h1 e jk 0  R  d k   sin k n h2  z  V0,norm (d k )

R  dk 2  z  z ' 2
h2
Gn, k   n ( z )   dz ' dz, n ( z )  Vk  3

3
sin k n h2 d
 h2  h1 R  k
Matrix form: G  I  V, with I=[J1, J2 … Jn]

N
Solution: I 2 ( z )   J nn ( z ).
n 1
[1] L. ANCHIDIN, R. D. TAMAS, A Novel Technique for Improving the Accuracy of Antenna Gain Measurements in the Near-Field Zone, European Conference on
Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018)
21
averaging
Evaluation of equivalent current distributions from electromagnetic field measurements, by modal decomposition
Current distribution: f=850 MHz Current distribution: f=2.5 GHz Current distribution: f=3 GHz
1 1 1
0.9 0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Sample # Sample # Sample #
|F(f,d)| [dB], d=15 to 60 cm GAUT [dBi]

3.5 5
3
0
2.5
-5
Monopole antenna for f’=800 MHz

2
-10
d=15 to 60 cm 1.5
-15 Measured, single probe in multipath,
1 indoor site w/o weighting functions
Measured, single probe in multipath,
-20
indoor site with weighting functions
0.5
Measured, multiprobe method in anechoic chamber
-25
0
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
Frequency [GHz] Frequency [GHz]
[1] L. ANCHIDIN, R. D. TAMAS, A Novel Technique for Improving the Accuracy of Antenna Gain Measurements in the Near-Field Zone, European Conference on
Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018)
22
Conclusion
 Distance averaging aims to reduce the effects of the indirect paths by measuring normalized
transfer functions at different distances between the antenna under test (AUT) and the probe
antenna; eventually, an average figure over that data set is computed.
 By moving away one of the antennas the effect of the indirect paths statistically cancels out and
only the direct path has a constant, deterministic contribution regardless the distance
 We provided an alternative insight on the distance averaging method by exploiting the similarity to
the concept of synthetic aperture
 For the same distance range the matrix configuration would provide a higher accuracy than the
row configuration, even for a distance increment shorter than half-wavelength.
 Antenna gain can be accurately extracted in the near- and intermediate-field zone by defining an
equivalent current distribution.
 A Method of Moments (MoM) type approach can be integrated with the distance averaging method,
in order to find samples of the equivalent current distribution.
23
Thank you!
First Romanian Summer School of Antennas and
Propagation
Constanta Maritime University - August 21 and 22, 2018.
Constanta Maritime U. Ham Radio

Club Station: YO4KMU / YR1APS
Liliana Achitei - YO4YLL

Razvan D. Tamas - YO4AG
Sorin Tasu – YO4LS
24
Devenind Student Member / Graduate Student Member al IEEE şi aderând la

Antennas and Propagation Society, respectiv RFID Technical Council:
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menţine în contact cu tehnologia de vârf
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taxele de participare la conferinţe.
Taxe de membru (student/graduate student): IEEE - 27 USD/an, IEEE
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https://www.ieee.org/membership_services/index.html
25
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Antenna Gain Measurements in Multipath Sites: Prof. Dr.-Habil. Razvan D. TAMAS

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Antenna Gain Measurements in Multipath Sites: Prof. Dr.-Habil. Razvan D. TAMAS

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Antenna Gain Measurements in Multipath Sites

Prof. Dr.-Habil. Razvan D. TAMAS - YO4AG

Assistant Prof. Liliana ACHITEI - YO4YLL

Department of Electronics and Telecommunications – Constanta Maritime University, Romania

1. Two-antenna method: introduction

Friis transmission formula hypothesis:

1. Two-antenna method: impact of the termination impedances

For different termination impedances a correction is needed.

1. Two-antenna method: impact of the termination impedances

1.Two-antenna method: usual antenna measurement sites:

Anechoic chambers Open Area Test Sites (OATS)

2. Antenna measurements in a real operating site

• Multi-path propagation through reflection and scattering on environing objects

Distance averaging technique [1] :

• A frequency-domain antenna measuring technique for multi-path sites, based on

3. Distance averaging technique: a statistical approach

Friis transmission formula hypothesis:

Normalized transfer function: compensation of the propagation effects i.e., magnitude

3. Distance averaging technique: a statistical approach

As , h  Ds , h / s Ds,h – diffraction coefficient

Normalized, transfer functions:

3. Distance averaging technique: a statistical approach

Case study: regular shape obstacles

90° wedge 90° wedge

Antenna #1 Antenna #2 Antenna #1 Antenna #2

4. Distance averaging technique: a SAR-type approach [1]

4. Distance averaging technique: a SAR-type approach

Single row averaging

4. Distance averaging technique: a SAR-type approach

Antenna under test: Probe antenna 3 Measured in anechoic chamber

Vivaldi dipole Measured: multipath site, single row averaging

Measured: multipath site, three rows averaging

5. Near-field / intermediate field measurements

Radiated field components

5. Near-field / intermediate field measurements: radiated field

1 I dz '  jk0 r  1  Z0 I dz '  jk 1

5. Near-field / intermediate field measurements: redefining the field zones for

Vivaldi antenna for f>500 MHz,

(d/d0) |S21| [dB] |F(f,d)| [dB], d=15 to 60 cm GAUT [dBi]

 h1 e jk 0  R  d k   sin k n h2  z  V0,norm (d k )

Gn, k   n ( z )   dz ' dz, n ( z )  Vk  3

Matrix form: G  I  V, with I=[J1, J2 … Jn]

|F(f,d)| [dB], d=15 to 60 cm GAUT [dBi]

Monopole antenna for f’=800 MHz

Constanta Maritime U. Ham Radio

Liliana Achitei - YO4YLL

Devenind Student Member / Graduate Student Member al IEEE şi aderând la

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