Users Manual: V 1.0.0.11 November 3 de 2010

USERS MANUAL
V 1.0.0.11
November 3 de 2010
ALLIEVI - All rights reserved
Version 1.0.0.112.0.0.0, OctoberJune de Formatted: Justified
Formatted: English (United States)
20122014
ITA Formatted: Spanish (Spain)
Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

Camino de Vera s/n - Edificio 5C 46022
Valencia (Spain)
Ph: (+34) 96 387 98 98
Fax: (+34) 96 387 98 99
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ALLIEVI USER’S GUIDE
Content
Content ............................................................................................................................................. 3
System requirements ................................................................................................................... 6
Registration ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Activation ......................................................................................................................................... 6
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 7
2. ALLIEVI Calculation basics ..................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Pressurized pipes .......................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Open-channel flow conduits ........................................................................ 111110
2.3 Steady state calculation ................................................................................. 121211
3. System’s elements to be simulated on ALLIEVI ........................................................... 13
3.1 Drawing elements ............................................................................................ 141413
3.2 Nodes.............................................................................................................................. 15
3.3 Tanks ..................................................................................................................... 161615
3.3.1 Tanks of great dimensions.................................................................... 171716
3.3.2 Tanks of small dimensions .................................................................... 191817
3.3.3 Variable cross-section tanks................................................................. 201918
3.3.4 Weirs ............................................................................................................. 212019
3.3.5 Other tank characteristics ..................................................................... 232221
3.4 Pipes ...................................................................................................................... 252423
3.4.1 Vents in pipes ............................................................................................ 292826
3.4.2 Pipe breakage ............................................................................................ 323129
3.4.3 Pipes with null initial flow...................................................................... 333230
3.5 Pumping stations .............................................................................................. 353331
3.5.1 Pumps with universal characteristics curves................................... 383634
3.5.2 Pumps with point-defined characteristics curves ......................... 393735
3.5.3 Group’s valves: Check valve.................................................................. 413936
3.5.4 Group’s valves: Regulation valve ........................................................ 413937
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3.5.5 Group’s valves: By-pass in pumping station .................................. 434139

3.5.6 Pumping stations with initial running status.................................. 444239
3.5.7 Pumping stations with initial stopped status ................................. 444240
3.6 Flow control devices ........................................................................................ 454340
3.6.1 Regulation valves ..................................................................................... 464441
3.6.2 Check valves ............................................................................................... 504845
3.6.3 Relief valves ................................................................................................ 514946
3.6.4 Excessive flow shut-off valves .............................................................. 545248
3.6.5 Minor head loss ........................................................................................ 595753
3.6.6 Composite valves ..................................................................................... 605753
3.6.7 Automatic valves ...................................................................................... 615954
3.7 Protection structures ....................................................................................... 656257
3.7.1 Surge tanks ................................................................................................. 666358
3.7.2 Unidirectional tanks................................................................................. 676459
3.7.3 Air vessels.................................................................................................... 676559
3.7.4 Differential surge tank ............................................................................ 726963
3.7.5 Other data of protection structures .................................................. 777367
3.8 Flow or head rules ........................................................................................... 797569
3.8.1 Flow rules .................................................................................................... 797569
3.8.2 Head rules ................................................................................................... 847973
3.9 Open-channel flow conduits ........................................................................ 878276
3.9.1 Channels with rectangular cross-section ......................................... 898477
3.9.2 Channels with trapezoidal cross-section ......................................... 898478
3.9.3 Channels with circular cross-section ................................................. 908578
3.9.4 Channel with any cross-section .......................................................... 908578
3.9.5 Data for channel with null initial flow ............................................... 918679
3.9.6 General data of turbines ........................................................................ 948982
3.9.7 Optimal working point data for turbines ........................................ 959083
3.9.8 Load variation ............................................................................................ 969184
3.9.9 Guide closure due to turbine disconnection .................................. 979285
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3.9.10 Turbine regulator data ....................................................................... 999487

4. New project configuration on ALLIEVI ............................................................... 1009587
4.1 Project options configuration ................................................................... 1009588
5. Work environment on ALLIEVI .............................................................................. 1029790
5.1 Visual tools....................................................................................................... 1029790
5.2 Labels ............................................................................................................... 10710295
5.3 Advanced drawing tools ........................................................................... 10810396
5.4 Scenario creation ......................................................................................... 11010598
6. Results Wizard ........................................................................................................114108101
6.1 Steady state results ................................................................................... 114108101
6.2 Transient regime results ..........................................................................115109101
7. ALLIEVI’s compatibility with EPANET and AutoCAD .................................125118111
8. Keyboard shortcuts .......................................................................................... 128121114
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System requirements
 In order to install ALLIEVI, your computer must have:
 Intel ® Core Duo processor or higher (or equivalent processor in the case
of AMD);
 Microsoft Windows XP SP3, Windows Vista or Windows 7
 At least 2 GB of RAM memory;
 At least 100 MB available hard disk space;
 1.280 x 1.024 resolution or higher, with 32 bits color (recommended)
 Internet connection. Broadband recommended (1)
 Adobe® Reader or compatible
 .NET Framework 3.5
(1) This software requires internet connection. When executed for the first time, ALLIEVI will
have to be activated since it’s not possible to use ALLIEVI without activation. To do so,
an internet connection will be needed to validate your ALLIEVI copy with our servers and,
in addition, a periodic re-validation we’ll be required.
Registration
During the ALLIEVI installation process, the system will require some license
information. If this information is not provided, it won’t be possible to use the
program.
Activation
When executed for the first time, the program will have to be activated. To do
so, you’ll need an internet connection to validate your copy with our servers at
ITA.
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1. Introduction
This ALLIEVI technical users guide has been formulated with the intention of
offering the user the necessary tools and concepts for the adequate usage of
the program, specifically for those who have basic hydraulic knowledge or have
experience in the usage of hydraulic transient (water hammer) simulation
computer programs. We advise you to follow the tutorial videos available at
www.allievi.net, as well as other useful network resources such as FAQs, also
available at this webpage.
The ALLIEVI program is a software package whose aim is to simulate and/or

analyze the transient generated effects on a hydraulic pressurized system. The
program recognizes that through the system’s interior the fluid circulates due to
gravity, impulsed by a series of elevated tanks, driven by a group of pumping
stations, or by means of a combination of tanks and pumping stations. This
pressurized fluid will flow through the system’s pipes, which can form a ramified,
meshed or mixed network.
To regulate the circulating flow through the conduits, the system may have
different types of valves installed either in line with these pipes, or with an
exterior discharge. Some of these valves can additionally function as protection
systems against hydraulic transients.
In a hydraulic system with a steady state operation, transients can be generated

whilst operating the active elements of the system. This transient regime
signifies a change in space and time in the system’s operating conditions, as it
goes from the initial steady state to the final one, after the active elements’
maneuvers. From this angle, the maneuvers which originate transients are
mainly pump startups and shutdowns as well as the opening and closing of
valves.
In hydraulic systems there are also other actions which can provoke transients,
such as the change in a tank´s level, the alterations in demand of a water supply
network and the breakage of a conduit at a given time. Of these three doings,
the first two are usually considered to be slow or very slow maneuvers, thus
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resulting in minor transients. However, the breakage of a pipe may result in a

rapid transient, reaching its maximum when the breakage is significant and
occurs in a relatively short period of time.
During the transient, and while the system is adapting from one steady state
regime to the other, there’s an exchange between pressure and kinetic energy,
and vice versa, with the corresponding oscillations in flow, velocity and pressure
inside the pipes. The oscillations in flow and velocity don’t have a direct
consequence on the system, but the fluctuations in pressure generate pressure
changes between maximum and minimum values. It’s the maximum pressure
values which can break the system’s pipes either if sufficient mechanical
resistance is not offered or if the installation is not appropriately protected.
On the other hand, minimum pressures tend not have any effect on the system,
if kept over atmospheric pressure. Although, if lowered beneath atmospheric
pressure, they can generate a depression inside the conduit which may lead to
the entrance of air or liquid through small cracks or fissures, with the related
danger of pathogen intrusion or conduit collapse if the ratio thickness/diameter
is sufficiently low.
Furthermore, if minimum pressures descend under the vapor pressure of the

transported liquid, boiling takes place with the subsequent formation of vapor
cavities which may cause the rupture of liquid columns (known as column
separation). Afterwards, when the oscillating pressure reaches values above the
vapor pressure, the formed vapor returns to liquid state and the vapor cavities
tend to disappear. This causes the two separated water columns to accelerate
against each other and collide as the vapor cavities vanish. These collisions can
produce peaks in pipe pressures, achieving greater values than if column
separation doesn’t take place, which heightens the risk of breakage of the
installation.
In view of the harmful effects that may arise during the development of a
hydraulic transient, the solution is to, either provide the system with enough
mechanical resistance to bear the pressure oscillations or to protect the
installation in order to diminish the amplitude of such fluctuations and maintain
them under acceptable limits. To proceed in either way we need to make use of
a computer program capable of simulating transients and providing, among
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other results, the oscillations in pressure originated after a particular maneuver.

This is, as we’ve already mentioned, the main objective of the ALLIEVI program.
Consequently to what we’ve indicated, ALLIEVI is a software that can be used

both at design stages and at stages of verification of a hydraulic system’s
functioning. At design stages, the program allows to incorporate to the system
several protection devices (pressure vessels, surge tanks, relief valves, etc.) so as
to maintain the pressure oscillations caused by the different elements’
maneuvers between previously determined limits. On the other hand, at
verification stages, the program enables the visualization of the transient effects
when effectuating the maneuvers of a previously designed installation.
2. ALLIEVI Calculation basics
2.1 Pressurized pipes
In a pressurized conduit, the hydraulic transient is modeled applying mass and

momentum conservation equations to a control volume which has to include
the shockwave moving along the pipeline. With these two principles, a system
of two nonlinear differential equations is obtained, these being hydraulic head H
= H(x, t) and velocity V = V(x, t). The constitution of this equation system is the
following one:
H H a 2 V
V  0
t x g x
(1)
V V H VV
V g  f 0
t x x 2D
Since this system doesn’t have an analytical solution, in order to integrate it, the
standard procedure is to assume that the solution will be obtained for specific
time instants (separated by a t) and in particular points of the pipe (separated
by a x), satisfying the following condition,
x
a (2)
t
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where “a” is the celerity of the pressure wave inside the pipe. This celerity, in the
case of water, is calculated through the expression
9.900
a
D
47'6  C
e (3)
in which the C coefficient depends on the pipe’s material.
Together with this hypothesis, the aforementioned differential equations are

transformed into a system of two lineal algebraic equations, with two unknowns,
in the following manner:
f n x
H in 1  H in1 
g

a n 1

Vi  Vi n1  i 1 Vi n1 Vi n1  0
D
(4)
f x n n
 
n
a n 1
H in 1  H in1  Vi  Vi n1  Vi 1 Vi 1  0
i 1
g D
from which we can calculate the hydraulic head H and the velocity V at a point i
of the pipe and in the calculation instant n+1, using the H and V values of the
points i-1 and i+1 at the n instant. Implementing the expressions at (4) is what is
known as the “METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS”, and is the calculation basic
for the ALLIEVI program.
The system at (4) can be solved for all calculation points of all pipes, with the
exception of end points where we lack one of the two equations. In these
extremes, where supposedly the pipe is connected to a system’s element, the
missing equation is substituted by the equation, or system of equations, which
represent the behavior of said element, and are known as “boundary
conditions”. In this way, the ALLIEVI program enables us to simulate the
transient functioning of a pressurized hydraulic system including the following
elements, connected to each other through their corresponding pipe systems:
1. Tanks, with or without weir

2. Pumping stations
3. Flow control structures, such as valves or minor headlosses
4. Protection structures, such as air vessels, reservoirs or surge tanks
5. Vents, that can be distributed throughout the pipes
6. Flow or hydraulic head rules at end points of pipes
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2.2 Open-channel flow conduits
Alternatively, in open-channel flow conduits the transient can be generated due

to gate actioning, changes in a tank’s water level which is connected to the
conduit or due to supply variations or flow detractions. The transient regime in
these conduits is governed by the Saint-Venant equations, derived from the
implementation of mass and momentum conservation equations to a control
volume that includes the changes in flow conditions inside the conduit. The
structure of these equations is as follows:
y y A V
V  0
t x T x
(5)
V V y
V  g  g s0  s f   0
t x x
where the unknowns are the depth y = y(x, t) and the velocity V = V(x, t), both as
a function of the position along the conduit and time. In the expression at (5), A
is the occupying cross-section of the flow, T is the free surface width defined by
cross-section A, s0 is the bottom slope and sf the hydraulic slope, defined by the
expression
n 2V 2
sf  (6)
Rh4 / 3
where n is the Manning coefficient and Rh the hydraulic radius of the fluid-
occupied cross-section. Assuming certain simplifications, system (5) can be
solved similarly to (1) through the method of characteristics, with an analogue
formulation to (4). In this case, the expression at (2) is substituted by
x
V  c (7)
t
where c is the celerity of the conduit’s gravity wave, calculated with the
expression
A
c g (8)
T
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ALLIEVI allows the transient to be simulated in systems where there are both
pressurized and open-channel flows, applying the method of characteristics to
both types of conduits, differentiated for each particular case. Since the
characteristic time for solving pressurized transients is in the tenths or
hundredths of a second, being considerably higher for open-channel flow
solutions (seconds), the time increment for the solving of open-channel flow
transients can be a multiple of the time increment for the solving of pressurized
flow transients.
In this program, each open flow conduit can only be connected through their
ends to a tank or node linked to other free flow channels. In these conduits,
subcritical flow (or critical at the end point of a freefall conduit) is assumed,
taking rectangular, trapezoidal, circular or any type of cross-section.
2.3 Steady state calculation
In any hydraulic system, the transient regime initiates from a steady state
regime when a maneuver takes place in any of the system’s elements. In the
program ALLIEVI, the steady state regime is obtained by processing the
transient regime calculation using whichever operating conditions, with the
system’s elements in their initial position and without effectuating any
maneuvers. When, in this calculation, unaltered operating conditions through
time are obtained, they’re adopted as starting values to initiate the transient
regime calculation.
NOTE: It’s of great importance to point out that in order to calculate any
transient, ALLIEVI calculates first the steady state solution, being available for
the user in table format for each of the project’s elements.
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3. System’s elements to be simulated on ALLIEVI
The hydraulic system to be simulated is constituted by elements, which are

interconnected to each other through their end nodes. In general, each element
has two nodes, an initial or inlet node and a final or exit one, so that the positive
direction of the flow in each element is established when it circulates from the
initial to the end node.
The element types considered on the program are as follows:

