CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION
Smartphones are changing the way we live our lives, both online and off. With each new model,
we are used to getting more processor speed, new features and programs, and entire new ways
of using them. Despite increased capabilities, battery life simply hasn’t kept up. For most users,
phones are sending out sad bleeps by lunchtime, signaling a low battery.

Wireless charging is set to change this. We want to eradicate the problem of the dead battery.
The principle of wireless charging has been around for over a century but only now are we
beginning to recognize its true potential. First, we need to be careful about how liberal we use
"wireless" as a term; such a word implies that you can just walk around the house or office and
be greeted by waves of energy beamed straight to your phone. We're referring, largely, to
inductive charging the ability to manipulate an electromagnetic field in order to transfer energy
a very short distance between two objects (a transmitter and receiver).

It's limited to distances of just a few millimeters for the moment, but even with this limitation,
such a concept will allow us to power up phones, laptops, keyboards, kitchen appliances, and
power tools from a large number of places: in our homes, our cars, and even the mall. When
white light is shone through a prism it is separated out into all the colors of the rainbow, this is
the visible spectrum. So white light is a mixture of all colors. Black is not a color, it is what you
get when all the light is taken away. Some physicists pretend that light consists of tiny particles
which they call photons.

They travel at the speed of light The speed of light is about 300,000,000 m/s. The visible
spectrum is just one small part of the electromagnetic spectrum. These electromagnetic waves
are made up of to two parts. The first part is an electric field and the second part is a magnetic
field. So that is why they are called electromagnetic waves. The two fields are at right angles to
each other. The "electromagnetic spectrum" of an object has a different meaning, and is instead
the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular
object. The electromagnetic spectrum extends from below the low frequencies used for modern

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radio communication to gamma radiation at the short-wavelength (high-frequency) end, thereby
covering wavelengths from thousands of kilometres down to a fraction of the size of an atom.

Microwaves are radio waves (a form of electromagnetic radiation) with wavelengths ranging
from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter. The prefix "micro-" in "microwave" is
not meant to suggest a wavelength in the micrometer range. It indicates that microwaves are
"small" compared to waves used in typical radio broadcasting, in that they have shorter
wavelengths. Microwave technology is extensively used for point-to-point telecommunications
(i.e., non-broadcast uses).

Microwaves are especially suitable for this use since they are more easily focused into narrow
beams than radio waves, allowing frequency reuse; their comparatively higher frequencies allow
broad bandwidth and high data transmission rates, and antenna sizes are smaller than at lower
frequencies because antenna size is inversely proportional to transmitted frequency. Microwaves
are used in spacecraft communication, and much of the world's data, TV, and telephone
communications are transmitted long distances by microwaves between ground stations and
communications satellites.

Microwaves are also employed in microwave ovens and in radar technology.With mobile phones
becoming a basic part of life, the recharging of mobile phone batteries has always been a
problem. The mobile phones vary in their talk time and battery standby according to their
manufacturer and batteries. All these phones irrespective of their manufacturer and batteries
have to be put to recharge after the battery has drained out. The main objective of this current
proposal is to make the recharging of the mobile phones independent of their manufacturer and
battery make. In this paper a new proposal has been made so as to make the recharging of the
mobile phones is done automatically as you talk in your mobile phone! This is done by use of
microwaves. The microwave signal is transmitted from the transmitter along with the message
signal using special kind of antennas called slotted wave guide antenna at a frequency is 2.45
GHz.

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The basic addition to the mobile phone is going to be the rectenna. A rectenna is a rectifying
antenna, a special type in a mesh pattern, giving it a distinct appearance from most antennae. A
simple rectenna can be constructed from a Schottky diode placed between antenna dipoles. The
diode rectifies the current induced in the antenna by the microwaves. Rectenna are highly
efficient at converting microwave energy to electricity. In laboratory environments, efficiencies
above 90% have been observed with regularity. Some experimentation has been done with
inverse rectenna, converting electricity into microwave energy, but efficiencies are much lower-
-only in the area of 1%. With the advent of nanotechnology and MEMS the size of these devices
can be brought down to molecular level.

