CHE 32 Industrial Chemistry Espalto __________

2nd Sem (2018-2019) Nortez __________

Exercise 9
Heat Balance and Theoretical
Flame Temperature

Given:
air

Producer Gas Flue Gas

FURNACE
4.89 % CO2
22.2% CO
0.90% CH4 Qsink
12.4% H2
0.80% O2
58.81% N2
Parameter Value Unit
Tfg 2000 F
Tair 60 F
excess air 25% mol/mol

Required: a. %LHV delivered to furnace

b. %LHV lost as SH in the flue gas
c. Theoretical Flame Temperature (TFT)
d. %LHV in the furnace if Tair enters at 600°F
e. Tpreheated air if Qmax=2.8 x 10^6 BTU/100 lbmol fuel
and Tfg=3400°F

Solution: Basis = 100 lbmol Producer Gas

Heat Balance around Combustion Chamber

HC,fuel +SH,air + SH,fuel = SH, fg + Qsink +losses

Notes: SH,air = nair(mCp)air(t,in-air - 60)

SH,fuel= n,fuel(mCp)fuel(t,infuel - 60)
T,fuel = T,air = T,ref= 60 F
T,ref = 60 F
HC,fuel = SH,fg + Q

Q = HC,fuel - SH,fg
Computation of HC,fuel Computation for LHV (

Amount Theo O2 CO2 prod H2O prod LHV HC

Producer Gas
lbmol lbmol lbmol lbmol Chu/lbmol BTU
CO2 4.89 --- 4.89 --- --- ---
CO 22.2 11.1 22.2 --- 67636.1 2702738.556
O2 0.8 -0.8 --- --- --- ---
CH4 0.9 1.8 0.9 1.8 191910 310894.2
H2 12.4 6.2 --- 12.4 57798.4 1290060.288
N2 58.81 --- --- --- --- ---
Total 100 18.3 27.99 14.2 HC,fuel = 4303693.044

Sample Calculations: HC,fuel calculation

HC,CO = amount*LHV*1.8
HC,CO = 22.2*67636.1*1.8
HC,CO = 2702738.556 BTU

Computation for SH,fuel

Notes: Complete Combustion

T,fg relative to the T,ref

SH of HOT FLUID (Flue Gas) at T = 2000 F

Stack Gas CO2 O2 N2 H20
n 27.99 4.575 144.8635714 14.2 Computation for SH,fu
mCp 12.083333 8 7.5625 9
T-60 (F) 1940 1940 1940 1940
SH (BTU) at T1 656132.25 71004 2125329.672 247932
Total SH,fg (BTU); 3100397.92232143

*Below are notes on getting values of X and Y from Fig.1-3 (mCp of gases)
mCp values of Stack Gases via interpolation
Gas T (F) X (mm) Y (mm) mCp
CO2 2000 45 2 12.08333333 Base T (F) 1000
O2 2000 45 0 8 Base X (mm) 22.5
N2 2000 45 13.5 7.5625 Base mCp 1
H2O 2000 45 8.5 9 Base Y (mm) 24

*Below are computations for moles O2 and N2

mol O2 = Theo O2*x's air = 4.575 lbmoles
18.3*0.25 =
mol N2 = Theo O2*(1+x's air)*(79/21) + N2 producer gas = 144.8635714 lbmoles
18.3*1.25*(79/21) + 58.81 =
Computation for LHV (delivered and lost) Computation for mCp val

a. %LHV delivered to furnace mCp values at T(F) for CO

T (F)
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
%LHV,delivered = 27.95959445 %
mCp values at T(F) for N2
T (F)
b. %LHV lost as SH in the flue gas 2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000

%LHV,lost= 72.04040555 %

Computation for SH,fuel

Summary of amounts of Gases Involved n*mCp*T values of gases

Amount (n) of Gases involved T(F)
n CO2 O2 N2 H20 2000
lbmoles 27.99 4.575 144.8636 14.2 2200
2400
Table Values of mCp of gases 2600
T(F) T-60 (F) CO2 O2 N2 H20 2800
2000 1940 12.0625 8 7.541667 9.35417 3000
2200 2140 12.25 8.0625 7.604167 9.54167
2400 2340 12.375 8.125 7.666667 9.6875
2600 2540 12.54166667 8.166667 7.729167 9.85417 SH of Flue Gas
2800 2740 12.66666667 8.208333 7.791667 10
3000 2940 12.77083333 8.25 7.833333 10.1458 SH at T1 (BTU)
Notes: Temperatures shown are arbitrary and set for the calculations only SH, FG (BTU)
Found on the next page are the notes on getting values Q, Difference
of X and Y from Fig.1-3 (mCp of gases)
omputation for mCp values of involved gases at various arbitrary temperatures Computation of Theoretical Flame T