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Element types Graphical representation on ALLIEVI

1. Nodes
Node
2. Tanks
3. Pipes
4. Pumps
5. Protection structures
6. Flow control structures
7. Flow(Q) or head(H) rules
8. Open-channel flow conduits
3.1 Drawing elements
ALLIEVI’s graphic interface is intended so that the user can introduce, with just
one click, all the necessary elements to create from simple systems, e.g. a simple
impulse, to complex system like mesh networks.
Elements are grouped into five categories. On the one hand we have the basic
elements, which include pumps, pipes, nodes and open-channel flow conduits
or channels. On the other hand, we have the different types of tanks we can
simulate. Finally we have the group of valves, the group of protection elements
and the varied group, which contains flow and head rules.
The way to introduce these elements on ALLIEVI is the following one:

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 Go to the Image tab  Basics  Select between Node, Pipe, Pump,

Channel.
 Go to the Image tab  Tanks  Select the tank type and its location
 Go to the Image tab  Valves  Select the valve type from the possibilities
provided by ALLIEVI (Regulation, retention, automatic, Headloss valve,
among others)
 Go to the Image tab  Protection  Select between Air vessel, Surge tank
or Reservoir.
 Go to the Image tab  More  Select Rule.
IMPORTANT: Keep in mind that certain elements can’t be directly connected

on ALLIEVI. In case we try to connect two incompatible elements, the cursor
warns us with the restricted sign “ ” and, in this cases, we then have to use
a short length of pipe to join the elements together.
Next we present the most important characteristics of each of the elements,

explaining their hydraulic parameters, the necessary considerations to take and
indicating in each case the way to input their data.
3.2 Nodes
Once we’ve established each node, ALLIEVI will require the user to introduce the
values corresponding to:
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- Name. The designation of each node is an alphanumeric variable, with the

sole condition that there can’t be two nodes with the same name. When
we generate a node, the program assigns to it a specific name, which can
be modified by the user at any time. It’s very important to bear in mind
that if the assigned name is already being used on another node, a
warning sign is issued and in order to continue, it has to be modified by
the user.
- Elevation. It’s the node’s elevation, with respect to user-defined reference

level.
At the nodes, ALLIEVI will show the type of element to which each of them
corresponds. In this way, we can corroborate the elevation values entered for
the respective elements.
NOTE: When two nodes belong to the same element, ALLIEVI will
automatically assign the same elevation value to both of them.
3.3 Tanks
Tanks are elements of the system where water at atmospheric pressure is stored.
The types of tanks included on the program are:
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Tank types Graphical representation on ALLIEVI

Tanks of great dimensions or constant
level(GD)
Tanks of small dimensions or variable

level(SD) Commented [f1]: LA SIGLA NO ESTÁ TRADUCIDA EN LA
INTERFAZ – cambio hecho
Variable cross-section tank (VCS)
Weir
In order to ease the graphical representation of the system, we have tank icons
with a single node (right or left) or with two nodes. In the case of the tank with
two nodes, they must have the same elevation. The elevation of a tank’s nodes
corresponds to its base elevation.
Next we describe the characteristics of these tanks.
3.3.1 Tanks of great dimensions
- Initial water level (Z0): It’s the water elevation level used to calculate the
steady state. Being a tank of great dimensions, this elevation will remain
constant throughout the entire simulation, independently of the
established inlet and outlet flows.
To declare a tank of great dimensions and input the initial water level on
ALLIEVI, the procedure is as follows:
 Go to Basic Data  Type  GD

 Go to Basic Data  Z0 (m)
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The units for Initial water level can be modified by simply right clicking on the
cell once it’s in edit mode.
 Right click on Z0  Change unit  Units management: this assistant Commented [f2]: CAMBIAR IDIOMA DE LA INTERFAZ DEL
PROGRAMA - cambio hecho
will allow you to change the current unit to the desired one used in the
Commented [f3]: TAMPOCO ESTA TRADUCIDA ESTA
field you’re working on. VENTANA - cambio hecho
Formatted: Font: Italic

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NOTE The way to change units is analogous for all entry data required for
calculation.
3.3.2 Tanks of small dimensions
- Cross-section (S). It’s the tank’s cross-section, with a constant value.
- Initial water level (Z0). It’s the water elevation level used to calculate the
steady state. This being a tank of small dimensions, this level will change
throughout the simulation, depending on the tank’s cross-section and the
established inflows and outflows.
The way to declare a tank of small dimensions is the following one:
 Go to Basic Data  Type  SPD Commented [f4]: DEBERÍA SER SD? - cambio hecho
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IMPORTANT: In case we ignore the meaning of any entry field, it’s possible
to access an explanation by right clicking on the name of the field you’d like
to know about. With this action, ALLIEVI displays a label with all the
necessary information.
3.3.3 Variable cross-section tanks
In these tanks the cross-section varies in a stepwise manner, with lengths of

constant cross-section between the lower and upper boundaries of each step.
The characteristics of these tanks are as follows:
- Initial water level (Z): It’s the water elevation level used to calculate the
steady state. This level might change along the transient simulation.
- For each point i which define the variable cross-section tank:
- Point elevation (z). It’s the elevation of point i, with respect to an

established reference elevation.
- Accumulated volume (V). It refers to the accumulated volume from

the bottom to point i. For i = 0, the program directly assigns an
accumulated volume of zero.
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The way to introduce the data for a variable cross-section tank is as follows:
 Go to Basic Data  Tank cross-section S (m2)  An assistant will be
displayed where you’ll have to input the elevations and their
corresponding accumulated volumes.
3.3.4 Weirs
They’re tanks which have a rectangular transverse thin-walled weir that

separates the entry zone from the exit zone. Its characteristics are:
- Upstream section (Si). It’s the cross section at the entry zone.
- Downstream section (Sf). It’s the cross section at the exit zone.
- Initial and end section elevation (Z, Si; Z, Sf). It’s the elevation at the initial
and end sections of the tank, used to calculate the steady state solution.
This elevation may be equal or different for both of the tank’s zones, and
might change along the transient simulation.
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The way to assign these parameters is as follows:
 Go to Compartmentalized  Initial section (Si)

 End section (Sf)
 Initial section elevation (Z Si)
 End section elevation (Z Sf)
- Weir length. It’s the length of the tank’s transverse weir or the maximum
level of spillway.
- Crest Elevation (L). It’s the elevation of the weir’s crest, with regard to an
established reference level.
- Flow coefficient of weir (Cq). It’s the Cq coefficient of the rectangular thin-
walled tank’s weir, used to calculate the discharged flow through the
expression.
2 3
Q  Cq L 2g H 2 (9)
3
where L is the weir’s length and H the height of the water surface over the
Crest elevation(Z crest), before it initiates its rapid descent. Typical values
for CQ range between 0.60 and 0.80.
The way to input these data is the following one:
 Go to Weir/Spillway  Weir length (L)

 Crest elevation (Z Crest)
 Flow coefficient of the weir (Cq)
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3.3.5 Other tank characteristics
Besides the aforementioned data, there’re other common characteristics of

different types of tanks, listed below.
3.3.5.1 Spillway in tanks of small dimensions or with variable cross-section
In these tanks there might be a rectangular thin-walled spillway, located in one

of its lateral walls, which discharges water to the exterior when the weir’s crest
elevation is reached. The data needed to define this spillway are as follows:
- Spillway length: It’s the length of the spillway. If this length is zero, the
corresponding tank doesn’t have one.
- Crest Elevation (L). It’s the elevation of the weir’s crest, with regard to an
- Flow coefficient of the spillway (Cq). It’s the Cq coefficient of the

rectangular thin-walled tank’s spillway, used to calculate the discharged
flow through the expression at (9).
- Discharge tank: The discharged water through the spillway can be poured
to a receiving waterway or to a small or variable cross-section tank,
installed in the system. Through this variable, we’ll indicate the designation
of this tank, or, if left blank, specify that the pouring is done to a receiving
waterway.
In case the tank includes a spillway, such spillway can be fixed or be constituted
by a gate with vertical movement and top pouring. In this last case, this gate
might do a single linear elevation or descent movement during the transient
development. The characteristics of this mobile spillway are the following ones:
- Crest (Fixed - Mobile). It indicates the crest characteristic, either mobile

(Yes) or fixed (No). In case it’s fixed, the following data are not required:
 Go to Mobile Spillway Crest (Fixed/ Mobile)

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If the crest is mobile, the required data are as follows:
- Final crest elevation (Zf). It’s the elevation the spillway crest will reach at the
end of its movement. The elevation for the start of the movement is the
previously indicated one.
- Initial instant (Ti). Instant in which the crest movement begins.
- Final instant (Tf). Instant in which the crest movement finishes.
 Go to Mobile spillway  Final crest elevation (Zf)

 Initial instant (Ti)
 Final instant (Tf)
3.3.5.2 Changes in water level during transient regime calculation in tanks
of small dimensions, variable cross-section tanks and weirs
In these tanks, as oppose in those of large dimensions, the water level will
change during the transient regime functioning. However, for the steady state
calculation, the water level in these tanks may remain constant or vary until the
continuity equation between the outflows and inflows is verified.
In case that, for the steady state calculation, the water level in one of these tanks
is constant, it’ll result in a steady state regime which generally won’t fulfill the
continuity equation between outflows and inflows.
This is because, most times, it’s impossible to know beforehand the water levels
in these deposits when the system operates at steady state. For this reason, a
non-permanent flow will originate when we initiate the transient regime
calculations, in spite the fact that no maneuvers are being carried out on the
active elements of the system.
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If, on the contrary, we allow the level of whichever of these tanks to fluctuate
during the steady state calculation, when said calculation is done the water level
reached in this tank will be such so as to fulfill the continuity equation between
its inflows and outflows.
As a consequence, and if we allow in all system’s tanks, except in those of great

dimensions, the water level to change during the steady state calculation, the
reached situation will be such so as to remain unchanged during the transient
calculation, providing that no maneuvers are effected on the system’s active
elements.
According to each case, the introduced variable will be:
- Variable water level for steady state calculation (Yes - No). In order to
calculate the steady state solution, the water inside the deposit might have
variable level (Yes) or fixed level (No), the latter being equal to the initial
level, previously indicated.
 Go to Basic Data  Variable water level (Zvar) YES / NO
3.4 Pipes
Pipe characteristic’s are as follows:
- Length (L): It’s the total length of pipe
- Diameter (Dint): It’s the internal diameter of the pipe.

