A Project Report

for
Analog Communication Systems (UEC401)
Submitted By

Name of student: Roll number:

AYOSHEE BERIWAL 101615028
AMANDEEP SINGH MADAAN 101795004
MUKUL GUPTA 101615074
DEEPAK 101615040
to
Dr.Gundeep Singh

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PATIALA-
147004,PUNJAB INDIA
Aug-Dec2018
Problem Statement: Design an Analog Communication System consisting of an
FM transmitter.

Components Used:-

Transistors

2N3904 - 2

Resistors

100k Ω - 1, 100Ω - 1, 1M Ω - 1, 1k Ω - 1, 10k Ω - 3

Inductors

0.1µH inductor (Air coil)

Capacitors

0.1µF – 2, 40 pf trimmer – 1, 4.7 pF – 1, 10pF - 1

Other

9V battery and clip

PCB
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 1.Transmitter Circuit Diagram

THEORY

What is Frequency Modulation (FM)?

Frequency modulation (FM) is a technique used to encode data on an alternating digital or

analog signal. The method includes varying the frequency of the carrier wave on which
useful information is imposed or impressed upon. The signal on which data is imposed is
known as the carrier signal and the resulting signal with variable frequency is called a
frequency modulated signal.

Frequency modulation is widely used for radio transmission due to the fact that the signal-to-
noise ratio (SNR) is large in this method of modulation and hence radio frequency
interference is minimized. FM signals are used in technology such as radars, telemeters,
EEG, radio broadcasting, satellite communication and magnetic tape recording systems. The
frequencies vary by up to 5 kHz in the case of wireless two-way communication and they
vary up to several MHz in the case of wireless broadcasting.

Figure 2.Figure showing frequency modulation

What is a FM transmitter?

A personal FM transmitter is a low-power FM radio transmitter that broadcasts a signal from

a portable audio device (such as an MP3 player) to a standard FM radio. Most of these
transmitters plug into the device's headphone jack and then broadcast the signal over an FM
broadcast band frequency, so that it can be picked up by any nearby radio. This allows
portable audio devices to make use of the louder or better sound quality of a home audio
system or car stereo without requiring a wired connection. They are often used in cars but
may also be in fixed locations such as broadcasting from a computer sound cardthroughout a
building.

Being low-powered, most transmitters typically have a short range of 100–300 feet (30–100
metres), depending on the quality of the receiver, obstructions and elevation. Typically they
broadcast on any FM frequency from 87.5 to 108.0 MHz in most of the world (or 88.1 to
107.9 MHz in the US and Canada).

Block Diagram of FM Transmitter

The following image shows the block diagram of the FM transmitter and the required
components of the FM transmitter are; microphone, audio pre amplifier, modulator,
oscillator, RF- amplifier and antenna. There are two frequencies in the FM signal, first one is
carrier frequency and the other one is audio frequency. The audio frequency is used to
modulate the carrier frequency. The FM signal is obtained by differing the carrier frequency
by allowing the AF. The FM transistor consists of oscillator to produce the RF signal.

Fig 3..Block Diagram of FM Transmitter

Working:

The formation of the oscillating tank circuit can be done through the transistor of 2N3904 by
using the inductor and variable capacitor. The transistor used in this circuit is an NPN
transistor used for general purpose amplification. If the current is passed at the inductor L1
and variable capacitor then the tank circuit will oscillate at the resonant carrier frequency of
the FM modulation. The negative feedback will be the capacitor C2 to the oscillating tank
circuit

Figure 4.Transmitter(working) Circuit Diagram

Observations & Conclusions:-

The circuit will collect the input through input jack and broadcast with in FM frequency
range. The broadcasted output can be collected with a FM radio.By tuning the frequency ,
making of FM transmitter is completed..

Bibliography: https://electronicsforu.com,https://www.radio-electronics.com.
https://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Make-FM-Transmitter/