T. N. Saifullah S.
Laboratorium Teknologi Formulasi
Fakultas Farmasi UGM
DEFINISI
• 1.
1 Diprivan (Propofol Injectable emulsion)
General anaesthetic
• 33. RESTASIS
S S S op
ophthalmic
a emulsion.
e u s o (Cyclosporine)
(Cy ospo e)
Keratoconjuctivitis
5. Fluorescence Test
If an emulsion
l i on exposure to
t ultra-
ultra
lt -violet
i l t
radiations shows continuous florescence under
microscope,, then it is w/o type and if it shows
microscope
only spotty fluorescence, then it is Oil in o/w
type
yp
DISTRIBUSI GRANULOMETRIK
Utk mengetahui distribusi
granulometrik
g an lomet ik dari
da i partikel
pa tikel fase dispers
dispe s
dpt digunakan utk mengevaluasi
kestabilan emulsi
1. Mikroskopik
2.
2 Optik :dengan alat difraksi sinar
3. Elektronik : Dg Coulter counter
4. Sentrifugasi
f : berdasarkan rumus hukum
stokes, dg menghitung perbedaan bj tiap
fraksi emulsi
DETERMINASI SIFAT RHEOLOGI
• Utkk memprediksi
d k stabilitas
bl suatu emulsi
emulsi.
l . Perlu
l
dicari korelasi dengan kondisi
normal/sesungguhnya
/ gg y
Ada beberapa cara :
1. Temperatur 40 40--60oC : suhu tinggi akan
menurunkan/menaikkan viskositas
viskositas, akan
mempengaruhi kestabilan
2. Sentrifugasi
g :
3. Shock termik : disimpan pada suhu tinggi dan
rendah secara bergantian, diamkan satu hari,
baca hasil
HLB (HIDROPHILE
HIDROPHILE--LYPOPHILE BALANCE)
• Kelarutan
e a uta surfaktan
su a ta tgt.
tgt Hidrosilisitasnya.
d os s tas ya S Sifat
at
atau dispersinya dalam air dapat digunakan utk
memperkirakan HLB surfaktan
HLB
1. Tak terdispersi dalam air 1-4
2
2. T di
Terdispersii dengan
d kasar
k 3-6
3. Seperti susu dengan penggojokan 5 - 8
4
4. Dispersi seperti susu yang stabil 8 -10
5. Terjadi dispersi yang translusid 10 - 13
6
6. Terjadi larutan jernih > 13
HLB CAMPURAN SURFAKTAN
• Jika 2 surfaktan dicampur, Maka nilai HLB
campuran merupakan jumlah dari masing
masing--
masing HLB, sesuai dengan proporsi
campurannya..
campurannya
Misal : 70 bagian tween 80 (HLB = 15,0)
30 bagian span 80 (HLB = 4,3)
4 3)
jadi HLB campuran :
Tween
T 80 = 70/100 x 15
15,0
0 = 10,5
10 5
Span 80
80== 30/100 x 4,3 = 1,3
HLB campuran = 11,8
PERBANDINGAN SURFAKTAN PADA SUATU
HLB
• Bila kita ingin menggunakan suatu campuran
s faktan pada ssuatu
surfaktan at nilai HLB te
tertentu
tent
(menghitung berapa perbandingan surfaktan
yyangg harus digunakan:
g
• Contoh : akan dibuat emulsi pada HLB 12,0; dg
surfaktan campuran tween 80 & span 80
(X--HLB span 80)
(X
% Tween 80 = x 100
(HLB tween 80-80-HLB span 80)
% Span 80 = 100 - % Tween 80
X = nilai
il i HLB yang diinginkan
dii i k
METODE EKSPERIMENTAN UNTUK
DETERMINASI HLB
• Beberapa surfaktan tidak menunjukkan hub dg
komposisinya (tidak spt. Surfaktan non ionik),
misal derivat propilen oksida, butilen oksida dan
nitrogen atau surfur., jadi formula tsb. Tidak
cocok.
• Cara : dg mencampurkan pada komposisi yg
telah diketahui dg surfaktan non-
non-ionik yg telah
diketahui HLBnya,
HLBnya kemudian digunakan utk
mengemulsikan suatu minyak dimana harga HLB
optimumnya telah diketahui
CARA PEMILIHAN SURFAKTAN DALAM
FORMULASI EMULSI
• Tahap II
Emulsi yang stabil pada tahap satu,
satu misal
HLB 10 dan 12.
12. buat percobaan spt.
spt. Tahap I dg
dg..
Jarak HLB yg lebih sempit
p
Misal;10,0 10,4 10,8 11,2 11,6 12,0
• Tahapp III.
Misal diperoleh HLB ideal tahap II : 10,8
Kita buat suatu seri formula dg HLB 10 10,,8
dg berbagai campuran surfaktan
– Tween 80 – Span 80
– Tween 60 – Span 60
– Tween 40 – Span
p 40
– Tween 20 - Span 20 dst
Amati emulsi yg p
paling
g stabil
stabil,, berarti
merupakan surfaktan ideal utk emulsi
tersebut
Points to be considered during formulations
of emulsions
• Stability of the active ingredient
• Stability
St bilit off the
th excipients
i i t
• Visual appearance
• Color
• Odor (development of pungent odor/loss of
fragrance)
f )
• Viscosity, extrudability
• Loss of water and other volatile vehicle
components
• Concentration
C t ti off emulsifier
l ifi
• Order of addition of ingredients
• Particle size distribution of dispersed phases
• pH
• Temperature of emulsification
• Type of equipment
• Method and rate of cooling
• Texture, feel upon application (stiffness, grittiness,
greasiness, tackiness, spreadibility)
• Microbial contamination/sterility (in the unopened
container and under conditions of use)
• Release/bioavailability (percutaneous absorption)
• Phase distribution, Phase Inversion (homogeneity/phase
separation, bleeding
Packaging, Labelling And Storage Of
E
Emulsions
l i
• Depending on the use, emulsions should
be packed in suitable containers.
– Emulsions meant for oral use are usually
packed in well filled bottles having an air tight
closure.
– Light sensitive products are packed in amber
coloured bottles.
– For viscous emulsions, wide mouth bottles
should be used.
– The label on the emulsion should mention
that these products have to be shaken
thoroughly before use.
– External use products should clearly mention
on their label that they are meant for external
use only.
– Emulsions should be stored in a cool place but
refrigeration
f should
h ld beb avoided
d d as this
h low
l
temperature can adversely effect the stability
of preparation
Preservation Of Emulsions
• Preservation from microorganisms:
– It is necessary to preserve the emulsions from
microorganisms as these can proliferate easily in
emulsified systems with high water content,
particularly if carbohydrates
carbohydrates,, proteins or steroidal
materials are also present.
– Examples
p of antimicrobial preservatives
p :
parahydroxybenzoate esters (methyl, propyl and butyl
parabens), organic acids (ascorbic
(ascorbic acid and benzoic
acid)),
acid),
acid ) organic mercurials (phenylmercuric acetate and
phenylmercuric nitrate), quarternary ammonium
compounds (cetrimide), cresol derivatives
( hl
(chlorocresol)l) and
d miscellaneous
i ll agents
t (sodium
( di
benzoate, chloroform and phenoxyethanol).
• Preservation from oxidation:
– Antioxidants can be used to prevent the
changes
g occurring g due to atmospheric
p oxygen
yg
– Some of the commonly used antixidants for
emulsified systems
y include alkyl
y ggallate such
as ethyl, propyl or dodecyl gallate, butylated
sshydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated
h d
hydroxytoluene
l (BHT)
Quality control tests for Emulsions