A rectenna comprises of a mesh of dipoles and diodes for absorbing microwave energy from a
transmitter and converting it into electric power. Its elements are usually arranged in a mesh
pattern, giving it a distinct appearance from most antennae. A simple rectenna can be constructed
from a Schottky diode placed between antenna dipoles as shown in Fig... The diode rectifies the
current induced in the antenna by the microwaves. Rectenna are highly efficient at converting
microwave energy to electricity of antenna that is used to directly convert microwave energy
into DC electricity. Its elements are usually arranged in a mesh pattern, giving it a distinct
appearance from most antennae. A simple rectenna can be constructed from a Schottky diode
placed between antenna dipoles. The diode rectifies the current induced in the antenna by the
microwaves.

Rectenna are highly efficient at converting microwave energy to electricity. In laboratory

environments, efficiencies above 90% have been observed with regularity. Some
experimentation has been done with inverse rectenna, converting electricity into microwave
energy, but efficiencies are much lower--only in the area of 1%. With the advent of
nanotechnology and MEMS the size of these devices can be brought down to molecular level.
A rectenna comprises of a mesh of dipoles and diodes for absorbing microwave energy from a
transmitter and converting it into electric power. Its elements are usually arranged in a mesh
pattern, giving it a distinct appearance from most antennae.

3
A simple rectenna can be constructed from a Schottky diode placed between antenna dipoles as
shown in Fig... The diode rectifies the current induced in the antenna by the microwaves.
Rectenna are highly efficient at converting microwave energy to electricity. It has been theorized
that similar devices, scaled down to the proportions used in nanotechnology, could be used to
convert light into electricity at much greater efficiencies than what is currently possible with
solar cells. This type of device is called an optical rectenna. Theoretically, high efficiencies can
be maintained as the device shrinks, but experiments funded by the United States National
Renewable energy Laboratory have so far only obtained roughly 1% efficiency while using
infrared light. Another important part of our receiver circuitry is a simple sensor.

The Mobile Handset should additionally have a device, “Rectenna” which would make it bulky
and hence device size up to molecular level is essential. The main disadvantages of wireless
charging are its lower efficiency and increased resistive heating in comparison to direct contact.
Implementations using lower frequencies or older drive, Technologies charge more slowly and
generate heat within most portable electronics. Due to the lower efficiency, devices can take
longer to charge when supplied power is equal.

Although wireless charging might sound like the stuff of science fiction, this is not a far-fetched
vision of the future. The technology and theory behind wireless charging have been around for
a long time – the idea was initially suggested by Nikola Tesla, who demonstrated the principle
of wireless charging at the turn of the century. The technology is also closer to you than you
may think: it is already a reality in such devices as electric toothbrushes and surgically implanted
devices, like artificial hearts.Wireless charging, also known as inductive charging, is based on a
few simple principles. The technology requires two coils: a transmitter and a receiver. An
alternating current is passed through the transmitter coil, generating a magnetic field. This in
turn induces a voltage in the receiver coil; this can be used to power a mobile device or charge
a battery.

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 CHAPTER 2

2. TYPES OF WIRELESS CHARGING

There are three types of wireless charging.

1. Inductive charging
2. Radio charging
3. Resonance charging

2.1 INDUCTIVE CHARGING

Inductive charging charges electrical batteries using electromagnetic induction. A charging
station sends energy through inductive coupling to an electrical device, which stores the energy
in the batteries. Because there is a small gap between the two coils, inductive charging is one
kind of short distance wireless energy transfer.

Inductive charging is used for charging mid-sized items such as cell phones, MP3 players and
PDAs. In inductive charging, an adapter equipped with contact points is attached to the device's
back plate. When the device requires a charge, it is placed on a conductive charging pad, which
is plugged into a socket.

Lower efficiency, waste heat - The main disadvantages of inductive charging are its lower
efficiency and increased resistive heating in comparison to direct contact. Implementations using
lower frequencies or older drive technologies charge more slowly and generate heat within most
portable electronics.Slower charging - due to the lower efficiency, devices can take longer to
charge when supplied power is equal.

More expensive - Inductive charging also requires drive electronics and coils in both device and
charger, increasing the complexity and cost of manufacturing. Inconvenience - When a mobile
device is connected to a cable, it can be moved around within the limits of the cable and freely
operated while charging. In current implementations of inductive charging (such as the Qi

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standard), the mobile device must be left on a pad, and thus can't be moved around or easily
operated while charging.

Newer approaches reduce transfer losses through the use of ultra thin coils, higher frequencies,
and optimized drive electronics. This results in more efficient and compact chargers and
receivers, facilitating their integration into mobile devices or batteries with minimal changes
required. These technologies provide charging times comparable to wired approaches, and they
are rapidly finding their way into mobile devices.