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- Pipe thickness (e): It refers to the pipe’s wall thickness, used to calculate
celerity.
The way of introduce these data on the program is as follows:
 Go to Pipes – Basic Data  Length (L)

 Diameter (Dint)
 Thickness (e)
- Absolute Roughness or (Roughug): The pipe’s friction losses are calculated Commented [f5]: ROUGH? - cambiado en la ayuda y en la
aplicación
by means of the Darcy equation, obtaining the friction factor through the
Colebrook formula. The user must introduce the absolute roughness of the
pipe’s inner walls.
IMPORTANT
 If the user introduces in this cell a negative value of roughness, for
instance (-1), the program effectuates calculations considering null
friction losses for this pipe.
 If we introduce a zero value of absolute roughness, the pipe is

considered to be perfectly smooth, with the corresponding friction
factor.
.
- Head loss coefficient (k): It’s the pipe’s global minor loss coefficient, which is
dimensionless. Using this coefficient, the minor losses are calculated
through the following expression
Vt 2
hm  k (10)
2g
where Vt water velocity inside the pipe.
 Go to Pipes – Losses  Absolute roughness (Rug)

 Head loss coefficient (k)
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- Speed (a): It’s the pressure wave speed. This datum is directly assigned to Commented [f6]: Falta traducir celeridad en el asistente de
calculo - cambiado en la aplicación
the pipe or can be calculated from the inner diameter, the wall thickness
and the pipe’s material coefficient: If the given value is zero, the transient
throughout the pipe is treated as a mass oscillation.
This assistant is found right on the speed cell on the table of the pipe’s
basic data.
- Material coefficient of pipe kmt. It’s the pipe’s material dependent coefficient
used to calculate speed through the expression(only valid for water)
9900
a (11)
Dt
47'3  k mt
et
On the program, values for kmt are indicated for different pipe materials.
The way to introduce speed for each pipe on ALLIEVI is as follows:
 Go to Pipes – Basic Data  Speed (a)  manually introduce the value

for the pipe’s speed
 Go to Pipes – Basic Data  Speed (a)  Calculate. An assistant will be

displayed in which you only have to introduce the value for the pipe’s
material coefficient; on its right hand side, the user is provided with
values for this coefficient for the most typically used pipe materials.
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- Longitudinal profile (Profile). It corresponds to the geometric shape or

profile of the pipe, defined from its axis outline. The necessary data to
define the pipe’s profile are listed below:
- Distance to origin. It’s the distance to which point i is located from

the pipe’s origin, measured along its axis. For the pipe’s initial point,
the program assigns automatically a zero distance, and for the end
point a distance equal to its length.
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- Elevation. It refers to the elevation of point i located on the pipe’s

axis. For both of the pipe’s extremes the program sets the elevation
of the corresponding nodes.
The pipe’s profile is input in the following way:
 Go to Pipes – Basic Data  Profile  Pipe settings i. An assistant is

displayed, in which all distances to the origin for the different elevations
have to be introduced.
3.4.1 Vents in pipes
Vents are installed in order to avoid negative pressures inside pipes, admitting
air to its interior when the pressure at its point location tends to be lower than
atmospheric pressure and expulsing it when this pressure reaches values over
the atmospheric one. Nonetheless, since the entrance of air to a conduit may in
some cases cause more problems than solutions, the usage of vents as
protection devices against hydraulic transients will only be done when no other
method to avoid negative pressure is implemented.
ALLIEVI has an internal database of vents characteristics, and also enables the
user to introduce the desired vent’s characteristics curve.
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Vents are introduced in the following way:
 Go to Pipes – Basic Data  Profile  Pipe settings i  Vents. The distance in

meters to the pipe’s origin must be specified and, by displaying the vent type’s
button, one can select a vent from the database or configure a personal one, by
introducing its characteristics curve.
IMPORTANT: It’s very important to bear in mind that, for calculation

purposes, if a pipe’s end is connected to an element, the installed vents must
be located at a minimum distance equal to:
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ≥ 0.5(∆𝑥) = 0.5 ∗ (𝑎 ∗ ∆𝑡)

∆𝑡 : Time interval
a: Speed
In the case of pipes whose end connects to other pipes, vents can be
installed at the node associated to one of the pipes. For the others, a
minimum distance to the node must be left:
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ≥ 1.5(∆𝑥) = 1.5 ∗ (𝑎 ∗ ∆𝑡)
This minimum value applies as well to the distance between two vents of the
same pipe.
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3.4.1.1 Vents configuration
The vents can be configured on ALLIEVI, i.e. the user can access both the air
admission and air expulsion curves of the vents and modify their default
configuration and definition.
One can access these curves in the following way:
 Go to the Setting tab  Options  Database Set up the vents defined

in ALLIEVI
In this assistant, all defined vents will be displayed, and by simply clicking on the
vents name, you can access the values for ∆ pressure and flow which define its
air admission and air expulsion curves.
In order to create or modify one of the curves, there are two options. On the
one hand, the New button enables you to input the values for a new vent, while
the Duplicate button enables you to modify an already existing vent’s values.
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3.4.2 Pipe breakage
ALLIEVI enables you to simulate the effect of one of the pipe’s breakage on the
system. To do so, in the assistant where you introduce the pipe’s profile, select
“Pipe with burst” and introduce the following data:
- Distance to origin. It refers to the distance from the pipe’s origin to the
point in which the burst will occur.
- Burst instant. It’s the instant in which the burst occurs.
- Burst duration. It’s the time during which the burst is occurring.
- Kv final. It’s the burst’s final Kv coefficient that relates the discharged burst
flow Qrot with the inner pipe’s pressure at the point of breakage Ptub,
according to the expression:
Qrot m 3 h   Kv Ptub bar  (11)
You con input them in the following way:
 Go to Pipes – Basic Data  Profile  Pipe setting i  select Pipe with

burst.
 Formatted: List Paragraph, Indent: Left: 0.44", Bulleted +
Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
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3.4.3 Pipes with null initial flow
To calculate the steady state solution, the circulating pipe flow to initiate
calculations is obtained by assigning a supposed velocity in the order of 0.5 m/s
(or a different user-defined value). During the steady state calculation this
velocity will change with every iteration and for each pipe, until reaching a
permanent regime value.
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In case steady state flow in one or several pipes is zero (because of stopped
pumps and/or closed valves), the permanent regime conditions are obtained
through a great number iterations, which can consume important calculation
time. In these cases, for the steady state calculation you can directly assign a
null flow to those pipes which you know beforehand will have this regime flow
value. For each of the pipes, the necessary data are:
- Zero flow (Yes – No). It indicates whether we enforce a null initial flow.
- End to impose H (Initial – Final). In case we impose a null initial flow, it

indicates if the hydraulic head of the pipe in steady state conditions
corresponds to its initial or final end.
- Formatted: No bullets or numbering, Tab stops: Not at 0.5"
IMPORTANT: We have to be mindful when selecting these data, since when

we indicate a zero flow through a pipe the program calculates the steady
state solution assigning this flow and the indicated end’s hydraulic head to
such pipe. The obtained steady state solution will be inaccurate if in fact
these circumstances are not going to take place. When in doubt, it’s best not
to assign these types of data.
The process to input these data is the following one:

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 Go to Pipes – Zero Flow  Qin = 0

 Go to Pipes – Zero Flow  H Imp Initial / Final
3.5 Pumping stations
The general characteristics of pumping stations are as follows:
- Number of parallel pumps. It refers to the number of parallel units, all

equal, present at the pumping station. These units will have the same exact
behavior during the transient and will have, in turn, the same regulation
and retention valves which will effectuate the same maneuvers.
 Go to pumping stations (Data table) – Basic data Num.
- Pump characteristics curve shape. It indicates the way in which the pumps’
characteristics curve will be presented, Hp = Hp (Qp) and Pac = Pac (Qp),
which can be either Universal or Adjusted (By points).
 Go to pumping stations – Basic data  CurveBy points / Universals
- Type of valve in group. It indicates whether there is a retention and

regulation valve at the exit of each unit, as well as a by-pass between the
inlet and the outlet of the pumping station.
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 Go to installation  V Regulation  YES / NO

 V Retention  YES / NO
 By-Pass  YES / NO
- Inertia of each group. It’s the moment of inertia of the rotating masses of
each group, including the impeller, the axis and the driving engine’s rotor.
If we don’t have this datum, the program facilitates an estimation of the
group’s moment of inertia using the Thorley formula,
0 '9556 1' 48
 P  P
I  0'03768 3   0'0043  (12)
N  N
where I is the group’s moment of inertia expressed in Kg·m2, P the nominal

power of the pump in Kw, and N the nominal rotating speed in thousands
of rpm. In the expression at (12), the first term of the second addend
represents the moment of inertia of the impeller and the axis, and the
second term of the same addend, the moment of inertia of the driving
engine’s rotor.
Moreover, if you know the PD2 of the group, its relation with the moment
of inertia is:
PD 2 Nw·m 2  PD 2 Kp·m 2 
I Kg·m 2   ; I Kg·m 2   (13)
4g 4
As we’ve previously mentioned, there are two ways of inputting the moment of
inertia. The direct manner is:
 Rotation  I (Kg.m2)
If you don’t know this datum, ALLIEVI gives you the option of calculating it
through an assistant, found in the following way:
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 Rotation  I (Kg.m2) Calc. Inertia and power calculation
- Regime rotation speed. It’s the rotation speed of the groups when they
operate at regime conditions.
Formatted: Indent: Left: 0.13"
 Go to Rotation  Nreg (rpm).

 Formatted: Font: Italic
Formatted: List Paragraph, Add space between paragraphs
of the same style, Bulleted + Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0.63" +
Indent at: 0.88"
- Nominal rotation speed. It’s the pump’s rotating speed, corresponding to

the used characteristics curves.
 Go to Rotation  Nnom (rpm).

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- Initial pump status. At initial conditions, the groups may be running (at
regime rotation speed) or stopped.
 Go to Stop/Start  Initial  Running/ Stopped
3.5.1 Pumps with universal characteristics curves
In this case, the pumps’ characteristics curves are obtained from the Marchal,
Flesch y Suter universal curves for a total of 14 different specific velocity values.
These curves enable the characterization of the pump’s behavior in whichever
functioning conditions, i.e. positive, negative or null flow, head or rotation speed
values.
The necessary data to characterize the pump correspond to the optimal

performance point (or maximum efficiency point) at nominal rotating speed,
these are:
- Flow Qp0. Boosted flow for the optimal performance point.
- Head Hp0. Head gain for the optimal performance point.

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- Power consumption Pcon0. Power consumption by the pump’s shaft for the
optimal performance point.
Once these values are entered, the program shows for you to check the pump’s
efficiency at the optimal performance point.
 Displaying the Basic data table ( )  Optimal performance Q

(l/s)
 Optimal performance  H
(m)
 Optimal performance  P
(Kw)
3.5.2 Pumps with point-defined characteristics curves
The fitted characteristics curves are defined by points for nominal rotating
speed, obtained from the catalogue information provided by the pump’s
manufacturer. With this information the program is unable to characterize the
pump’s behavior for negative flow, head or rotating speed values. Hence, this
manner of providing the characteristics curve is only useful when the
functioning of the valves is limited to the first quadrant, with positive rotating
speed.
In this case, the needed data to obtain the fitted characteristics curves are:
- Flow Qpi. Boosted flow for performance point i.
- Head Hpi. Head gain for performance point i.
- Power consumption Pacci. Power consumption by the pump’s shaft for

performance point i.
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Once these three values are entered for each i operating point, the program
displays the pump’s efficiency for it to be verified.
IMPORTANT: The pump’s operating points which define the fitted or point-
defined curves must cover the whole first quadrant, from Qp = 0 until Hp = 0,
with power consumptions that in no case should take negative or nil values.
Thus, the user must provide enough points so as to adequately define this
working interval, even if this means extrapolating the catalogue information
provided by the manufacturer. This is so because throughout the simulation
the pump may function in any point of its characteristics curve within the first
quadrant, and therefore the program must count on sufficient information
regarding the pump’s characteristics.
In order to input the characteristics curves’ defining data, ALLIEVI has an

assistant that can be reached in the following way:
 Displaying the Basic data table ( )  Curves by points Table

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3.5.3 Group’s valves: Check valve
Pumping groups with fitted curves must include, in all cases, a check valve.
Groups with universal curves may or may not incorporate this valve.
The necessary data are:
- Check valve’s minor head loss coefficient KVRt. It’s the check valve’s loss
coefficient when fully opened, with units in m/(m 3/s)2, used to calculate
losses as a function of the pump’s boosted flow. This loss coefficient must
also include the losses concerning the pumping station’s remaining
accessories which have its same circulating flow, except those of the
regulation valve, if present.
 Displaying the Basic data table ( )( )  V check  K
3.5.4 Group’s valves: Regulation valve
The regulation valve is installed at the exit of each group, generally following
the check valve, if present. Its mission is to regulate the group’s boosted flow by
closing partially or, if fully closed, isolate the group from the discharge manifold.
These valve’s characteristics are:
- Nominal Diameter. It’s the nominal diameter of the regulation valve.
- Type of regulation valve It’s the type of regulation valve to be installed,

choosing from one of the following types:
 Displaying the Basic Data table ( )  V Regulation D (mm)

V Regulation  Type: Butterfly
V Regulation  Type: Gate
V Regulation  Type: Poppet
V Regulation  Type: Diaphragm
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V Regulation  Type: Commercial
For all these types, except the commercial valve, the program has a typical
characteristics curve which provides the dimensionless loss coefficient as a
function of the valve’s opening position.
For the case of the commercial valve, the characteristics valve curve will be
obtained from the valve database compiled using the catalogue information,
and can be uploaded through the program. In this case, the introduced data is:
- Commercial valve installed (Model). It’s the number of the installed

commercial valve, obtained from the available valve database.
 Displaying the Basic Data table ( ) V Regulation Model
Regulation valves installed in pumping station’s groups will be able to effectuate

closing and/or opening maneuvers during the transient simulation. To define
these maneuvers in tabular form, the required data are as follows:
- Instant ti. It’s the time instant corresponding to point i.
- Opening position Ori. It’s the relative opening of the valve, in % with respect
to its maximum opening, at time instant ti.
To introduce the valve’s maneuver, the procedure is as follows:
 Displaying the Basic Data table ( )  V Regulation Maneuver

