To cite this article: M. Özdemir & A. Uǧurlu (2011) Evaluation of Boron Containing Clay Wastes in Cement Production,
Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 26:9, 1130-1135, DOI: 10.1080/10426914.2010.536928
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Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 26: 1130–1135, 2011
Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1042-6914 print/1532-2475 online
DOI: 10.1080/10426914.2010.536928
The evaluation of clay wastes (CW) containing boron additives in mortar are reported in this study. CW grounds were added to ordinary
Portland Cement (OPC) with different proportions (0%–20%). The effects of CW on the mechanical properties of mortar were analyzed by fresh
and hardened concrete tests. The obtained results were compared with those of control samples and Turkish Standards (TS). The results showed
that strength values of all specimens containing 1.5% of CW were higher than that of the control sample. With the replacement of 2.5–5.0% of
OPC by CW, the strength values were nearly equal to that of control sample. The durability of CW added cement was also examined with the
measurements of the weight losses of samples exposed to NaCl solution and MgSO4 solution. The CW affected the durability negatively in a
low level.
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the effects of NaCl and MgSO4 on the durability of Table 2.—Properties of OPC.
cement, containing boron, were investigated as an original
Chemical
contribution to the previous literature. Furthermore, the
analysis and Physical and mechanical
ultrasonic pulse transmitting time of the mortar containing properties Weight (%, w/w) properties
boron was measured. The principal aim of the present study
is to investigate the use of CW (CW1, CW2), containing CaO 6317 Specific gravity 3.08
boron as a cement additive in mortar. For this purpose, MgO 125 Blaine (cm2 /g) 3450
SiO2 2124 Compressive strength (MPa)
cement samples were produced by adding CW1 and CW2 to Al2 O3 496 2 days 20.2
ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at the various proportions Fe2 O3 316 7 days 38.2
(0%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, and Na2 O 006 28 days 49.0
20%). The effects of CW on the mechanical properties K2 O 050 Flexural strength (MPa)
SO3 235 2 days 1.9
of mortar were evaluated by conducting the following Cl− 0002 7 days 3.5
tests: compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic Ignition loss 220 28 days 6.5
pulse transmitting time, setting time, volume change, and Initial setting time (h min) 2. 30
durability. Insoluble residue 110 Final setting time (h min) 3.25
Volume expansion (mm) 3
Experimental study
Materials
Method
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Table 3.—The results of compressive and flexural strength tests for mortar
mixtures.
Compressive Flexural
strength (MPa) strength (MPa)
Code CW (%, w/w) CW1 CW2 CW1 CW2
Table 4.—The results of setting time and volume expansion for mortar
mixtures.
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Volume
Setting time (h min) expansion (mm)
Code CW (%, w/w) CW1 CW2 CW1 CW2 Figure 2.—Variation of flexural strength of mortar with CW.
Flexural Strength
Table 3 and Fig. 2 show the flexural strength values
of samples at 28 days. The flexural strength increased by
increasing CW ratio. The flexural strength had a maximum
value with the addition of CW1 and CW2 in the ratio of
1.5%. However, the flexural strength value became less than
that of the control sample in the case of more than 2.5%
CW1 addition, while it became less than that of the control
sample when more than 5.0% CW2 was added. The decrease
in flexural strength can be explained in a way similar to the
compressive strength decrease in mortar samples as reported
above.
Setting Time
Figure 5.—Variation of weight loss mortar with CW. The term setting refers to the solidification of the
plastic cement paste. The initial set is the beginning of
solidification. The time taken for complete solidification
strength by increasing CW1 ratio is higher than that in the determines the final set. The setting time is very important
case of increasing the CW2. This result indicates that the for cement, mortar, and concrete mixtures. The results of
increase in the amount of boron contained in CW affected setting time tests are given in Table 4. The initial and
the strength negatively [5, 8]. This may be explained by the final setting times of mortar samples were considerably
reduction in the pozzolanic activity of CW with increasing increased by increasing CW ratio. Also, the setting time
boron content. The C3 S and C2 S react with water in cement of mortar produced with CW1 was longer than that of
to form a calcium silicate hydrate (C− S− H) by releasing CW2. This result shows that boron increased the setting
lime as CaOH2 . These are the two principal solid phases time. In spite of the delayed setting time with respect to
in the hydrated cement paste. The C− S− H occupies 50 the control sample, the setting times obtained were within
to 60% of the volume of solids in completely hydrated the limits indicated in TS 19 even in the case of 20% CW
Portland cement paste. The CaOH2 constitutes 20 to 25% level [10]. Borates were reported to be strong retarders of
of the solid volume in the hydrated paste. The strength- cement setting and hardening. Setting time may retard due
contributing potential of calcium hydroxide is limited in to the surface adsorption, the formation of protective layers
compared with C− S− H, due to a considerably lower surface over cement grains by precipitation with calcium, and the
area. When pozzolanic materials are added to cement, they increasing of calcium hydroxide solubility [13–16].
1134 M. ÖZDEMİR AND A. UǦURLU
Volume Change CW ratio. This may result from the fact that the CW has
It is essential that a cement paste, once it has set, does a small pozzolanic activity, and thus Ca(OH)2 which was
undergo a large change in volume. In particular, there necessary for the formations of CaCl2 and CaSO4 . 2H2 O
must be no appreciable expansion, at the conditions under (gypsum) is not reduced by pozzolanic reactions.
which restraint could result in a disruption of the hardened In the samples prepared with both CW, the weight
cement paste. The volume changes of the mortar samples losses of the samples subjected to the MgSO4 solution
are presented in Table 4. were generally higher than those of subjected to the NaCl
As seen in Table 4, it was observed that the replacement solution. In other words, the durability performance of the
of CW by OPC had no remarkable effect on the expansion mortars in the NaCl solution was better. The cementitious
of mortar. It can be said that the volume expansion obtained hydration product C− S− H is stable since the formation of
in the studies carried out using CW2 was lower than that of sodium hydroxide, which is a by-product of the reaction,
CW1. Furthermore, the volume expansion values are in the ensures the continuation of high alkalinity in the system.
limits accepted by TS 19 [10]. In the case of magnesium sulfate attack, the formed
magnesium hydroxide is insoluble and reduces the alkalinity
Durability of the system. In the absence of hydroxide ions in the
solution, C− S− H is no longer stable and is also attacked
Durability experiments were performed with NaCl and
by the sulfate solution. So, the magnesium sulfate attack
MgSO4 solutions in order to test the durabilities of the
is more serious on the mortar [18]. These results reveal
samples prepared by using CW and cured for 28 days.
that the durability of mortar depended on the type of the
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