For example, the Magne Charge vehicle recharger system employs high-frequency induction to
deliver high power at an efficiency of 86% (6.6 kW power delivery from a 7.68 kW power
draw).

2.2 RADIO CHARGING

Radio charging is only effective for small devices. The battery of a laptop computer, for
example, requires more power than radio waves can deliver. The range also limits the
effectiveness of radio charging, which works on the same principle as an AM/FM radio does:
The closer the receiver is to the transmitter, the better reception will be. In the case of wireless
radio charging, better reception translates to a stronger charge for the item.

2.3 RESONANCE CHARGING

Resonance charging is used for items that require large amounts of power, such as an electric
car, robot, vacuum cleaner or laptop computer. In resonance charging, a copper coil attached to
a power source is the sending unit. Another coil, attached to the device to be charged, is the
receiver. Both coils are tuned to the same electromagnetic frequency, which makes it possible
for energy to be transferred from one to the other.

A new method is developed in order to charge mobile phones, by using microwaves. Wireless
charging provides an easier and more convenient means to powering a range of Consumer

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Electronic and Industrial devices. It provides a reliable and low maintenance solution for
power transfer compared with traditional cable based contact methods.

From smartphones and small electronic devices to mission critical equipment, wireless
charging maintains safe, reliable transfer of power to ensure all forms of device and
equipment are always charged and ready to go.

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 CHAPTER 3
3. ELECTRICAL ENERGY TRANSFER

An electric current flowing through a conductor, such as a wire, carries electrical energy. When
an electric current passes through a circuit there is an electric field in the dielectric surrounding
the conductor; magnetic field lines around the conductor and lines of electric force radially about
the conductor.

In a direct current circuit, if the current is continuous, the fields are constant; there is a condition
of stress in the space surrounding the conductor, which represents stored electric and magnetic
energy, just as a compressed spring or a moving mass represents stored energy. In an alternating
current circuit, however, the fields also alternate; that is, with every half wave of current and of
voltage, the magnetic and the electric field start at the conductor and run outwards into space
with the speed of light. Where these alternating fields impinge on another conductor a voltage
and a current are induced respectively in any dielectric substance, a field of charges is enforced,
with a current in relaxation. Any change in the electrical conditions of the circuit, whether
internal or external involves a readjustment of the stored magnetic and electric field energy of
the circuit, that is, a so-called transient. A transient is of the general character of a condenser
discharge through an inductive circuit. The phenomenon of the condenser discharge through an
inductive circuit therefore is of the greatest importance to the engineer, as the foremost cause
of high-voltage and high-frequency troubles in electric circuits.

Electromagnetic induction is proportional to the intensity of the current and voltage in the
conductor which produces the fields and to the frequency. The higher the frequency the more
intense the inductive effect. Energy is transferred from a conductor that produces the fields (the
primary) to any conductor on which the fields impinge (the secondary). Part of the energy of the
primary conductor passes inductively across space into secondary conductor and the energy
decreases rapidly along the primary conductor. A high frequency current does not pass for long
distances along a conductor but rapidly transfers its energy by induction to adjacent conductors.

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Higher induction resulting from the higher frequency is the explanation of the apparent
difference in the propagation of high frequency disturbances from the propagation of the low
frequency power of alternating current systems. The higher the frequency the more preponderant
become the inductive effects that transfer energy from circuit to circuit across space. The more
rapidly the energy decreases and the current dies out along the circuit, the more local is the
phenomenon.

The flow of electric energy thus comprises phenomena inside the conductor and phenomena in
the space outside the conductor—the electric field—which, in a continuous current circuit, is a
condition of steady magnetic and dielectric stress, and in an alternating current circuit is
alternating, that is, an electric wave launched by the conductor to become far-field
electromagnetic radiation traveling through space with the speed of light.

In electric power transmission and distribution, the phenomena inside the conductor are of main
importance, and the electric field of the conductor is usually observed only
incidentally. Inversely, in the use of electric power for radio telecommunications it is only the
electric and magnetic fields outside of the conductor,that is far-field electromagnetic radiation,
which is of importance in transmitting the message. The phenomenon in the conductor, the
current in the launching structure, is not used.

The electric charge displacement in the conductor produces a magnetic field and resultant lines
of electric force. The magnetic field is a maximum in the direction concentric, or approximately
so, to the conductor. That is, a ferromagnetic body tends to set itself in a direction at right angles
to the conductor. The electric field has a maximum in a direction radial, or approximately so, to
the conductor. The electric field component tends in a direction radial to the conductor and
dielectric bodies may be attracted or repelled radially to the conductor.