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3.5.5 Group’s valves: By-pass in pumping station
This by-pass, if present, is installed between the inlet and outlet manifolds of the
pumping station, in parallel configuration with the other boosting groups. The
by-pass will include a check valve with the following data:
- Check valve’s minor head loss coefficient KVRbp. It refers to the minor head
loss coefficient of the check valve when fully opened, in m/(m3/s)2 used to
calculate the losses as a function of the circulating flow through the by-
pass. This coefficient must also include the losses concerning the rest of
the accessories that constitute the by-pass.
 Displaying the Basic Data table ( )  By-Pass  K

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3.5.6 Pumping stations with initial running status
Pumping stations which are initially running may stop at a particular time and
then restart. In these cases, we have:
- Stop instant (Stop inst.Inst. par.).Instant in which all pumping groups are Commented [f7]: No está traducida la table en la interfaz -
cambio hecho
simultaneously stopped.
- New startup (Yes – No). It indicates whether the groups are going to be
restarted after their shut down.
- Startup instant. Instant in which the pumps begin the simultaneous startup
maneuver, if applicable.
- Duration. In case startup occurs, it’s the time taken until the nominal
rotation speed is achieved, considering a linear evolution.
 Go to Stop/Startup  Initial  Running

 Stop instant.
New startup Yes / No
 Startup instant
 Duration
3.5.7 Pumping stations with initial stopped status
Pumping stations which are initially stopped may startup at a given time and
stop yet again afterwards.
In these cases we have:
- Startup instant. Instant in which the pumps begin the simultaneous startup
maneuver.
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- Duration. it’s the time taken until the nominal rotation speed is achieved,
considering a linear evolution.
- New stop (Yes – No). It indicates whether the groups are going to be
stopped yet again after their startup.
- Stop instant. Instant in which the pumps begin the simultaneous stopping
maneuver, if applicable.
 Go to Stop/Startup  Initial  Stopped

 Startup instant Commented [f8]: Falta traducción en interfaz - cambio
hecho
 Duration
 New stop  Yes / No
Stop instant
3.6 Flow control devices
Flow control devices are constituted in essence by valves or other components

which intervene on the circulating flow through the pipes. Elements considered
as flow control devices are the following ones:
Element types Graphical representation on ALLIEVI

1. Regulation valves
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2. Retention valves
3. Relief valves
4. Excessive flow shut-off valves
5. Minor head loss
6. Composite valves
7. Automatic valves
Their characteristics are listed below:
3.6.1 Regulation valves
They are valves whose actioning allows the circulating flow through the
installation to be modified. In case they’re used as on/off valves, under ordinary
conditions they’re usually opened but might close to isolate a part of the
system. Their characteristics are:
- Elevation (Z). Elevation the valve, equal for start and end nodes.
- Nominal diameter (DN). It’s the valve’s nominal diameter.
- Headloss coefficient (k) of the branch. It refers to the dimensionless headloss

coefficient of the valve-connected branch.
These data are input in the following way:
 Go to Regulation valve – Basic data  elevation(Z)

 Go to Regulation valve – Basic data  Nominal diameter (DN)
 Go to Regulation valve – Basic data  Headloss coefficient (k)
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- Type of valve. It’s the type of valve to be installed, selecting from one of the
following types:
Butterfly
Spherical
Gate
Poppet
Diaphragm
Commercial
In order to define the valve type one must:
 Go to Regulation valve – Basic data  Type Butterfly

Spherical
Gate
Poppet
Diaphragm
Commercial
For all these types, excluding commercial valves, the program possesses a
typical characteristics curve that provides the dimensionless headloss coefficient
as a function of the valve’s opening position.
For commercial valves, its characteristics curve will be obtained from the valve
database compiled using catalogue information. For these valves one must have
the dimensionless loss coefficient as a function of opening position, ranging
from 0 % to 100 % with 5 % intervals of valve position.
When introducing a commercial valve, the user must decide which type of valve
he or she wants to introduce. The way to do it is as follows:
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 Go to Regulation valve – Basic data  Type  Commercial Model:

.A table is displayed containing all the available commercial valves.
Regulation valves can effectuate opening and/or closing maneuvers during the
transient simulation. These maneuvers may be defined as:
 Tabulated
 Sinusoidal
In order to define tabulated maneuvers the following data will be required:
- Instant ti. Time instant i corresponding to point i.
to its maximum opening, at time instant ti.
The user must introduce the valve’s maneuver in the following manner:
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 Go to Maneuver  Type  Tabulated

 Go to Tabulated  Table
The sinusoidal maneuver will follow the following periodic function:
2
Apt   Ap0  A  sen ( t  B) (21)
T
Where the relative opening in % with respect to the maximum one, depends on
the following parameters:
- Initial opening Ap0. It’s the initial valve opening in % with respect to the
maximum one.
- Amplitude A. It refers to oscillation’s amplitude in % with respect to the

maximum opening.
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- Period T. It refers to the oscillation period of the valve’s opening degree,

in s.
- Phase B. It’s the phase angle of the valve’s opening position’s oscillation.
The sinusoidal maneuver is input in the following manner:

 Go to maneuver  Type  Sinusoidal
 Go to Sinusoidal  Initial opening Apo (%)
 Go to Sinusoidal  Amplitude A (%)
 Go to Sinusoidal  Period T (s)
 Go to Sinusoidal  Phase angle B (s) Commented [f9]: Error ortográfico en la explicación de
phase angel---phase angle, en el programa - cambio hecho
3.6.2 Check valves
These valves open when flow circulates with forward direction, and close when
backflow is established (inverse flow direction). They are considered as ideal
elements, instantaneously closing exactly when the valve’s outflow becomes
negative. Their characteristics include:
- Elevation. Elevation of valve, equal for start and end nodes.
- Nominal diameter. It’s the valve’s nominal diameter.
 Go to Check valve – Basic data  Elevation (Z)

 Go to Check valve – Basic data Nominal diameter (DN)
- Branch’s headloss dimensionless coefficient k. It refers to the dimensionless

loss coefficient of the valve-connected branch.
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- Loss coefficient k for fully closed valve. It refers to the dimensionless

headloss coefficient for a fully closed valve. If, when the valve is closed, the
backflow is entirely prevented, this coefficient will take a value of 1·1032.
- Loss coefficient k for open valve. It’s the dimensionless loss coefficient for a
fully opened valve.
 Go to Head loss  Branch’s headloss coefficient (k Branch Ramal) Commented [f10]: Debería ser branch en el programa - ya
está cambiado
 Go to Head loss  Loss coefficient fully closed valve (k 0%)
 Go to Head loss  Loss coefficient fully opened valve (k 100%)
3.6.3 Relief valves
They’re valves which open when pressure at their connection point exceeds a
given value, discharging to the exterior all or part of the circulating flow as long
as this pressure is kept over the aforesaid value. Once opened, their opening
position depends on inlet pressure until fully opened. On the contrary, when
pressures are low this valve will remain closed.
Their characteristics are:
- Number of parallel branches. It’s the number of relief valves, installed in

parallel, that constitute the structure at hand. The program admits a
certain number of parallel valves, not necessary alike.
 Go to Relief valve – Basic data Elevation (Z)

 Go to Relief valve – Basic data  Number of branches (NBR) Commented [f11]: ¿NB? - cambiado a NB
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For each of the installed relief valves, the necessary data are:
- Nominal diameter. Nominal diameter of valve.
- Branch’s headloss dimensionless coefficient k. It refers to the

dimensionless loss coefficient of the valve-connected branch.
- Type of valve. It’s the type of relief valve to be installed at the branch,
selecting from one of the following types:
Butterfly
Spherical
Gate
Poppet
Diaphragm
Commercial
Once we’ve introduced the number of branches, we then display the data table,
and introduce the following information for each of the branches:
 Display the Basic data table ( ) Nominal diameter (DN)

Head loss coefficient
Type
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The process is analogue to the one described for commercial-type regulation

valves:
- Valve maneuver: It relates valve opening with inlet node pressure. To define
this maneuver in a tabular manner the following data must be provided:
- Pressure pi. Inlet pressure corresponding to point i.
- Opening position Ori. It refers to the relative opening of the valve, in

% with respect to the maximum one, for the pressure pi. Evidently,
the zero opening will correspond to the minimum pressure on the
table, this being the one that provokes the beginning of the
opening maneuver.
 Display the Basic data table ( ) Table

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3.6.4 Excessive flow shut-off valves
They’re valves that close when a considerable variation in circulating flow is

detected, as in the case of a burst. Their goal is to avoid potential flooding after
the breakage. The characteristics of these valves are:

- Type of valve. It refers to the type valve to be installed, selecting from one
of the following types:
Butterfly
Spherical
Gate
Poppet
Diaphragm
Commercial
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 Go to Excessive flow shut-off valve – Basic data  Elevation (Z)

 Go to Excessive flow shut-off valve – Basic data  Nominal diameter
(DN)
 Go to Excessive flow shut-off valve – Basic data  Branch’s headloss
coefficient (k)
 Go to Excessive flow shut-off valve – Basic data  Type
Excessive flow valves will close by means of a tabulated point-defined

maneuver. Thus, for point i we’ll have:
- Instant ti. It’s the time instant corresponding to point i. This time is taken
from the instant in which the valve is triggered or when the closing
maneuver begins.
to its maximum opening, at time instant t i. For the initial instant, the valve’s
opening position will be 100 %.
 Go to Excessive flow shut-off valve – Basic data  Table

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When dealing with an excessive flow shut-off valve, its trigger may be
conditioned by:
- By minimum speed. The valve is triggered when velocity in its interior is

beneath a certain value.
- By maximum speed. The valve is triggered when velocity in its interior

surpasses a certain value.
- By flow differences. The valve is triggered when the difference in flows

through two different points located at a system’s pipe is greater than a
certain value.
 Go to Excessive flow shut-off valve – Basic data  FireTrigger Commented [f12]: No debería ser Trigger?? - cambiado a
Trigger
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For valves which are triggered by minimum or maximum sped, the velocity
which triggers the opening maneuvers will be:
- Velocity through valve (V). It refers to the minimum or maximum velocity

which generates the valve’s trigger.
 Go to Excessive flow shut-off valve – Basic data  Velocity through

valve (V)
For those which are triggered by flow difference, initial and final flowmeters
whose difference will provoke the trigger have to be placed. To do so, the
necessary data are as follows:
- Pipe where flowmeter is located. Designation of the pipes where we find

both the initial and final flowmeters. In general, both flowmeters are
placed on the same pipe, although we can locate them in different ones
also.
- Distance to pipe’s origin. Distance to the corresponding pipe’s origin where

each of the flowmeters is placed.
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- Q coefficient of the flow meter (+1, -1). This parameter indicates the flow’s
direction used to obtain the flow difference which in turn produces the
trigger. If this coefficient takes up the value +1, the flow is considered to
be positive in the direction of the pipe, and if on the contrary its value is -1
the flow is considered to be positive on the pipe’s opposite direction. If
both flowmeters are placed on the same pipe, the two flow coefficients will
have to coincide.
 Go to trigger by flow differential  Flowmeters  By pressing the

button located inside the Flowmeters cell, a table is displayed where the
user must introduce the flowmeters’ data.
NOTE: In case no pipes are available, the program shows the following
warning.
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For each calculation time instant, the program will calculate the difference in
flows obtained at the initial and final flowmeters’ locations, these being affected
by the corresponding flow coefficient. The absolute value of this difference is
compared to a reference one in order to decide whether the excess flow valve
should be triggered. The necessary datum will be:
- Flow difference. Flow difference reference value for the excess flow valve to
be triggered.
 Go to Trigger by flow differential  Flow difference
3.6.5 Minor head loss
It corresponds to a localized headloss at a certain position in the system, for

instance, an accessory that generates a minor head loss between two lengths of
pipe. The necessary data are as follows:
- Elevation. Headloss elevation, equal for start and end nodes.
- Nominal diameter. It’s the nominal diameter of the accessory which

provokes the localized headloss.
- Head loss coefficient k.. It’s the dimensionless head loss coefficient
corresponding to the accessory.
 Go to Minor head loss – Basic data  Elevation (Z)

 Go to Minor head loss – Basic data  Nominal diameter (DN)
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 Go to Minor head loss – Basic data  Head loss coefficient (k)
3.6.6 Composite valves
These are elements comprised by a particular number of valves, installed in

parallel connection, which can be either regulation or check valves, or
accessories which introduce minor headlosses. In order to define composite
valves, the necessary information is the following one:
- Elevation. Elevation of the composite valve, equal for start and end nodes.
 Go to composite valve – Basic data  Elevation (Z)
- Number of regulation valves. It refers to the number of parallel regulation

valves which comprise the composite valve
- Number of check valves. It refers to the number of parallel check valves

which comprise the composite valve.
- Number of minor headlosses. It refers to the number of parallel accessories

which generate minor headlosses and comprise the composite valve.
 Go to Valves  Regulation: One must input the number of regulation

valves needed.
 Go to Valves  Check: One must input the number of check valves
needed.
 Go to Valves  Loss: One must input the number of accessories which
provoke a minor headloss.
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The data of each of the components which structure the composite valve are
analogue to those presented at subsection 3.6.1 (regulation valves), 3.6.2(Check
valves) and 3.6.5 (Minor headlosses).
 Display the Basic data table of the Composite valve( ) one must
input the data for each of the previously declared valves
3.6.7 Automatic valves
These valves will possess an automatic functioning, modifying their opening

position so as to maintain a specific operating parameter constant. The data
needed to define them are:
- Elevation. Elevation of automatic valve, equal for start and end nodes.

