Introduction
One of the most familiar and widely distributed of all insects is the house fly. Besides being
a nuisance, it is a prime carrier of disease. The house fly is found everywhere in the world. There
are about 30 000 species of flies in the world, but only a few hundred are threats to human health.
Flies multiply at an enormous rate; it takes roughly two weeks from the time a female hatch until
she is able to lay eggs of her own. Favorite breeding sites are horse and cow dung, exposed human
House flies, (Musca domestica) are ubiquitous and transmit more than 100 human and
shigellosis, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, cholera and infantile diarrhea; protozoan infections such
For decades, synthetic insecticides have been used as a principle control measure for this
pest. However, resistance to insecticides in the pest has become a major issue due to the extensive
and poorly optimized application of insecticides. (Khan et al., 2013) M. domestica is ranked among
the top twenty (20) resistant pests of the world and resistance is reported from all over the world
against almost all classes of insecticides. (Abbas et al., 2014; Avecado et al., 2009; Bell et al. 2010)
physiological characteristics of the insect species as well as the type of the insecticidal plant. The
components of various botanical insecticidal can be classified into six groups namely; repellents,
G. sepium is an adaptable, fast growing, precociously seeding tree, with the ability to
disperse seeds up to forty from the parent tree from exploding pods. This species has been widely
introduced across tropical and subtropical regions to be used for fuel wood, animal feed, green
manure, shade, poles, living fences, erosion control, soil improver, and as a boundary and support
plant. It has escaped from cultivation and has become a successful colonizer of disturbed sites,
roadsides, abandoned agricultural land and areas near cultivation (Elevitch and Francis, 2006).
In the Philippines, Kakawate (G. sepium) is usually found in rice plantations, thus the
farmers believe that it can repel insects in their fields although their observations are not yet
validated in the working mechanism in the field. It is also known for its anti-fungal and
antimicrobial ability, and previous researches it is reported that it can repel mosquitoes.
Statement of the problem
To date, there’s a need for developing and manipulating our agricultural resources for
promoting public health. Specifically, it also seeks to answer the following questions:
This study pursues to utilize Gliricidia sepium extract as an organic based pesticides; to
Theoretical Framework
sensation, a substance must be volatile and its molecules must come into contact with the olfactory
end organ, which may require some measure of lipoid solubility. This much is generally agreed,
but beyond this there has been no accepted theory of the triggering process by which the odorous
Prior to the result of the study, this could benefit the following:
The consumers and general public which will provide them an efficient and cost-effective
organic pesticide that will prevent spread of many vector-borne diseases. It may help also in
encouraging the public for giving more knowledge about the uses of Gliricidium sepium.
The institutions and the government could be more mindful of the potential uses or benefits
for using wild-crafted plants. This could open many opportunities for local businesses to gain more
natural products that may help securing and improve health of the people.
Nursing, Cavite State University-Indang Campus. The study will be conducted from June to
The study will be focusing in the repellant action of G. sepium leaf extract which is
commonly found in most areas of the region. The leaf extract collected from the plant will be
mixed in melted bees wax; put into containers and let it solidify. It will be tested into a close cage
with a rotten fruit as a control together with flies and observe for the repellence activity.
Definition of Terms
virus, is transmitted from its reservoir (natural host) to a human via the arthropod vector.
Bees-wax - the wax secreted by bees to make honeycombs and used to make wood polishes
and candles.
Candle - a cylinder or block of wax or tallow with a central wick that is lit to produce light
as it burns.
It is mostly deciduous during the dry season but is reported to remain evergreen in humid areas.
House Fly (M. domestica) -a common small fly occurring worldwide in and around human
habitation. Its eggs are laid in decaying material, and the fly can be a health hazard due to its
contamination of food.
Plant Extract - a substance with desirable properties that is removed from the tissue of a
plant, usually by treating it with a solvent, to be used for a particular purpose. Extracts may be
used in various sectors of activities: Food and functional properties for foodstuffs, Processing aids,
curative – cosmetic for functional properties for beauty and well-being, etc...
This chapter presents the methods to be used in the study of assessing the repellant effect
of Kakawate (Gliricidium sepium). This includes the collection of the materials, step by step
Materials:
1. Kakawate leaves (G. sepium) – 2 kilos of fresh leaves will be used in the experiment.
2. House Flies (M. domestica) - approximately 100 flies will be used for the experiment
3. Bees Wax – 3 kilos of bees-wax will be used. It is the base candle wax to be used, which
4. Small Glass Container – This will be used as the container of the candle made.
5. Wick – made of cotton and rounded shape, it where the lit is put into.
7. Closed Cage – This is where the testing of the product will be conducted
Preparation of the Materials
The laboratory materials that will be needed includes: Basin, beakers, electric heater,
blender, containers where the candles will be put, wick, wick holder. The study also needed to use
Fresh leaves of G. sepium will be collected from Barangay Luciano, Trece Martires City,
Cavite. The plant will be authenticated at the Bureau of Plant Industries in Manila.
Three (3) kilograms of plant will be used for the extraction. The plant will be collected
prior to the start of conducting the experiment. The leaves were washed first and let it dry in room
Plant extraction of Gliricidium sepium (Kakawate) will be conducted at the research center
Phytochemical Screening
The extraction of essential oil will be executed at the DOST Compound, Gen. Santos Ave.,
Bicutan, Taguig, Metro Manila. This will determine the chemical components of G. sepium that
Musca domestica (House fly) will be the primary subject of the study. The 100 flies will
be the target population, that will be caught and collected by the researchers. The researchers will
keep the flies alive in cages supplying the insect water and food source.
There are several simple ways to make a candle. Here are listed how would the procedure
be done:
2. Fill a medium or large pot halfway through with water. Put it into the hot plate.
3. Place the beeswax into a heat-resistant container, and put it into the pot.
4. Measure the temperature of the wax using thermometer. (The Beeswax will melt
Experimental Design
The study will be using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which is commonly used
in a laboratory setting. In using this design, subjects are randomly assigned to treatments. It relies
on the randomization to control for the effects of extraneous variables. The experimenters assume
that, extraneous factors will affect treatment conditions equally; so any significant differences
Experimental Treatments
Treatments to be used to test the efficacy of the extract includes: T1 –for positive control
using Baygon insecticide spray (sprayed in a banana peel); T2 – 25% leaf extract, T3 – 50%, T4 –