The electric field of a circuit over which energy flows has three main axes at right angles with
each other:

1. The magnetic field, concentric with the conductor.

2. The lines of electric force, radial to the conductor.

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 3. The power gradient, parallel to the conductor.

Where the electric circuit consists of several conductors, the electric fields of the conductors
superimpose upon each other, and the resultant magnetic field lines and lines of electric force
are not concentric and radial respectively, except approximately in the immediate
neighborhood of the conductor. Between parallel conductors they are conjugate of circles.
Neither the power consumption in the conductor, nor the magnetic field, nor the electric field,
are proportional to the flow of energy through the circuit.

However, the product of the intensity of the magnetic field and the intensity of the electric field
is proportional to the flow of energy or the power, and the power is therefore resolved into a
product of the two components i and e, which are chosen proportional respectively to the
intensity of the magnetic field and of the electric field. The component called the current is
defined as that factor of the electric power which is proportional to the magnetic field, and the
other component, called the voltage, is defined as that factor of the electric power which is
proportional to the electric field.

In radio telecommunications the electric field of the transmit antenna propagates through space
as a radio wave and impinges upon the receive antenna where it is observed by its magnetic and
electric effect. Radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation,
X rays and gamma rays are shown to be the same electromagnetic radiation phenomenon,
differing one from the other only in frequency of vibration.

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 CHAPTER 4
4. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Most parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are used in science for spectroscopic and other
probing interactions, as ways to study and characterize matter. The types of electromagnetic
radiation are broadly classified into the following classes:
1. Gamma radiation ,
2. X-ray radiation ,
3. Ultraviolet radiation ,
4. Visible radiation ,
5. Infrared radiation ,
6. Microwave radiation and
7. Radio waves

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4.0 FIGURE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic

radiation. The electromagnetic spectrum extends from below the low frequencies used for
modern radio communication to gamma radiation at the short-wavelength (high-frequency) end.

Electromagnetic radiation is the means for many of our interactions with the world: light allows
us to see; radio waves give us TV and radio; microwaves are used in radar communications; X-
rays allow glimpses of our internal organs; and gamma rays let us eavesdrop on exploding stars
thousands of light-years away.

Electromagnetic radiation is the messenger, or the signal from sender to receiver. The sender
could be a TV station, a star, or the burner on a stove. The receiver could be a TV set, an eye, or

12
an X-ray film. In each case, the sender gives off or reflects some kind of electromagnetic
radiation. All these different kinds of electromagnetic radiation actually differ only in a single
property — their wavelength. When electromagnetic radiation is spread out according to its
wavelength, the result is a spectrum, as seen in Fig. The visible spectrum, as seen in a rainbow,
is only a small part of the whole electromagnetic spectrum.

The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into following classes,

1. Gamma radiation

2. X-ray radiation

3. Ultraviolet radiation

4. Visible radiation

5. Infrared radiation

6. Microwave radiation

7. Radio waves

4.1 MICROWAVE REGION

Microwaves are the Radio wave which has the wave length range of 1 mm to 1 meter and the
frequency is 300MHz to 300GHz. Each and every object on the earth absorb different amount
of microwave energy.
Here we are going to use the S band of the Microwave Spectrum.

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4.1.1 FREQUENCY BANDS TABULAR FORM

Designation Frequencyrange
L Band 1 to 2 GHz
S Band 2 to 4 GHz
C Band 4 to 8 GHz
X Band 8 to 12 GHz
Ku Band 12 to 18 GHz
K Band 18 to 26 GHz
Ka Band 26 to 40 GHz
Q Band 30 to 50 GHz
U Band 40 to 60 GHz

The frequency selection is another important aspect in transmission. Here we have selected the
license free 2.45 GHz ISM band for our purpose. The Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM)
radio bands were originally reserved internationally for non-commercial use of RF
electromagnetic fields for industrial, scientific and medical purposes.

The ISM bands are defined by the ITU-T in S5.138 and S5.150 of the Radio Due to variations
in national radio regulations. In recent years they have also been used for license-free error-
tolerant communications applications such as wireless LANs and Bluetooth: 900 MHz band
(33.3cm) (also GSM communication in India) 2.45 GHz Band (12.2cm) IEEE 802.11b wireless Ethernet
also operates on the 2.45 GHz band.