 Go to Automatic valve – Basic data  Elevation (Z)

 Go to Automatic valve – Basic data  Nominal Diameter (DN)
 Go to Automatic valve – Basic data  Headloss coefficient (k Branch)
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- Valve kindtype. It’s the type of valve to be installed, according to the Commented [f13]: PARA NO REPETIR TYPE SE PODRÍA
TRADUCIR CLASE A VALVE KIND. HABRÍA QUE CAMBIAR
following classification: TAMBIÉN LA INTERFAZ DE ALLIEVI - cambiado
Commented [f14]: KIND? - cambiado

Pressure reducing
Pressure sustaining
Flow control
In order to declare the type of automatic valve, the procedure is as follows:
 Go to Automatic valve – Basic data  Type Valve kind  Pressure

reducing
 Go to Automatic valve – Basic data  Type Valve kind Pressure
sustaining
 Go to Automatic valve – Basic data  Type Valve kind  Flow control
- Valve type. It’s the type of valve to be installed, selecting from one of the
following types:
Butterfly
Spherical
Gate
Poppet
Diaphragm
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Commercial
 Go to Automatic valve – Basic data  Type
For all these types, apart from commercial valves, the program possesses a
The functioning of automatic valves is conceived as a proportional regulator

that, by actuating on the valve’s opening position, tries to keep the setting value
constant. In general, the expression which defines the functioning of this
regulator is:
u t    K p et  (22)
Where, in each case,
e = error between present parameter and setting value, divided by the

setting value for it to be dimensionless
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u = Valve’s response to correct the error, in percentage of valve opening
In expression (22) we use a positive sign for pressure sustaining valves, whereas,
for pressure reducing and flow control valves, we use a negative one.
The data corresponding to the regulation of automatic valves are:
- Setting pressure. It refers to the setting pressure measured at the inlet of

pressure sustaining valves or the outlet of pressure reducing valves.
This option is only activated when pressure sustaining or pressure reducing

valves are declared.
 Go to Regulation data  Setting pressure (P) Commented [f15]: Ptar debería ser Pset? - preguntar
- Flow setting. It’s the flow setting for flow control valves.
Again, this option is only enabled when flow control valves are declared.
- Kp coefficient:. It refers to the valve’s regulatory proportional coefficient.
With the purpose of defining the regulator’s behavior, the following procedure
must be followed:
 Go to Regulation Data Valve proportional coefficient (Kp)

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IMPORTANT: In each case, the Kp coefficient must be obtained trying

different values until the regulated parameters adapt to the setting values
with the fewest possible oscillations. For the simulation results to adequately
represent the actual system’s behavior, the installed automatic valves should
have a proportional coefficient value attained by means of the
aforementioned procedure.
.
3.7 Protection structures
Protection structures are used to reduce pressure oscillations once the transient
has been generated. They generally store a certain volume of water, and
function by supplying flow to the main conduit when the circulating flow is
reduced. Afterwards, when the flow direction changes, the latter is gradually
introduced into the protection structure, and in turn its breakage is slowed
down. In this manner, alterations in flow at the main pipe are slowed down,
reducing as a result the pressure oscillations.
Elements to be placed at the branch junction between the main pipe and the
protection structure should present in their whole a low headloss coefficient for
the structure’s outflow and a high one for its outflow. In such manner, the
outflow from the structure towards the main pipe is facilitated, which in turn
reduces depressions in said pipe, thus averting negative pressures. Moreover,
when the flow circulates from the main conduit to the protection structure
important headlosses are generated at the branch pipe which dissipate water’s
energy, slowing down the transient’s development.
The types of protection structures included on the program are:
Element types Graphical representation on

ALLIEVI
1. Surge tank
2. Unidirectional tank
3. Air vessel
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4. Differential surge tank
5. Variable section surge tank
Regarding the necessary data, we’ll make a distinction between data of the
structure itself and that of the union branch. Since these last data are common
to all structures, their regard will be done once the particular information is
described for each structure.
3.7.1 Surge tanks
- Diameter. Inner diameter of the surge tank’s constant circular cross-

section.
- Absolute roughness. It refers to the absolute roughness of the inner wall of

the tank.
- Base elevation. It refers to elevation of the base or bottom of the surge

tank.
These data are introduced in the following manner:
 Go to Surge tank – Basic data  Diameter (D)

 Absolute roughness (RoughRug) Commented [f16]: Cambiar a rough en el programa?? -
cambiado
 Base elevation (Zb)
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NOTE: The height of the surge tank is assumed to be sufficient so as to avoid

overflow. If a simulation of a surge tank with overflow risk is needed, the
surge tank can be substituted by a tank of small dimensions with a lateral
spillway.
.
3.7.2 Unidirectional tanks
- Diameter. Inner diameter of the unidirectional tank’s constant circular cross-

section.
- Base elevation. It refers to elevation of the base or bottom of the

unidirectional tank.
- Absolute roughness. It refers to the absolute roughness of the inner wall of

the tank.
- Maximum water level in unidirectional tank. It’s the maximum water level
allowed inside the tank, referenced to its bottom.
 Go to Unidirectional tank – Basic data  Diameter (D)

 Absolute roughness (Roughug) Commented [f17]: Rough? - cambiado

 Maximum water level (Max.lev)
3.7.3 Air vessels
- Number of air vessels. It’s the number of identical air vessels, installed in
parallel connection, which constitute the protection structure.
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- Diameter. Inner diameter of air vessel.
- Length. It refers to the air vessel’s length, supposedly with a cylindrical

shape.
- Volume. It refers to the total volume of each air vessel, calculated by the
program once the vessel’s diameter and length are introduced.
- Bottom elevation. Air vessel’s base or lower edge elevation
- Absolute roughness. Absolute roughness of the vessel’s inner walls.
These data are introduces in the following manner:
 Go to Air vessel – Basic data  Number of air vessels (Num)

 Go to Air vessel Physical properties  Diameter (D)
 Length (L)
 Volume (V)
 Bottom elevation (Zb)
 Absolute roughness (Roughug)
- Initial inflation pressure. In the case of an air vessel with bladder, it’s the
pressure to which the bladder is inflated before the air vessel is installed.
For the bladderless air vessel, the inflation will be carried out closing a
valve at the vessel’s connection pipe (afterwards, this valve will open once
the installation is running and pumps are working at normal regime). To
calculate the inflation pressure, admitting that the gas suffers an isotherm
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evolution from the inflation to the normal regime functioning of the

installation, the expression used is the following one:
Pi* AV  P0*C 0 g (19)
Where: Ph* = Inflation pressure, in absolute value. To determine the

inflation pressure in relative value, atmospheric pressure will
be subtracted.
 AV = Air vessel’s total volume.
*
P0C = Gas pressure in normal regime conditions, in absolute
value. In air vessels connected to the discharge manifold of
a pumping station, this pressure value is approximated as
the head provided by the pumps at normal regime
conditions, deducting the difference in elevation between
the pumps and the average water level inside the air
vessels, and adding atmospheric pressure.
 0 g = Volume of gas inside air vessel, at normal regime

conditions.
On ALLIEVI, the user can input the value for inflation pressure or make use of
the assistant provided by ALLIEVI, which automatically calculates this parameter
once the values for initial volume of gas in cubic meters and initial gas pressure
in meters are given.
 Go to Air vessel physical properties  Inflation pressure (P) Calc.

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- Polytropic exponent.. It’s the exponent n which characterizes the

thermodynamic evolution of the gas inside the air vessel during the
system’s functioning during the transient regime, according to the
expression:
*
PAV ng  const. (19)
For an isothermal evolution n = 1, for an adiabatic evolution n = 1,4 and

for a polytropic evolution n = 1,2. This last value is the one that is usually
adopted, since the evolution of the gas can be considered as an
intermediate one between an adiabatic and isothermal evolution.
 Go to Air vessel physical properties  Polytropic exponent (PEEP) Commented [f18]: PE? - cambiado
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- Air vessel position (V – H). The air vessel can be considered to be in a

vertical (V) or horizontal (H) position.
 Go to Air vessel physical properties  Position  Horizontal (H)

 Vertical (V)
- ¿Bladder installed in air vessel? (Yes – No). The air vessel can include a
bladder (Yes – No). Initially, the behaviors of both types of air vessels are
alike, as long as they aren’t emptied during the transient regime
functioning. In case it is emptied, if the air vessel has a bladder, when it’s
emptied said vessel closes the connection orifice to the branch union pipe.
It’s at this time when the discharge of water from the vessel to the main
pipe is abruptly interrupted, thereby creating a depression wave which can
submit such pipe to negative pressures. Later, when in the overpressure
phase of the transient, water can flow back again to the air vessel,
repeating the cycle depending on the transient’s evolution.
Nonetheless, if the air vessel is bladder- free, in case it’s emptied, the gas
(air in this case) continues its expansion occupying the whole of the vessel
and seeping into the connection pipe, eventually reaching the main pipe.
In this case, the discharge to such pipe is not interrupted, thus preventing
the depression wave of the previous scenario, although part of the gas can
travel within the inside of the main pipe and not return back to the air
vessel in the subsequent overpressure phase. Besides, a certain volume of
air travelling uncontrolled within the main pipe’s interior may create a risk
of breakage during the following startup of the installation. Through the
simulation, it’s admitted that in case of emptying all the gas is confined
within the air vessel and the branch connection pipe, without transferring
to the main pipe. As a consequence, the whole gas mass can go back to
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the air vessel’s interior during the following overpressure phase of the
transient.
 Go to Air vessel physical properties  Bladder  Yes

 No
3.7.4 Differential surge tank
The differential surge tank is constituted by an exterior main standpipe

enclosing in its interior a concentric tube which in case of overflow discharges to
it. Both components are connected through their inferior part to the junction
pipe, with their corresponding loss coefficients for inflows and outflows.
In order to properly define surge tanks, the necessary data are as follows:
3.7.4.1 Main standpipe
- Type: On ALLIEVI, the graphical representation of all standpipes is identical;

hence it’s essential that on this field, the differential surge tank or DF
option is selected.
 Surge tank – Basic data  Type  DF

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- Diameter. It’s the inner diameter of the circular cross-section surge tank.
- Absolute roughness. It’s the inner absolute roughness of the standpipe’s

inner walls.
- Base elevation. It refers to the elevation of the surge tank’s base or bottom.
These data are introduced in the following way:
 Surge tank – Basic data  Diameter (D)

3.7.4.2 Inner tube
- Diameter. It refers to the diameter of the overflowing tube, with a constant

circular cross-section.
- Height. It’s the height of the surge tank’s inner tube, measured from the
bottom.
- Absolute roughness. Absolute roughness of the surge tank’s inner tube.

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 Inner tube in differential surge tank  Diameter (D)

 Height (H)
- Flow coefficient of the inner tube’s overflow section. It’s the CQ coefficient of
the weir formed by tube’s superior contour, used to calculate the
discharged flow according to expression at (9). To implement this
expression, the rectangular weir’s length L is substituted by the
circumference’s length of the tube’s top contour. Typical values for CQ
range from 0.60 to 0.80.
 Inner tube in differential surge tank  Flow coefficient (Cq)
- Head loss coefficient for flow circulating from the branch pipe to the inner
tube. It refers to the loss coefficient Ke for the flow from the connection
pipe towards the overflow tube, which provides these losses according to
the expression
he  K e Qe2 (20)
where Qe is the inflow to the overflow tube. Units for Ke are m/(m3/s)2
 Inner tube in differential surge tank  Kent

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- Head loss coefficient for outflow of the overflow tube. It refers to the loss
coefficient Ks for the flow circulating from the overflowing tube towards to
branch pipe, which provides these losses through the following expression
hs  K s Qout
2
(21)
where Qs is the outflow to the overflowing tube. Units for Ks are m/(m3/s)2 Commented [f19]: K out or exit? - preguntar
 Inner tube in differential surge tank  Ksal
3.7.4.3 Variable cross-section surge tanks
In these surge tanks the cross-section varies in a stepwise manner, with lengths
of constant cross-section between the lower and upper boundaries of each step.
A number of constant cross-section lengths Ntr are defined which in turn divide
the surge tank. As a result, Ntr+1 points appear with point 0 corresponding to
the bottom of the surge tank, point Ntr corresponding to the superior level of
the standpipe and the remaining Ntr – 1points corresponding to the different
cross-section changes, ordered from the bottom to the top.
For each point i, from i=0 until i= Ntr, the necessary data are:
- Type: On ALLIEVI, the graphical representation of all standpipes is identical,

Commented [f20]: Hay un error en el manual original, en
hence it’s essential that on this field, the variable cross section surge tank vez de decir sección variable dice diferencial - preguntar
or SV option is selected. Commented [f21]: Variable cross section? - preguntar
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 Surge tank – Basic data  Type  SV
- Point elevation. It refers to the point’s elevation, measured from an

- Stored volume (V). It refers to the accumulated volume from the bottom
to point i. For i = 0, the program directly assigns an accumulated volume
of zero.
The cross-section surge tank’s volume is introduced in the following manner:
 Surge tank – Basic data  Stored volume (SV)