Cp values at T(F) for CO2 via interpolation mCp values at T(F) for O2 via interpolation Data Values for the Plot
X (mm) Y (mm) mCp T (F) X (mm) Y (mm) mCp T,fg (f)
45 1.5 12.0625 2000 45 0 8 Q (BTU)
49.5 6 12.25 2200 49.5 1.5 8.0625
54 9 12.375 2400 54 3 8.125
1500000
58.5 13 12.5416667 2600 58.5 4 8.1666666667
63 16 12.6666667 2800 63 5 8.2083333333
1000000
67.5 18.5 12.7708333 3000 67.5 6 8.25

500000

Q (BTU)
Cp values at T(F) for N2 via interpolation mCp values at T(F) for H2O via interpolation
X (mm) Y (mm) mCp T (F) X (mm) Y (mm) mCp
0
45 13 7.54166667 2000 45 8.5 9.3541666667 Q=
1800
49.5 14.5 7.60416667 2200 49.5 13 9.5416666667
-500000
54 16 7.66666667 2400 54 16.5 9.6875
58.5 17.5 7.72916667 2600 58.5 20.5 9.8541666667
-1000000
63 19 7.79166667 2800 63 0 10
67.5 20 7.83333333 3000 67.5 3.5 10.145833333

Base T (F) 1000

Base X (mm) 22.5
Base mCp 1 Trendline Formul
Base Y (mm) 24 y = -1821.222489x + 484

Q = -1821.2224
mCp*T values of gases SH, FG
T-60 (F) CO2 O2 N2 H20 TOTAL Notes:
1940 655000.99 71004 2119474.77 257688.58 3103168.34
2140 733757.85 78935.9063 2357352.83 289952.17 3459998.749
2340 810520.43 86982.1875 2598852.47 321896.25 3818251.334 c. Theoretical Flame Te
2540 891644.78 94900.75 2843973.71 355420.08 4185939.315
2740 971439.6 102895.563 3092716.53 389080 4556131.693
2940 1050919.5 110966.625 3336208.05 423568.25 4921662.463

Heat Balance around Combustion C

H of Flue Gas
T,fg (f) 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 Tair =
SH at T1 (BTU) 4303693 4303693 4303693.04 4303693 4303693.044 4303693.044
SH, FG (BTU) 3103168.3 3459998.75 3818251.33 4185939 4556131.693 4921662.4625 HC,fuel +SH,air + S
Q, Difference 1200524.7 843694.295 485441.71 117753.73 -252438.649 -617969.4185
n of Theoretical Flame Temperature Computation of LHV delivered with preheat

Data Values for the Plot

2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
1200525 843694.3 485441.71 117753.729 -252438.65 -617969 Temp vs. Q gained by Air
T(F) T-60 (F)
600 540
1500000

f(x) = - 1821.2224889881x + 4849223.95094445

1000000
R² = 0.9999471095 *Below are notes on getting values

500000
Q (BTU)

mCp values of Stack Gases via in

Gas T (F)
0
Q= O2 600
1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200
N2 600
-500000

-1000000
d. %LHV delivered to furnace if Ta
T (F) TFT = 2662.62 F

Figure 9.1 Plot of Q vs T for TFT Determination

Trendline Formula Slope y-intercept r^2

y = -1821.222489x + 4849223.951 -1821.222 4849223.95 0.99994711

Q = -1821.222489(T) + 4849223.951 %LHV,delivered =

TFT can be found @ Q = 0

0 = -1821.222489(T) + 4849223.951
mCp values for O2 via interpola
c. Theoretical Flame Temperature (TFT) T (F) X (mm)
1000 22.5
TFT = 2662.6203 F 2000 45
3000 67.5
4000 90
e around Combustion Chamber 5000 112.5