Microwaves are good for transmitting information from one place to another because microwave
energy can penetrate haze, light rain and snow, clouds, and smoke. Shorter microwaves are used
in remote sensing. These microwaves are used for clouds and smoke, these waves are good for
viewing the Earth from space.

Microwave waves are used in the communication industry and in the kitchen as a way to cook
foods. Microwave radiation is still associated with energy levels that are usually considered

14
harmless except for people with pace makers. The frequency selection is another important
aspect in transmission. Here we are going to use the S band of the Microwave Spectrum, which
lies between 2-4GHz.

We have selected the license free 2.45 GHz ISM band for our purpose. The Industrial, Scientific
and Medical (ISM) radio bands were originally reserved internationally for non-commercial use
of RF electromagnetic fields for industrial, scientific and medical purposes. In recent years they
have also been used for license-free error-tolerant communications applications such as wireless
LANs and Bluetooth.

According to the range of frequencies there are different frequency bands are present.
Specialized vacuum tubes are used to generate microwaves. These devices operate on different
principles from low-frequency vacuum tubes, using the ballistic motion of electrons in a vacuum
under the influence of controlling electric or magnetic fields, and include the magnetron (used
in microwave ovens), klystron, traveling-wave tube (TWT), and gyrotron.

These devices work in the density modulated mode, rather than the current modulated mode.
This means that they work on the basis of clumps of electrons flying ballistically through them,
rather than using a continuous stream of electrons. Cutaway view inside a cavity magnetron as
used in a microwave oven.

Low-power microwave sources use solid-state devices such as the field-effect transistor (at least
at lower frequencies), tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, and IMPATT diodes. Low-power sources are
available as benchtop instruments, rackmount instruments, and embeddable modules and in
card-level formats.

A maser is a solid state device which amplifies microwaves using similar principles to the laser,
which amplifies higher frequency light waves. All warm objects emit low level microwave black
body radiation, depending on their temperature, so in meteorology and remote sensing
microwave radiometers are used to measure the temperature of objects or terrain.

15
The sun and other astronomical radio sources such as Cassiopeia, emit low level microwave
radiation which carries information about their makeup, which is studied by radio astronomers
using receivers called radio telescopes.

The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), for example, is a weak microwave noise
filling empty space which is a major source of information on cosmology's Big Bang theory of
the origin of the Universe.

4.2 GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

Here as we can see there are two part. One is transmitting part and the other is the Receiving
part. At the transmitting end there is one microwave power source which is actually producing
microwaves. Which is attach to the Coax-Waveguide and here Tuner is the one which match the
impedance of the transmitting antenna and the microwave source. Directional Coupler helps the
signal to propagate in a particular direction. It spread the Microwaves in a space and sent it to
the receiver side. Receiver side Impedance matching circuit receives the microwave signal
through Rectena circuit. This circuit is nothing but the combination of filter circuit and the
schottky Diode. Which actually convert our microwave in to the DC power!

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4.2.1 TRANSMITTER SECTION

The transmitter section consists of two parts. They are:

1. Magnetron

2. Slotted waveguide antenna

The MAGNETRON (A),is a self-contained microwave oscillator that operates

differently from the l i n e a r - b e a m t u b e s , s u c h a s t h e T W T a n d t h e k l y s t r o n .
V i e w ( B ) i s a s i m p l i f i e d d r a w i n g o f t h e magnetron. CROSSED-ELECTRON and
MAGNETIC fields are used in the magnetron to produce the high-power output required in radar
and communications equipment. Magnetron is the combination of a simple diode vacuum tube
with built in cavity resonators and an extremely powerful permanent magnet.

17
The typical magnet consists of a circular anode into which has been machined with an even
number of resonant cavities. The diameter of each cavity is equal to a one-half wavelength at
the desired operating frequency. The anode is usually made of copper and is connected to a high-
voltage positive direct current. In the center of the anode, called the interaction chamber, is a
circular cathode.

The magnetron is classed as a diode because it has no grid. A magnetic field

located in the space between the plate (anode) and the cathode serves as a grid. The plate of
a magnetron does not have the same physical appearance as the plate of an ordinary
electron tube. Since conventional inductive-capacitive (LC) networks become
impractical at microwave frequencies, the plate is fabricated into acylindrical copper block
containing resonant cavities that serve as tuned circuits.