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3.7.5 Other data of protection structures
3.7.5.1 Union branch data
Data regarding the union branch between the main pipe and the protection
structure are:
- Length. The length of the union branch.
- Absolute roughness. Absolute roughness of the inner wall of the union

branch.
Head loss coefficient for structure’s inflow. It refers to the loss coefficient Ke
for the flow from the connection pipe towards the protection structures,
which provides these losses according to expression (20) where Qe is the
inflow to the structure. Units for Ke are m/(m3/s)2
This loss coefficient is not required when the surge tank is unidirectional,
since the tank’s inflow is blocked by means of the check valve’s closure.
- Head loss coefficient for structure’s outflow. It refers to the loss coefficient
Ks for the flow circulating from the protection structure towards to main
pipe, which provides these losses through expression (21) where Qs is the Commented [f22]: Q out or exit? - preguntar
3 2
structure’s outflow. Units for Ks are m/(m /s)
All of this data are introduces on ALLIEVI in the following manner:
 Union branch  Length(L)

 Absolute roughness (Rug)
 Head loss coefficient (Kent)
 Head loss coefficient (Ksal)
If several parallel protection structures were defines, as in the case of

hydropneumatic tanks, each of these structures will have its own union branch
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with the characteristics we’ve just described. In this case, the head loss
coefficients are evaluated through expressions (19) and (20), using the
corresponding flow to each structure.
3.7.5.2 Activation and deactivation of protection structures
A protection structure can either be activated or deactivated. In case it’s

activated, its existence is accounted for when simulating the transient, whereas,
when it’s deactivated, it’s not taken into account and it’s as if it didn’t exist.
- Active protection structure. A protection structure can be activated (Yes) or

deactivated (No). During the simulation, the structure is only accounted for
when it’s activated.
 Go to Surge tank – Basic data  Activate / Deactivate

 Go to Air vessel – Basic data  Activate / Deactivate
 Go to Unidirectional tank – Basic data  Activate / Deactivate
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IMPORTANT: We have to bear in mind that if the protection structure is

connected to a pipe’s end which has no more connections, in case the
protection structure is deactivated, the connection pipe will be treated as a
closed end conduit. This will originate in such end pressure wave reflections,
and therefore we have to consider the possibility of eliminating the
connection pipe when we deactivate the aforementioned structure.
3.8 Flow or head rules Commented [f23]: Laws no es más apropiado en este
context? - preguntar
They correspond to the imposition of a behavior law, determined at a pipe-

converging node. These rules can be:
Flow rules
Head rules
3.8.1 Flow rules
With this law a specific outflow is imposed to the corresponding node. The
following possibilities exist:
 By Q law
 By node pressure
 By table
For all cases, the law’s elevation must be given,
- Elevation. It’s the elevation to which the law is located, equal to the
connection node’s elevation.
The way to impose the type of law is the following:
 Go to Rule – Basic data  Elevation (Z)

 Go to Rule – Basic data  Type Q
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3.8.1.1 Flow rule by Q law
The flow’s imposition by law forces the node’s outflow to follow the following
lay
 2 
Qt   A  t 2  B  t  C  D  sen t  E  (23)
 T 
When forcing the outflow, the program calculates in the node the hydraulic
head required in order to achieve this particular outflow. In this case, the
required data are:
- Coefficient A. It’s the coefficient preceding t2 at the polynomial part of the

Q law.
- Coefficient B. It’s the coefficient preceding t at the polynomial part of the Q

law.
- Constant term C. It refers to the constant term at the polynomial part of

the Q law.
- Coefficient D. It’s the coefficient for the sinusoidal term of the Q law.
- Period T. It refers to the period of the sinusoidal part of the Q law.
- Phase angle E. Phase angle for the sinusoidal term of the Q law.
 Go to Rule – Basic data  Flow forced (ForcedImp Q)  By Q law Commented [f24]: Forced Q? - ?????
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 Go to Law Q or H = A*t^2+B*t+C+D*sen(2*Pi*t/T+E) Coefficient (A)

 Go to Law Q or H = A*t^2+B*t+C+D*sen(2*Pi*t/T+E) Coefficient (B)
 Go to Law Q or H = A*t^2+B*t+C+D*sen(2*Pi*t/T+E) Coefficient (C)
 Go to Law Q or H = A*t^2+B*t+C+D*sen(2*Pi*t/T+E) Coefficient (D)
 Go to Law Q or H = A*t^2+B*t+C+D*sen(2*Pi*t/T+E) Period (T)
 Go to Law Q or H = A*t^2+B*t+C+D*sen(2*Pi*t/T+E)Phase angle (E)
- Limitation. It allows for the extreme flow values given by the Q law to be
limited. The different possibilities include:
 No limitations
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Upper and lower limit
In case we select an upper and/or lower limit, the corresponding boundary

values will be given as minimum and/or maximum value.
 Go to Law behavior  Limitation: Select the required limitation type

 Go to Law behavior  Limitation Lower limit  Minimum
 Go to Law behavior  Limitation Upper limit  Maximum
 Go to Law behavior  Limitation Upper and Lower limit  Minimum 
Maximum
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3.8.1.2 Flow rule by pressure
In this case it’s assumed that there’s an element at the node which generates a
headloss so as to discharge a flow to the atmosphere following the law below
PN t   KQN t  QN t  (24)
where PN(t) is the node’s pressure, K the loss coefficient of the flow-controlling
element, and QN(t) the node’s discharged flow. The K coefficient will be constant
throughout the whole simulation, and it’s evaluated using the initial imposed
flow and the node’s outlet pressure in steady state conditions. The required
datum is:
 Go to Rule – Basic data  Forced flow (Imp Q)  By pressure
- Value of Q. It’s the discharged flow through the node at initial conditions.
 Go to Rule – Basic data  Q imp (l/s)

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IMPORTANT: When the pressure PN acquires a negative value, so will the

discharged flow, which indicates that in these circumstances flow will enter
the system.
3.8.1.3 Flow rule by table
A tabulated flow law is imposed. For each point i the data to enter are:
- Time instant ti. It’s the time instant corresponding to point i.
- Outflow Qi.. It’s the node’s discharged flow at time instant ti. If it’s an
inflow, its value will be negative.
The lay’s maneuver is entered in the following manner:
 Go to Rule – Basic data Forced flow (Imp Q)  By table
 Go to Rule – Basic data  Q imp: through this button we can input the
law’s maneuver
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3.8.2 Head rules
By means of this law, a certain hydraulic head is imposed to a node where

several pipes converge. When imposing this piezometric head, the program
calculates the node’s discharged flow under these conditions.
A head law is defined at the Type cell:
 Go to Rule – Basic data  Type Head (H)
For head laws we have available two different possibilities,
With associated tank

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Without associated tank
To match up each law to a particular tank we must:
 Go to discharge  Tank  Select the tank to which the water is poured
NOTE The way to assign a law without tank discharge is by selecting the
dotted line.
.
3.8.2.1 Head law without associated tank
In case there’s no associated tank, the function which defines the node’s
hydraulic head imposition is
 2 
H t   A  t 2  B  t  C  D  sen t  E (25)
 T 
For which the following data are required:
- Coefficient A. It’s the coefficient preceding t2 at the polynomial part of the

Q law.
- Coefficient B. It’s the coefficient preceding t at the polynomial part of the Q

law.
- Constant term C. It refers to the constant term at the polynomial part of

the Q law.
- Coefficient D. It’s the coefficient for the sinusoidal term of the Q law.
- Period T. It refers to the period of the sinusoidal part of the Q law.
- Phase angle E. Phase angle for the sinusoidal term of the Q law.
 Go to Law Q or H = A*t^2+B*t+C+D*sen(2*Pi*t/T+E) Coefficient (A)

 Go to Law Q or H = A*t^2+B*t+C+D*sen(2*Pi*t/T+E) Coefficient (B)
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 Go to Law Q or H = A*t^2+B*t+C+D*sen(2*Pi*t/T+E) Coefficient (C)

 Go to Law Q or H = A*t^2+B*t+C+D*sen(2*Pi*t/T+E) Coefficient (D)
 Go to Law Q or H = A*t^2+B*t+C+D*sen(2*Pi*t/T+E) Period (T)
 Go to Law Q or H = A*t^2+B*t+C+D*sen(2*Pi*t/T+E)Phase angle (E)
- Limitation. It allows for the extreme hydraulic head values provided by the
Q law to be limited. The different possibilities include:
 No limitations
 Lower limit
 Upper limit
 Upper and lower limit
In case we select an upper and/or lower limit, the corresponding boundary

values will be given as minimum and/or maximum value.
These data are introduced in a likewise manner as shown for flow laws.
IMPORTANT: Once the head law is set, the program calculates the node’s Formatted: English (United States)
corresponding flow, which can be positive (exiting flow from the system) or
negative (inflow to the system). This should correspond to the action of a
subsystem, which isn’t accounted for on the simulation but imposes the
hydraulic head law represented at expression (25). This part of the system is
the one which would receive or provide the node’s outflow or inflow.
3.8.2.2 Head law with associated tank
In case the head law is linked to a single pipe’s end node, such law can utilize an
associated tank to which the pipe’s flow is discharged, at atmospheric pressure.
The program then calculates the outflow keeping the node’s hydraulic head
equal to its elevation, and considering said flow as an inflow to the tank through
its top section.
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If, during the transient simulation, the head law’s outflow becomes negative it
means that there’s a backflow through the law-connected pipe. From this point
on, the backflow generates an air column at the pipe’s end, which will increase
or decrease its length depending on the movement of water inside the conduit.
At all pipe points where there’s an air column null flow and atmospheric
pressure will be supposed, with air being able to enter or exit according to the
head law. Immediately upon the end of the air column’s expulsion, the outflow
will be reestablished following the head law. If the air column occupies at any
time the whole of the pipe, the program stops the simulation process, since air
movement at elements which connect the pipes to their opposite law’s nodes
can no longer be evaluated
For this case, the necessary data are as follows:
- Tank. It’s the law –linked tank. All system’s tank can be considered as
associated tanks. The program provides, for information purposes solely,
the elevation from which water is poured into the tank, which coincides
with law’s connection node.
- Area. If the tank associated to the law is a weir, one must indicate if the
discharge area is the initial or the final one.
 Go to discharge  Area  Initial

 Final
3.9 Open-channel flow conduits
The ALLIEVI program enables simulation of transient regime functioning of

pressurized and open-channel flow conduits in the same system,
interconnecting both types through tanks.
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IMPORTANT: In all simulations, the functioning regime of all open channel Formatted: English (United States)
flow conduits will be subcritical, except in the case of free fall to a tank
through the end of a conduit where a critical regime is established.
Open channel flow conduits, or channels, can only be connected to tank nodes
or nodes which connect other channels. In case there’s a connection to a tank,
this specific node will solely link the tank and the channel. In case several
channels are connected together, the connection node will only join channels.
In order to define open- channel flow conduits, the necessary data are:
- Node elevation. Elevation of a channel’s start and end nodes. In tank

connections, this elevation will coincide to the tank’s base elevation.
- Length. Length of the channel, supposed straight and with a uniform slope.
- Manning coefficient Manning coefficient which represents roughness of the

inner channel walls. Guideline values range from 0.014 to 0.016.
 Go to Channels – Basic data  Start node elevation (Zi)

 Go to Channels – Basic data  End node elevation (Zf)
 Go to Channels – Basic data  Length (L)
 Go to Channels – Basic data  Manning coefficient (n)
- Bottom elevation. Bottom elevations for start and extreme ends of the
channel. In case there’s a tank connection, the channel’s bottom elevation
will be higher or equal to the connection node’s elevation. In case its
higher, the channel’s bottom’s elevation will be higher than the tank’s
bottom’s elevation. In the case of channel connection, at this end all
channels must have the same bottom elevation, which will match the
node’s elevation.
 Bottom elevation  Initial elevation (Zi)

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 Bottom elevation  End elevation (Zf)
- Cross-section type. We can choose from for different types of cross-

sections:
Rectangular
Trapezoidal
Circular
Any
3.9.1 Channels with rectangular cross-section
- Channel width. It’s the width of the channel, constant for all its cross-
section.
- Maximum depth. It’s the maximum depth of the channel, from which
overflowing occurs and simulation is stopped.
 Go to Channels – Section  Type  Rectangular

 Go to section  Width (b)
 Go to section  Maximum depth (Y max)
3.9.2 Channels with trapezoidal cross-section
- Channel width. It’s the width of the channel, constant for all its cross-
section.
- Maximum depth. It’s the maximum depth of the channel, from which
overflowing occurs and simulation is stopped.
- Lateral side slope. It’s the incline angle of the lateral walls of the channel,
with regard to the horizontal direction, measured from its exterior.
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 Go to Channels – Section  Type  Trapezoidal

 Go to section  Width (b)
 Go to section  Maximum depth (Y max)
 Go to section  Side slope
3.9.3 Channels with circular cross-section
- Channel diameter. It’s the inner diameter of the circular channel. The
maximum depth is indicated, which will coincide with this value, from
which said conduct becomes pressurized and simulation is stopped.
 Go to Section  Type  Circular

