• An unplanned event which results in

unacceptable consequences.

An undesirable event which interrupts

normal activity.
• An unexpected, unplanned
event in sequence of events
that occurs through a
combination of causes. It
results an injury or disease to
an individual, damage to
property or equipment, a near
miss, a loss or any
combination of these events.
• Workers may say that the workplace is :
• HAZARDOUS
• UNSAFE
• DANGEROUS
• BADLY ORGANISED
Unsafe Acts
• Operating without
clearance/failure to secure
or warn.
• Operating or working at
unsafe speed.
• Making safety devices
inoperative.
• Unsafe loading, combing,
placing, mixing etc.
• Failure to use safe attire or
personal protective devices.
Unsafe Conditions
• Inadequately guarded.
• Unsafely designed
machines, tools etc.
• Unsafely arranged, poor
housekeeping, congestion,
blocked exits etc.
• Inadequately lighted,
sources of glare etc.
• Inadequately ventilated,
impure air sources.
Directly Involved
• Fatigue
• Stress
• Taking short cuts
• Lack of experience
• Lack of training
• Lack of concentration
• Using inappropriate tools.
• Not wearing appropriate
PPE.
• Not following work
practices.
Indirectly Involved
• Fault with the original
design of piece of the
equipment.
• Inappropriate purchasing
decisions.
• Behavior of the fellow
individuals in the
workplace.
Immediate
• Death
• Injury Short Term
• Pain • Medical Long Term
• Disease treatment • Suffering
• Damage • Repairs • Loss income
• Loss • Replacement • Disability
• Fear • Loss • Insurance
production • Compensation
• Increased • Mistrust
cost • Missed
• Discipline targets
• Low morale • Profitability
 Victim and Dependents

Suffering Loss of earning

Effect on sports
and hobbies Extra Expenses

Continuing Effect on
disability family
 Supervisor

Worry

Loss prestige Recrimination

Report, extra work, training new staff

 Section or Department

Capacity
Morale
to
produce
 Firm or Organization

Loss of earning

Loss in paying Compensation

in legal action
Penalty
Damage to
the equipment
and materials Extra Insurance
Lost of client premium
 Nation

Loss of
income in Loss of
a form of morale
Inco me
tax
 INSURED  Medical (covering injury, ill health)
COSTS (1)  Compensation

 Building damage
 Tool, equipment, material, product damage
 Production delays and interruptions
 Legal expenses
THE  Expenditure on emergency first aid
HIDDEN supplies
UNINSURED  Interim equipment rentals
COSTS  Investigation time/clearing site
(8 – 36  Wages paid for time lost
as much as  Costs hiring and/or training replacements
insured costs)  Overtime working
 Extra supervisor time
 Loss of expertise/experience
 Decreased output of injured worker upon
return
 Loss of business and goodwill
 THE HEINRICH
THEORY (USA-1931)

1 SERIOUS / FATAL

29 MINOR INJURIES

300 NON-INJURY
THE TYE/PEARSON
THEORY (UK-1974/75)
THE BIRD THEORY
(USA-1969) 1 SERIOUS / FATAL
MINOR INJURIES
3 (1 TO 3 DAYS MC)
1 SERIOUS / FATAL
50 FIRST-AID INJURIES
10 MINOR INJURIES
PROPERTY DAMAGE 80 PROPERTY DAMAGE
30
NON-INJURY / DAMAGE
600 NON-INJURY 400
 MANAGEMENT
Through Supervision
Controls
MAN FAILURE
Knowledge, Attitude, Fitness, Ability
Which Causes or Permits

UNSAFE ACTS OF UNSAFE MECHANICAL OR INEXPLICABLE

PERSONS PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
88% 10% 2%
Which Cause
ACCIDENTS
2% are unpreventable
50% are practically preventable
98% are of a preventable type