The magnetron based iffers considerably from the conventional tube base. The
magnetron base is short in length and has large diameter leads that are carefully sealed
into the tube and shielded. The cathode and filament are at the center of the tube and are
supported by the filament leads. The filament leads are large and rigid enough to keep the
cathode and filament structure fixed in position. The output lead is usually a probe or loops
extending into one of the tuned cavities and coupled into a waveguide or coaxial
line. The plate structure is a solid block of copper.

The magnetic fields of the moving electrons interact with the strong field supplied by the
magnet. The result is that the path for the electron flow from the cathode is not directly to the
anode, but instead is curved. By properly adjusting the anode voltage and the strength of the
magnetic field, the electrons can be made to bend that they rarely reach the anode and cause
current flow. The path becomes circular loops. The cylindrical holes around its circumference
are resonant cavities.

A narrow slot runs from each cavity into the central portion of the tube dividing the
inner structure into as many segments as there are cavities. Alternate segments are strapped

18
together to put the cavities in parallel with regard to the output. The cavities control the output
frequency. The straps are circular, metal bands that are placed across the top of the block at the
entrance slots to the cavities. Since the cathode must operate at high power, it must be fairly
large and must also be able to withstand high operating temperatures. It must also have good
emission characteristics, particularly under return bombardment by the electrons. This is
because most of the output power is provided by the large number of electrons that are emitted
when high-velocity electrons return to strike the cathode.

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The cathode is indirectly heated and is constructed of a high-emission material. The open space
between the plate and the cathode is called the INTERACTION SPACE. In this space the
electric and magnetic fields interact to exert force upon the electrons.

Eventually, the electrons do reach the anode and cause current flow. By adjusting the dc anode
voltage and the strength of the magnetic field, the electron path is made circular. In making their
circular passes in the interaction chamber, electrons excite the resonant cavities into oscillation.

A magnetron, therefore, is an oscillator, not an amplifier. A takeoff loop in one cavity provides
the output. Magnetrons are capable if developing extremely high levels of microwave power.
When operated in a pulse mode, magnetron can generate several megawatts of power in the
microwave region. Pulsed magnetrons are commonly used in radar systems.

Continuous-wave magnetrons are also used and can generate hundreds and even thousands of
watts of power.

4.2.2 SLOTTED WAVEGUIDED ANTENNA

The slotted waveguide is used in an omni-directional role. It is the simplest ways to get a real
10dB gain over 360 degrees of beam width. The Slotted waveguide antenna is a Horizontally
Polarized type Antenna, light in weight and weather proof. 3 Tuning screws are placed for
tweaking the SWR and can be used to adjust the center frequency downwards from 2320MHz
nominal to about 2300MHz.

This antenna is available for different frequencies. This antenna, called a slotted waveguide, is
a very low loss transmission line. It allows propagating signals to a number of smaller antennas
(slots). The signal is coupled into the waveguide with a simple coaxial probe, and as it travels
along the guide, it traverses the slots. Each of these slots allows a little of the energy to radiate.
The slots are in a linear array pattern. The waveguide antenna transmits almost all of its energy
at the horizon, usually exactly where we want it to go.

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4.2.2 Slotted waveguide antenna

4.2.3 RECEIVER DESIGN

The basic addition to the mobile phone is going to be the rectenna. A rectenna is a rectifying
antenna, a special type of antenna that is used to directly convert microwave energy into DC
electricity. Its elements are usually arranged in a mesh pattern, giving it a distinct appearance
from most antennae. A simple rectenna can be constructed from a Schottky diode placed
between antenna dipoles. The diode rectifies the current induced in the antenna by the
microwaves. Rectennae are highly efficient at converting microwave energy to electricity.

In laboratory environments, efficiencies above 90% have been observed with regularity. Some
experimentation has been done with inverse rectennae, converting electricity into microwave
energy, but efficiencies are much lower--only in the area of 1%.

With the advent of nanotechnology and MEMS the size of these devices can be brought down
to molecular level. It has been theorized that similar devices, scaled down to the proportions
used in nanotechnology, could be used to convert light into electricity at much greater
efficiencies than what is currently possible with solar cells. This type of device is called an
optical rectenna.

21
Theoretically, high efficiencies can be maintained as the device shrinks, but experiments funded
by the United States National Renewable energy Laboratory have so far only obtained roughly
1% efficiency while using infrared light. Another important part of our receiver circuitry is a
simple sensor. This is simply used to identify when the mobile phone user is talking.

As our main objective is to charge the mobile phone with the transmitted microwave after
rectifying it by the rectenna, the sensor plays an important role. Antenna design is important in
the proposed rectenna.

