GOfER diagram (Graphical Overview for Evidence Reviews)

Visual Summary Use this diagram to compare characteristics of the included ASSESSMENT
studies and participants, evidence quality and findings OF EXPOSURE

Self administered intake

Direct visual monitoring
DESIGN BASELINE PARTICIPANT CHARACTERISTICS STUDY QUALITY STUDY FINDINGS META-ANALYSIS

Food diary
Between Study quality criteria Mean difference between arms (Positive values favour no breakfast)
Crossover Follow-up Age (years) Sex* Body mass index
participants
Weeks Mean and SD* % Mean and SD* Overall risk Low risk Unclear risk Weight gain (kg) Daily energy intake (kJ)
Participants Randomisation 0 8 16 Population 15 35 55 0 20 40 of bias High risk Not applicable -8 -4 0 4 8 -2500 0 2500 5000

26 Breakfast Healthy women who did not F M Randomisation

LeCheminant 49 4 Weeks regularly consume breakfast Blinding
23 No breakfast aged 18-55 High Reporting Other
2017
20 Breakfast Healthy, habitual breakfast F M Randomisation
Yoshimura 20 2x24 hours eating women Blinding
20 No breakfast High Reporting Other

11 Breakfast Healthy obese community F M Randomisation

2016 Chowdhury 23 6 weeks dwellers Blinding
12 No breakfast High Reporting Other

10 Breakfast Healthy active community F M Randomisation

Clayton 10 2x24 hours dwellers who regularly Blinding
10 No breakfast consume breakfast High Reporting Other
Regular breakfast eaters 6 Breakfast
2015 Thomas 10 Healthy overweight women F M Randomisation
4 No breakfast 2x8 hours Could not be included in meta-analysis because
18 who either regularly omitted Blinding
only median and interquartile ranges were reported
5 Breakfast or consumed breakfast High Reporting Other
8
Regular breakfast skippers 3 No breakfast (Median and IQR*)
16 Breakfast Healthy normal and F M Randomisation
Betts 33 6 weeks overweight community Blinding
17 No breakfast dwelling adults High Reporting Other
Dhurandhar Regular breakfast eaters 56 Breakfast Regular breakfast eaters
109 Healthy overweight and F M Randomisation
53 No breakfast 16 Weeks
204 obese adult community Blinding
45 Breakfast dwellers High Reporting Other
95 Regular breakfast skippers
2014 Regular breakfast skippers 50 No breakfast

Geliebter 12 Breakfast 1 4 weeks Healthy overweight adult F M Randomisation Breakfast 1

36 12 Breakfast 2 community dwellers Blinding
High Reporting Other Breakfast 2
12 No breakfast
37 Breakfast Healthy normal and F M Randomisation
Reeves 37 2x7 days overweight adult Blinding
37 No breakfast community dwellers High Reporting Other

16 Breakfast Healthy university students F M Randomisation

16 2x24 hours Blinding
2013 Levitsky
16 No breakfast High Reporting Other

12 Breakfast Healthy hospital workers F M Randomisation

12 7 days (students and staff) Blinding
2011 Astbury
12 No breakfast High Reporting Other

10 Breakfast Lean healthy hospital F M Randomisation

10 2x14 days workers (medical students Blinding
2005 Farshchi
10 No breakfast and clinicians) High Reporting Other
Schlundt Regular breakfast eaters 17 Breakfast
36 Randomisation Regular breakfast eaters
19 No breakfast 12 weeks Community dwelling obese F M
1992 52 women
Blinding
8 Breakfast High Reporting Other Regular breakfast skippers
16
Regular breakfast skippers 8 No breakfast (Range)
0 8 16 15 35 55 0 20 40 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
* SD=standard deviation; IQR=interquartile range; F=female; M=male - -    -   