600 F (preheated form of air)

HC,fuel +SH,air + SH,fuel = SH, fg + Qsink +losses

HC,fuel +SH,air = SH, fg + Qsink
Qsink = HC,fuel +SH,air - SH,fg
V delivered with preheated air Computation of LHV delivered with preheated air

Temp vs. Q plot of Air

T (F) T-60 (F)
Q gained by Air Air comp n 1000 940
O2 N2 SH,air (BTU) N2 83.55 2000 1940
87267.38 317698.9 404966.25 O2 22.1 3000 2940
4000 3940
5000 4940
e notes on getting values of X and Y from Fig.1-3 (mCp of gases)

ues of Stack Gases via interpolation Base T (F) 1000 Computation for SH,preheated air
X (mm) Y (mm) mCp Base X (mm) 22.5
13.5 7.5 7.3125 Base mCp 1 SH, fg at T = 3400 F
13.5 1 7.041667 Base Y (mm) 24 Stack Gas
n
mCp
delivered to furnace if Tair = 600F T-60 (F)
SH (BTU) at T1
Total SH,fg (BTU);

*Below are notes on getting values of X an

mCp values of Stack Gases via interpol
Gas T (F)
CO2 3400
%LHV,delivered = 37.36933 % O2 3400
N2 3400
H2O 3400

alues for O2 via interpolation mCp values for N2 via interpolation

Y (mm) mCp T (F) X (mm) Y (mm) mCp Notes:
13 7.541667 1000 22.5 6.5 7.27083
19 7.791667 2000 45 13 7.54167 SHpreheated air =
6.5 8.270833 3000 67.5 20 7.83333 =
12 8.5 4000 90 1.5 8.0625
16.5 8.6875 5000 112.5 5 8.20833
SHpreheated air =
Base T (F) 1000
Base X (mm) 22.5
Base mCp 1
Base Y (mm) 24
V delivered with preheated air Computation of T at Q max with preheated air

Q plot of Air
O2 N2 SH,T, air (BTU)
5000000
162164.6875 588140.3 750305 Air n 4500000
345774.6875 1259035 1604810 N2 86.054 4000000
f(x) = 933
R² = 0.99
556234.21875 1981814 2538048 O2 22.875 3500000
766083.75 2733599 3499683 3000000

Q (BTU)
981709.21875 3489401 4471110 2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
H,preheated air
500000
0
500 1000 1500 2
CO2 O2 N2 H20
27.99 4.575 144.8636 14.2
12.979166667 8.375 7.9375 10.39583
3400 3400 3400 3400 Figure 9.1 Plot of Q vs T fo
1235175.375 130273.1 3909506 501911
5776864.96726191 Trendline Formula
y = 933.6482537x - 228153.57
e notes on getting values of X and Y from Fig.1-3 (mCp of gases)
ues of Stack Gases via interpolation Notes:
X (mm) Y (mm) mCp
76.5 23.5 12.97917 Base T (F) 1000
76.5 9 8.375 Base X (mm) 22.5 e. Tpreheated air if Qmax=2.8 x 10^6
76.5 22.5 7.9375 Base mCp 1 and Tfg=3400°F
76.5 9.5 10.39583 Base Y (mm) 24
by substituting Shpreheated

Qmax = 2800000 BTU per 100 lbmol fuel

Qmax + SH, fg - HC, fuel

(2800000 + 5776864.9672619 - 4303693.044) BTU

SHpreheated air = 4273172 BTU

at Q max with preheated air

5000000
4500000 SH,preheated air
f(x) = 933.6482537202x - 228153.570684523
4000000
R² = 0.9993806954
3500000
3000000
Q (BTU)

2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0 T,preheated air
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
T (F)

Figure 9.1 Plot of Q vs T for Q with preheated air

Trendline Formula Slope y-intercept r^2

y = 933.6482537x - 228153.5707 933.648254 -228153.57 0.9993807

Q = 933.6482537(T)- 228153.5707
Shpreheated air = 4273171.9232619 BTU

eated air if Qmax=2.8 x 10^6 BTU/100 lbmol fuel

and Tfg=3400°F

by substituting Shpreheated air in the equation of Q

T= 4821.222 F