The antenna absorbs the incident microwave power, and the rectifier converts it into a useful
electric power. In this paper, in order to reduce the size of the rectenna, we propose to combine
the BPF and the antenna into a single unit.

4.2.4 RECTENNA

A rectifying antenna rectifies received microwaves into DC current. A rectenna comprises of a

mesh of dipoles and diodes for absorbing microwave energy from a transmitter and converting
it into electric power. A simple rectenna can be constructed from a Schottky diode placed
between antenna dipoles. The diode rectifies the current induced in the antenna by the
microwaves. Rectenna are highly efficient at converting microwave energy to electricity. In
laboratory environments, efficiencies above 90% have been observed with regularity. In future
rectennas will be used to generate large-scale power from microwave beams delivered from
orbiting GPS satellites.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RECTENNA

There are at least two advantages for rectennas:

1. The life time of the rectenna is almost unlimited and it does not need replacement (unlike
batteries).

2. It is "green" for the environment (unlike batteries, no deposition to pollute the environment).

4.3 SCHOTTKY BARRIER DIODE

A Schottky barrier diode is different from a common P/N silicon diode. The common diode is
formed by connecting a P type semiconductor with an N type semiconductor, this is connecting
between a semiconductor and another semiconductor; however, a Schottky barrier diode is
formed by connecting a metal with a semiconductor. When the metal contacts the
semiconductor, there will be a layer of potential barrier (Schottky barrier) formed on the contact
surface of them, which shows a characteristic of rectification.

The material of the semiconductor usually is a semiconductor of n-type (occasionally p-type),

and the material of metal generally is chosen from different metals such as molybdenum,
chromium, platinum and tungsten. Sputtering technique connects the metal and the
semiconductor.

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A Schottky barrier diode is a majority carrier device, while a common diode is a minority carrier
device. When a common PN diode is turned from electric connecting to circuit breakage, the
redundant minority carrier on the contact surface should be removed to result in time delay.

The Schottky barrier diode itself has no minority carrier, it can quickly turn from electric connecting
to circuit breakage, its speed is much faster than a common P/N diode, so its reverse recovery time
Tr is very short and shorter than 10 ns. And the forward voltage bias of the Schottky barrier diode is
under 0.6V or so, lower than that (about 1.1V) of the common PN diode.

So, The Schottky barrier diode is a comparatively ideal diode, such as for a 1 ampere limited current
PN interface.

4.4 SENSOR CIRCUITRY

The sensor circuitry is a simple circuit, which detects if the mobile phone receives any message
signal. This is required, as the phone has to be charged as long as the user is talking. Thus a
simple F to V converter would serve our purpose. In India the operating frequency of the mobile
phone operators is generally 900MHz or 1800MHz for the GSM system for mobile
communication.

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Thus the usage of simple F to V converters would act as switches to trigger the rectenna circuit
to on. The sensor circuit is used to find whether the mobile phone using the microwaves for
message transferring or not! So here we can use any Frequency to Voltage converter to do our
job. We can use LM2907 for F to V conversion. So when our phone is receiving microwave
signal it make the rectenna circuit on and charge the battery.

A simple yet powerful F to V converter is LM2907. Using LM2907 would greatly serve our
purpose. It acts as a switch for triggering the rectenna circuitry. The general block diagram for
the LM2907 is given below.

Thus on the reception of the signal the sensor circuitry directs the rectenna circuit to ON and the
mobile phone begins to charge using the microwave power.

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4.4.1 SENSOR CIRCUIT DESIGN

4.5 LM2907/ LM2917 TACHOMETER

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The LM2907 LM2917 series are monolithic frequency to voltage converters with a high gain op
amp Comparator designed to operate a relay, lamp, or other load when the input frequency
reaches or exceeds a selected rate.

The tachometer uses a Charge Pump technique and offers frequency doubling for low ripple,
full input protection in two versions (LM2907-8, LM2917-8) and its output swings to ground
for a zero frequency input.

The op amp Comparator is fully compatible with the tachometer and has a floating Transistor as
its output. This feature allows either a ground or supply referred load of up to 50 mA. The
collector may be taken above VCC up to a maximum VCE of 28V.

The two basic configurations offered include an 8-pin device with a ground referenced
tachometer input and an internal connection between the tachometer output and the op amp non-
inverting input. This version is well suited for single speed or frequency switching or fully
buffered frequency to voltage conversion applications.