 Go to Section  Channel diameter (D)
3.9.4 Channel with any cross-section
The data for the channel cross-section will be given in table form, with
increasing channel depth, these being for point i:
- Depth yi. Depth corresponding to point i.
- Perimeter pi. Wetted perimeter for conduit cross-section, under depth yi.
- Section Ai. It refers to the area of the conduit’s cross section, under channel
depth yi.
 Go to Section  Type  Any

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 Go to Section  Section: Here the user introduces the cross-section and

the perimeter for each depth
3.9.5 Data for channel with null initial flow
As in pressurized conduits, it can occur that the steady state circulating flow
through the channel is zero. Thus, and also to avoid the need for a large number
of iterations in order to calculate the steady state, we can directly assign a null
initial flow to those channels to which this particular circumstance applies. So,
for each channel with null initial flow, the necessary information is:
- Zero initial flow (Yes – No). It indicates whether we enforce a null initial flow
to the channel
- H imposed. In case we enforce a null initial flow, this datum corresponds to

the initial water elevation through the entire channel. When dealing with
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interconnected zero initial flow channels, this head should be equal for all
of them. In turn, the same head will be enforced to all tanks connected to
these channels.
We can also enforce an initial water elevation to channel with an

intermediate value between the bottom elevations of its ends. In this case,
the tank’s initial water level must be under the bottom elevation of the
channel’s initial area. In steady state conditions the top part of the channel
will me empty.
 Go to Zero initial flow  Qin=0  Activate / Deactivate

 Go to Zero initial flow  H Imp
IMPORTANT: We have to be very careful when inputting this data, since Formatted: English (United States)
when we indicate zero initial flow for a channel the program calculates the
steady state assigning this value to such channel, as well as the depth
corresponding to the water level one has previously introduced. The
obtained steady state solution will be incorrect if in fact these circumstances
will not take place, as in the case, for instance, of incompatible initial water
levels between the connected tanks and the channels with zero initial flow. In
case we’re hesitant, it’s better not to impose this type of data.
The program enables the simulation of transient behavior of Francis turbines,

installed in the system, when a regulation maneuver or sudden disconnection of
the generator takes place. For these turbines, Suter’s universal characteristics
curves are used, which are obtained from Martin’s experimental testing of a
Francis pump-turbine with a 344 mm diameter and a maximum guide opening
of 43,70 mm. These curves were obtained for 14 different guide vanes opening
with H > 0, and for 4 different guide vanes opening with the pump-turbine
operating in all four quadrants (Andrade, J.G.P. y Martin, C.S. Interpolation
between guide vane openings of pump-turbine characteristics represented by
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Fourier series. 16th Symposium of the IAHR - Section on Hydraulic Machinery

and Cavitation. Sao Paulo, Brasil, september 1992).
A turbine must function keeping a constant rotating speed for any load case. In
this fashion, the turbine’s regulator will action the guide’s rotor blades,
increasing the turbined flow as the resistant turbine torque increases (load
increments), or decreasing the turbined flow when this torque is diminished
(load declines). With this, we’re looking to equalize the driving and the resistant
torque for any load combination, while keeping the rotation speed constant.
Hence the frequency of the generated alternate current will also be unaltered.
The regulation of the turbine’s functioning is done in the program by means of
feedback PID controller. If we define:
X = Guide opening for current calculation time instant

X0 = Guide opening for previous calculation time instant
Xmax = Maximum guide opening
y = Relative opening of the guide at current calculation time instant = X/Xmax
y0 = Relative opening of the guide at previous calculation time instant =
X0/Xmax
 = Rotation velocity of turbine at current calculation time instant
R = Nominal rotation velocity for optimal operating point
ref = Reference rotation velocity, to which the desired frequency is obtained
 = Relative rotation velocity at current calculation time instant= /R
e = Relative error between desired rotation speed and the current one = ( –
ref)/ref
u = Regulator’s response for error correction = y – y0 Formatted: Spanish (Spain)
the expression which defines the functioning of the feedback PID controller is
the following:
 det  
u t     K p et   K i  et dt  K d  K ra  u t dt  (26)
 dt 
Or taking the derivative with respect to time (DIN-4321),
 d 2 et 
K ra ut    K i et   K d
du (t ) de(t )
  K p  (27)
dt  dt dt 2 
the latter being the used expression on the program. In it we have:
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Kp = Proportional constant of the regulator, unitless

Ki = Integral term constant of the regulator, with units in s-1
Kd = Derivative term constant of the regulator, units in s
Kra = Feedback constant of the regulator, with units in s-1
With this formula, any partial action on the regulator can be nullified by making
its constant zero.
3.9.6 General data of turbines
For each turbine, the requested general data on the program are:
- Elevation Z. It’s the elevation to which the turbine rests, equal for start and
end nodes.
- Diameter. Nominal diameter of the turbine. This datum doesn’t intervene in

the simulation, being of informational purpose only.
- Inertia. It’s the moment of inertia of the rotating masses in the turbine,
including the impeller, the shaft and the rotor of the electric generator.
- N regime or reference rotation velocity. It’s the rotation speed to which the
desired alternate current’s frequency value is produced. This rotation
velocity will have to be kept constant by means of the regulator’s actions.
- Initial guide opening. Guide’s opening position at normal regime Commented [f25]: En Allievi está traducido como
“provider”. Tras buscar en terminología técnica, no sería guide
conditions. o guide vanes la traducción correcta?
- Maximum guide opening. Guide’s maximum opening. Simulations are

carried out considering at all times a relative guide opening, not its
absolute value.
In order to assign these data on ALLIEVI, you must open the turbine’s data
window and undergo the following steps:
 Go to Turbines - Basic data  Turbine elevation Z(m)

 Go to Turbines - Basic data  Diameter D(m)
 Go to Turbines - Basic data  Inertia (Ton.m2)
 Go to Turbines - Basic data  Rotation speed (Nreg)
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 Go to Turbines - Provider  Guide initial opening (Ap inic)

 Go to Turbines - Provider  Guide maximum opening (Ap max) Commented [f26]: GUIDE VANES??
3.9.7 Optimal working point data for turbines
The needed data to characterize a turbine correspond to the optimal working

point (or maximum efficiency point) at nominal rotating velocity, these being:
- Flow Qt0. It’s the flow through the turbine at the optimal performance
point.
- Head Ht0.It refers to the net head of the turbine at its optimal functioning
point.
- Shaft power Pshaft0. It refers to the power produced by the turbine’s shaft
when operating at the optimal performance point.
Once we’ve entered these values, the program displays the turbine’s efficiency
at the optimal working point, for us to verify it.
- N nominal. It’s the turbine’s nominal rotation speed, for which the optimal
working point is obtained.
In order to assign these values, we have to:
 Go to Turbines – Optimal performance  Flow (Q)

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 Go to Turbines – Optimal performance  Net head (H)

 Go to Turbines – Optimal performance  Shaft power (P)
 Go to Turbines – Optimal performance  Rotation speed (Nnom)
3.9.8 Load variation
It represents the time evolution of the turbine’s imposed load, during which the
regulator will try to keep the reference rotation speed constant, regardless of
this evolution.
For each of the turbines, the time instants and their respective loads
percentages are introduces in tabular form so as to define the load variations of
the generator.
The required data are:
- Instant ti. Time instant corresponding to point i.
- Load Li with respect to normal regime. It’s the supplied power needed at
time instant i, or the resistant torque to overcome, in percentage with
respect to the normal regime’s power or resistive torque.
The load variation is assigned in the following manner:
 Go to turbines – Load variations  By pushing the button, the program

displays a table in which we introduce the load’s time variation of the
generator
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3.9.9 Guide closure due to turbine disconnection
If during regulation maneuvers the load which the turbine has to provide drops
beneath a certain value, the turbines generator will be disconnected from the
network in order to avoid excessively low partial load functioning. At this
instant, the guide vanes will initiate a rapid closure maneuver so as to prevent
turbine runaway.
To simulate this closure, the necessary data are:
- Minimum load for disconnection. It’s the minimum load which will provoke
turbine disconnection, in percentage with respect to regime power.
The minimum load is assigned on ALLIEVI in the following way:
 Go to Turbines - Disconnection  Minimum load (Cmin)

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The time instants and their respective guide openings for the closing process
are introduced in table form. The time reference is the turbine’s disconnection
instant, starting from the initial guide opening. These values are:
- Instant ti. Time instant corresponding to point i for the guide’s closing
maneuver.
- Guide opening Api. Guide opening at time instant i, during the process of
closure in order to avoid turbine runaway.
The closure of the guide vanes will follow this law, beginning the maneuver with
the guide’s opening at the instant of disconnection.
Time instants and guide opening during closure procedure are assigned in the
following manner:
 Go to Turbines - Disconnection  By pressing on the button, the program

displays a table to assign the time instants, in seconds, and guide opening,
in millimeters.
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3.9.10 Turbine regulator data
For the feedback PDI controller in each turbine, the required data are:
- Kp = Proportional constant of the regulator, unitless
-
Ki = Integral term constant of the regulator, with units in s-1
- Kd = Derivative term constant of the regulator, units in s
- Kra = Feedback constant of the regulator, with units in s-1. This constant
can take negative values.
PDI controller’s data are assigned in the following manner:
 Go to Turbines – PDI regulation  Proportional constant (Kp)

 Go to Turbines – PDI regulation  Derivative constant (Kd)
 Go to Turbines – PDI regulation  Integral constant (Ki)
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 Go to Turbines – PDI regulation  Feedback constant (Kra)
4. New project configuration on ALLIEVI
When declaring a new project, ALLIEVI will allow the user to define and save the
considered useful information, as in the case of the title, responsible Engineer,
date of creation, page size, amongst others, so as to enhance the organization
of the created projects.
4.1 Project options configuration
ALLIEVI allows the user to establish several program options. These options can
be changed for the present project as well as for all projects made with ALLIEVI.
The way to modify such options is the following one:
 Go to Project tab  Project options  ALLIEVI options  Calculation 

Calculation settings. If desired, you can change any parameters (time interval
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for pressurized and open-channel flow calculations, atmospheric pressure,

headloss equation, among others) used in transient simulations.
 Go to Project tab  Project options  ALLIEVI options  Units: The user can
select the unit system to work with.
 Go to Project tab  Project options  ALLIEVI options  1- Click Charts:

The user can configure by default the most widely used graphics and have
them accessible in all available tools, at all times for result obtainment.
 Go to Project tab  Project options  ALLIEVI options  Elements: The user

can configure the graphical representation of the elements.
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5. Work environment on ALLIEVI
5.1 Visual tools
ALLIEVI counts with multiple tools which allow the user to adjust the work area
to their needs and/or preferences. We introduce below the way to access every
one of them.
In the first place, the default tool on ALLIEVI which allows us to introduce and
edit the elements, activate or deactivate tools or even introduce network data, is
the Selection tool.
 Go to Image tab Tools  Selection

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5.1.1.1 Adjust screen width or height
To change window presentation, ALLIEVI provides to possibilities:
- On the one hand, on the “View” tab, “Zoom”, we find the “Width” and
“Height” buttons.
 Go to View tab  Width

Height
- The screen adjustment buttons “Width” and “Height” can also be found
on the taskbar, located at the bottom of the work area.
5.1.1.2 Zoom tools
- Magnifying glass: It’s the tool which allows us to zoom in or zoom out a
part of the drawn network. To access it we must:
 Go to Image  Tools  Zoom In

 Go to Image  Tools   Zoom Out
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- Slider:. It’s the most direct way to zoom in and zoom out on the drawing.
It’s found on the taskbar and it indicates the zoom percentage.
- Enlarge/Reduce: Another way to zoom in or out is by clicking on the

buttons (+) and (-) located on the View tab. On the right hand side, the
program shows also the zoom percentage.
 Go to View tab Zoom  Enlarge: If we want to zoom in.

 Go to View tab  Zoom  Reduce: If we want to zoom out.
- Drag: This tool acts as a complement of the zoom tool, since in many
occasions, the zoomed area doesn’t correspond to the one we are
interested in. Therefore, by activating the hand option we can adjust and
locate the desired screen without changing zoom or network drawing.
 Go to Image  Tools  Drag
5.1.1.3 Lock tools
- Element lock: this tool enables the user to introduce the same element
several times on a row, being especially useful when we need to
introduce a large number of elements, for instance a network’s nodes.
 Go to Image tab Tools  Element lock

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- Lock drawing: It’s located on the taskbar and its function is to avoid
unwanted and unintentional modifications to the definitive drawing.
5.1.1.4 Schematic view
Schematic view allows the user to visualize the network in a much simpler
manner, which can be easily exported to either present as a report or to print it
with the desired format.
The user has two ways to access this option:
 Go to view tab  Network elements  Change view
 Go to taskbar  Schematic view

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5.1.1.5 Toolbar design
On the Image tab, as we’ve previously mention, we can find all the available
elements to draw a network. Each set of elements is organized in a tab designed
to display on the left hand side the last user-selected element and on the right
hand side the miniature options of the remaining elements. Each of the
elements has a displayable menu with all the available elements.
The entire toolbar is completely configurable, allowing the user to save the
button disposition which better suits his or her needs, having this combination
available at all times.
The steps to save and/or load toolbar configuration are as follows:
 Go to Menu design  Save: Name and path have to be specified.