The more versatile configurations provide differential tachometer input and uncommitted op
amp inputs. With this version the tachometer input may be floated and the op amp becomes
suitable for active Filter conditioning of the tachometer output.

Both of these configurations are available with an active Shunt Regulator connected across the
power leads. The Regulator clamps the supply such that stable frequency to voltage and
frequency to current operations are possible with any supply voltage and a suitable resistor.

4.5.1 Applications of LM2907 circuit are

1. Frequency to voltage conversion (tachometer)

2. Speedometers

3. Speed governors

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4. Automotive door lock control

5. Clutch control

6. Horn control

4.6 PROCESS OF RECTIFICATION

Studies on various microwave power rectifier configurations show that a bridge configuration
is better than a single diode one. But the dimensions and the cost of that kind of solution do not
meet our objective. This study consists in designing and simulating a single diode power rectifier
in “hybrid technology” with improved sensitivity at low power levels.

Microwave energy transmitted from space to earth apparently has the potential to provide
environmentally clean electric power on a very large scale. The key to improve transmission
efficiency is the rectifying circuit. The aim of this study is to make a low cost power rectifier for
low and high power levels at a frequency of 2.45GHz with good efficiency of rectifying
operation. The objective also is to increase the detection sensitivity at low power levels of power.

Different configurations can be used to convert the electromagnetic waves into DC signal. The
study done showed that the use of a bridge is better than a single diode, but the purpose of this
study is to achieve a low cost microwave rectifier with single Schottky diode for low and high
power levels that has a good performance.

The goal of this investigation is the development of a hybrid microwave rectifier with single
Schottky diode. The first study of this circuit is based on the optimization of the rectifier in order
to have a good matching of the input impedance at the desired frequency 2.45 GHz.

Besides the aim of the second study is the increasing of the detection sensitivity at low levels of
power. The efficiency of Schottky diode microwave rectifying circuit is found to be greater than
90%.

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4.7 ADVANTAGES

1. Charging of mobile phone is done wirelessly

2. We can saving time for charging mobiles

3. Wastage of power is less

4. Mobile get charged as we make call even during long journey

5. Only one microwave transmitter can serve to all the service providers in that area.

6. The need of different types of chargers by different manufacturers is totally eliminated.

4.8 DISADVANTAGES

1. Wireless transmission of the energy causes some effects to human body, because of its
radiation

2. Network traffic may cause problems in charging

3. Charging depends on network coverage

4. Rate of charging may be of minute range

5. Practical possibilities are not yet applicable as there is no much advancement in this field.

6. Process is of high cost

4.9 APPLICATIONS

1. As the topics name itself this technology is used for “Wireless charging of mobile
phones”.

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 CHAPTER 5
5. CONCLUSION

Thus this paper successfully demonstrates a novel method of using the power of the microwave
to charge the mobile phones without the use of wired chargers. Thus this method provides great
advantage to the mobile phone users to carry their phones anywhere even if the place is devoid
of facilities for charging. A novel use of the rectenna and a sensor in a mobile phone could
provide a new dimension in the revelation of mobile phone.

Wireless charging is already available for low-power applications (up to 5 Watts), suitable for
mobile phones and other devices. However, medium- and high-power applications are also being
developed, and in the future your kitchen appliances may very well be wireless.

Since wireless charging is set to become so ubiquitous with applications ranging from cell
phones to home appliances, there is a real need to ensure that charging is standardized. This is
why the Wireless Power Consortium developed Qi – the standard for interoperable wireless
charging. With Qi, we want to ensure that your device can be charged wirelessly, no matter
where you go, and no matter what brand charger you are using.

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REFERENCES

1. Theodore.S.Rappaport, “Wireless Communications Principles and Practice”.

2. Wireless Power Transmission – A Next Generation Power Transmission System,

International Journal of Computer Applications Volume 1 – No. 13.

3. Lander, Cyril W. "2. Rectifying Circuits". Power electronics London: McGraw-Hill. 3rd
edition, 1993.

4. Tae-Whan yoo and Kai Chang, "Theoreticaland Experimental Development of 10 and 35 GHz
rectennas" IEEE Transaction on microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 40. NO.6. June.1992.

5. Pozar, David M. Microwave Engineering Addison–Wesley Publishing Company,1993.

6. Hawkins, Joe, etal, "Wireless Space Power Experiment," in Proceedings of the 9th summer
Conference of NASA/USRA Advanced Design Program and Advanced Space Design Program,
June 14-18, 1993.

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