 Go to Menu design  Load
If we want to restore the default button disposition, push the restore button.
 Go to Menu design  Restore

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5.2 Labels
5.2.1.1 Introduce a label
ALLIEVI grants every element with a default name, which is shown at the label.
To change the name of an element, we merely have to select it, either with the
selection tool or directly on the data window, and introduce the new name.
NOTE: The usage of accents or symbols on names is unadvised. Formatted: English (United States)
5.2.1.2 Label position
By selecting one or several elements and right clicking on one of them, the
program displays a menu with the option “Labels”, which allows the user to
change the label position according to his or her preferences. This action can
also be done through the computer’s numerical keyboard.
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5.2.1.3 Show or hide labels
ALLIEVI gives you the possibility of showing or hiding element labels

effectuating the following actions:
 Go to View tab  Labels Show all / Hide all
 Select an element  Right click  Label  Show label / Hide label
5.3 Advanced drawing tools
5.3.1.1 Quick drawing
The quick drawing tool allows for the rapid introduction of connected elements,
saving time and clicks, since one can create an entire network without
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interrupting the drawing process. The tool is found on the Image tab and in
order to activate it the listed steps must be followed:
 Go to Image tab  Tools  Quick
Once the Quick drawing tool is activated, we have to select the first element to
be introduced to the network. Automatically, the cursor is set in pipe mode and
by right clicking we can change the selected element.
The way to exit the quick drawing mode is either activating once more the
selection tool or from the actual displayable menu, when right clicking. We can
also use a shortcut, pressing the ESC key twice.
5.3.1.2 Changing from Pipe to Polypipe
Once we’ve drawn an installation, it’s likely that modifications are required. For
instance, placing vertices to a pipe and converting it to a Polypipe. This is
achieved in the following manner:
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 Select the pipe with the Selection tool

 Pressing Control (Ctrl) and Shift, the tools which allows the insertion of
vertices is activated
 With cursor in mode  Click on the pipe and add the necessary
vertices.
5.3.1.3 Edit vertices
The position of the vertices is modified in the following manner:
 Pressing the Control (Ctrl) key displays a vertex edit tool.

 When clicking on any of the vertices, the cursor changes to and the
vertices can me moved to the desired place.
To eliminate vertices:
 Click on the undesired vertex.

 Press the Ctrl key and wait for the cursor to change to an X
5.4 Scenario creation
ALLIEVI allows for the comparison of different alternatives to solve the same
problem to be done. In order to do so, it possesses a tool which enables the
creation of different operating scenarios from the main one.
For each scenario, we can change different protection elements, change data,
calculate and compare their results.
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It’s important to highlight that the main scenario is the one which is shown
when we initialize the program. The steps needed to create a new one are the
following ones:
 Go to Project ScenariosNew: A window is displayed where we have to

introduce the scenario’s name, its label or abbreviation, a description of
the modeled phenomenon and select the scenario from which we want to
create the new one.
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IMPORTANT: When a new scenario is created, ALLIEVI locks the drawing and Formatted: English (United States)
the user can’t change the typology of the network nor input any elements.
For such reason, we recommend that in the main scenario all necessary
elements are drawn, keeping in mind that one can activate or deactivate
them, and also change from one protection element to another using the
keyboard shortcuts.
Each scenario differs from the other by their names and the background color
ALLIEVI applies when we create new scenarios, the latter being configurable by
the user in the following way:
 Go to Project ScenariosView details Color

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6. Results Wizard
6.1 Steady state results
To access the results of the steady state calculation one must:
 Go to Project Steady state Calculate:
 Go to Project Steady state Show results. By pressing on each figure

we can see the results of the respective element
To explore these results, you need to select the data and by pressing Ctrl+C you
can copy them other programs like Microsoft Excel.
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6.2 Transient regime results
To access the results of the transient regime calculation one must:
 Go to Project Transient Calculate
There are several ways to access the results.
6.2.1.1 Results wizard
 Go to Project Transient Results wizard  Step 1: The assistant is

displayed which allows you to configure each of the available result
plots on ALLIEVI. During the first step of the assistant, the user selects
the elements he or she wants to analyze and on the right hand side a
summary of those selected appears.
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NOTE: Elements like channels or pipes have plots which are incompatible Formatted: English (United States)
with other elements. Hence, ALLIEVI doesn’t allow the selection of these
elements with a single result’s output, and shows an error message.
 Go to Project Transient Results Wizard Steps 2 and 3: By pressing

Next, and if amongst the previous selection we have pipes and channels,
we access step 2 where we have to select the type of graph we want to
generate. Contrarily, the assistant skips directly to the selection of the
result series for each of the elements.
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IMPORTANT: If the user considers that the selected series are the most used Formatted: English (United States)
ones for these elements, he or she can activate the option of setting graphs
by default. In this way, the results are saved and one can access them later,
without the need of going through the assistant yet again.
 Go to Project Transient Results Wizard Step 3: For channels and

pipes, the correct order must be given using the buttons located at the
right hand side of the elements. At the bottom part, there is a pre-
visualization of the profile which acts as a guide.
At the left hand side, the user selects the type of series to be represented.
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Formatted: Font: (Default) CG Omega, 12 pt, Font color:

Text 1
 Go to project Transient Results wizard Step 4: The scenarios which

want to be represented are selected; on the left hand side, the user can
see the characteristics of each scenario so as to avoid any confusion.
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 Go to project Transient Results wizard Step 5: Here is where the

user sets the plot’s appearance, assigning a label to each axis and
choosing from a wide variety of styles the one that better suits his or her
needs.
By pressing the Finish button, ALLIEVI displays the graphical and

numerical result.
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NOTE: In each of the wizard’s steps, the user can press the “Finish” button,
which exits the wizard and shows the plot without the need of undergoing all
the steps.
Once the graphs are generated, we can modify them without the need of going
back to the wizard:
At the Series tab, those which are represented in the graph are shown:
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By selecting More series options you can configure the colors of each series,
change the name and decide among other things if you want to draw the series
or not.
At the Setting tab it’s possible to change the title of the graph, the axis,
configure the scale, define the font type, the size, etc. To do so, you must select
the option “More title and legend options”
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IMPORTANT: Be aware that to change the default scale, you must make sure Formatted: English (United States)
that the Autoscale option is deactivated. Otherwise, the initial scale will
remain unchanged.
Finally, at the Data tab the user finds the values of each of the plotted series.
These values can also be copied to external programs, like Microsoft Excel.
6.2.1.2 Click Chart results
ALLIEVI has a tool which can access transient results by merely selecting the
elements that the user wants to analyze. To access them, the user has to right
click on the selected elements and choose the option on the
displayed menu.
Depending on the selected elements, the following plots can be accessed:
Elements
At a point
Envelopes
Animations
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By default, the most representative plot is shown, or the one the user has
configured and saved on the results wizard.
6.2.1.3 SmartCharts
This tool enables the user to save a graph and have it always available, in such
way that if the user simulates the project once more, SmartCharts updates it and
shows it with the new obtained data.
The way to save a graph on SmartCharts is the following one:
 Right click Add to “My SmartChart”: Input the name of the graph you
want to save.
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To access the graph one must:
 Go to Project main tab  My smart charts: select a graph

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7. ALLIEVI’s compatibility with EPANET and AutoCAD
EPANET and AutoCad are the most widely used software in water engineering.
For this reason, ALLIEVI allows the user to import hydraulic networks from
EPANET (.inp) and AutoCAD (.dxf)
The way to import a file from EPANET is as follows:
 Start button  Open  Open Epanet File
When opening a file with (.inp) extension, ALLIEVI asks for the network’s scale
factor
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IMPORTANT: ALLIEVI not only imports the outline of the network, but also
its data. Nonetheless, special care must be taken with those elements which
are incompatible between the two programs, for instance composite valves.
 Start button  Open  Import network from AutoCAD An assistant will

be displayed in which the user will select the layer he or she wants to
import, the desired conversion mode (nodes or vertices) and the
connectivity tolerance. Commented [f27]: FALTAN CAPTURAS DE PANTALLA DE
ESTA PARTE
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When pressing next, a pre-visualization of the imported network plan is

enabled. It’s imperative to keep in mind that the time that ALLIEVI takes in the
conversion is directly proportional to the number of layers present on the
AutoCAD project.
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Once the conversion has been done, either from an EPANET or AutoCAD file,
the user can visualize the project on ALLIEVI with all the elements and their
respective data.
8. Keyboard shortcuts
Zoom shortcuts Action

1. Ctrl _ “+” Zooms in
2. Ctrl _ “-“ Zooms out
3. + Zooms in on an element
4. - Zooms out on an element
5. Space bar Activates “hand” tool
6. Ctrl _ “E” Selects the whole Drawing
Various shortcuts Action
7. F12 Locks Drawing
8. Ctrl _ “Shift” Shows/Hides elements data
9. Shift Disconnects protection structure from pipe
10. F1 Changes to Air Vessel
11. F2 Changes to Surge tank
12. F3 Changes to Unidirectional tank
13. Ctrl _ “c” Copy element or data
14. Ctrl _ “V” Paste element or data
Edit vertices shortcuts Action
15. Ctrl Edits a pipe
16. Ctrl _ “Shift” Inserts vertices on pipe
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17. Ctrl _ Click Eliminates vertices

Label shortcuts Action
18. “1” Label position “Down Left”
19. “2” Label position “Down Center”
20. “3” Label position “Down Right”
21. “4” Label position “ Left”
22. “6” Label position “Right”
23. “7” Label position “Up Left”
24. “8” Label position “Up Center”
25. “9” Label position “Up Right”
Quick drawing shortcuts Action
26. “A” Inserts Regulation valve
27. “B” Inserts Pump
28. “C” Inserts Surge tank
29. “D” Inserts Tank with left Node
30. “E” Inserts Headloss valve
31. “I” Inserts injector
32. “L” Inserts Law
33. “M” Inserts Turbine
34. “N” Inserts Node
35. “O” Inserts Channel
36. “Q” Inserts Relief valve
37. “R” Inserts Automatic valve
38. “T” Inserts Unidirectional tank
39. “U” Inserts Excessive Flow Shut-off valve
40. “V” Inserts Air Vessel
41. “W” Inserts Composite Valve
42. “Y” Inserts Check-valve
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USERS MANUAL

ITA Formatted: Spanish (Spain)

Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

ALLIEVI USER’S GUIDE

3.5.5 Group’s valves: By-pass in pumping station .................................. 434139

3.9.10 Turbine regulator data ....................................................................... 999487

 In order to install ALLIEVI, your computer must have:

The ALLIEVI program is a software package whose aim is to simulate and/or

In a hydraulic system with a steady state operation, transients can be generated

resulting in minor transients. However, the breakage of a pipe may result in a

Furthermore, if minimum pressures descend under the vapor pressure of the

other results, the oscillations in pressure originated after a particular maneuver.

Consequently to what we’ve indicated, ALLIEVI is a software that can be used

2. ALLIEVI Calculation basics

2.1 Pressurized pipes

In a pressurized conduit, the hydraulic transient is modeled applying mass and

Together with this hypothesis, the aforementioned differential equations are

1. Tanks, with or without weir

2.2 Open-channel flow conduits

Alternatively, in open-channel flow conduits the transient can be generated due

2.3 Steady state calculation

3. System’s elements to be simulated on ALLIEVI

The hydraulic system to be simulated is constituted by elements, which are

The element types considered on the program are as follows:

Element types Graphical representation on ALLIEVI

6. Flow control structures

7. Flow(Q) or head(H) rules

8. Open-channel flow conduits

3.1 Drawing elements

The way to introduce these elements on ALLIEVI is the following one:

 Go to the Image tab  Basics  Select between Node, Pipe, Pump,

 Go to the Image tab  More  Select Rule.

IMPORTANT: Keep in mind that certain elements can’t be directly connected

Next we present the most important characteristics of each of the elements,

- Name. The designation of each node is an alphanumeric variable, with the

- Elevation. It’s the node’s elevation, with respect to user-defined reference

Tank types Graphical representation on ALLIEVI

Tanks of small dimensions or variable

Variable cross-section tank (VCS)

Next we describe the characteristics of these tanks.

3.3.1 Tanks of great dimensions

 Go to Basic Data  Type  GD

Formatted: Font: Italic

Formatted: Font: Italic

3.3.2 Tanks of small dimensions

- Cross-section (S). It’s the tank’s cross-section, with a constant value.

The way to declare a tank of small dimensions is the following one:

3.3.3 Variable cross-section tanks

In these tanks the cross-section varies in a stepwise manner, with lengths of

- For each point i which define the variable cross-section tank:

- Point elevation (z). It’s the elevation of point i, with respect to an

- Accumulated volume (V). It refers to the accumulated volume from

They’re tanks which have a rectangular transverse thin-walled weir that

The way to assign these parameters is as follows:

 Go to Compartmentalized  Initial section (Si)

The way to input these data is the following one:

 Go to Weir/Spillway  Weir length (L)

3.3.5 Other tank characteristics

Besides the aforementioned data, there’re other common characteristics of

3.3.5.1 Spillway in tanks of small dimensions or with variable cross-section

In these tanks there might be a rectangular thin-walled spillway, located in one

- Flow coefficient of the spillway (Cq). It’s the Cq coefficient of the

- Crest (Fixed - Mobile). It indicates the crest characteristic, either mobile