O REINO DE DEUS

ESTÁ EM VÓS
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Leon Tolstoi

O REINO DE DEUS
ESTÁ EM VÓS
Tradução
Tradução de CEUNA PORTOCARRERO
PO RTOCARRERO
Apresentação de FR. CLODOVIS BOFF

2ª EDIÇÃO

EDTTORA
ROSADOS
TEMPOS
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Breve nota acerca da versão digital

O motivo pelo qual empreendi este pequeno esforço foi a falta do mesmo texto
em língua portuguesa à disposição na internet. Um texto em inglês pode ser
encontrado na página do projeto Gutenberg, mas seria demasiado trabalhoso traduzi-
lo.
A presente tradução é de Celina Portocarrero, o original é a tradução italiana, o
que, por motivos óbvios, pode fazer com que o discurso perca sua riqueza original.
Mas eu não sou russo, nem entendo russo, nem conheço quem traduza, então não
posso reclamar... ;) A editora é a Rosa dos Tempos, e o meu exemplar é do ano de
1994.
 Tentei manter o livro no mesmo formato na medida do possível, por exemplo,
diminuindo a fonte e aumentando o parágrafo das citações que o autor faz ao longo do
livro (como no texto que eu tenho). Durante a digitalização, houve um ou outro erro
(como o programa de OCR ter corrigido a acentuação do português do Brasil para
português de Portugal), mas eles não comprometem a leitura. Criei um “Apêndice”
sobre digitalização de livros, no qual anexei o documento que me ensinou a digitalizar
livros.
Na minha vida, “O Reino de Deus Está Em Vós” foi um dos mais importantes
acontecimentos,
acontecimentos, e não vejo melhor forma de expressar minha gratidão a Tolstói do que
tornando-o acessível. É cobrado um custo excessivo por ele, isto porque o livro já está
em domínio público e qualquer um pode traduzi-lo (e cobrar caro pela tradução), sem
contar que não é em toda livraria que pode-se encontrá-lo... Digitalizando e
propagando o texto, sei que estou, ao menos, contribuindo, mesmo que minimamente,
com a obra que Tolstói iniciou.
Quero agradecer também a Railton, do Coletivo Periferia
(http://www.geocities.com/projetoperiferia/
http://www.geocities.com/projetoperiferia/), ), por meio do qual eu vim a conhecer e
me interessar por Tolstói e pelo anarquismo. Tenho que digitalizei esse livro
especialmente para aqueles que acessam o site do Coletivo. ;)
É isso aí, o Reino de Deus está em vós!
 Judas
(Matheus)
zadfreak@hotmail.com

VISITEM:
Coletivo Periferia - http://www.geocities.com/projetoperiferia
Cristãos anarquistas - http://www.orku
http://www.orkut.com/Comm
t.com/Community.aspx?cmm=
unity.aspx?cmm=6038954
6038954
Wikipédia - http://pt.wikipedia.org/
Centro de Mídia Independente - http://www.midiaindependente.org/
Viciados em Livros - http://groups.google.
http://groups.google.com/group/Vic
com/group/Viciados_em_Livr
iados_em_Livros
os
Diretório Tolstói - http://www.esnips.com/web/tolstoi
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SUMÁRIO
Breve nota acerca da versão digital: Judas  03 
Apresentação: Fr. Clodovis Boff 05 
Cronologia da vida de Tolstoi 12
Prefácio 15
I — A doutrina da nào-resistência ao mal com a violência tem sido ensinada 16
pela minoria dos homens desde a origem do cristianismo.
II — Opiniões dos fiéis e dos livres-pensadores sobre a não-resistência ao mal 28
com a violência.
III — O cristianismo malcompreendido
malcompreendido pelos fiéis. 36
IV — O cristianismo
cristianismo malcompreendido
malcompreendido pelos cientistas. 50
V — Contradições entre nossa vida e a consciência
consciência cristã. 60
VI — Os homens de nossa sociedade e a guerra. 70
VII — Significado do serviço militar obrigatório. 84
VIII — Aceitação inevitável pelos homens de nossa sociedade da doutrina da 92
não-resistência
não-resistência ao mal.
IX — A aceitação do conceito cristão da vida preserva os homens dos males de 101
nossa vida pagã.
X — Inutilidade da violência governamental para suprimir o mal — O progresso 110
moral da humanidade realiza-se não apenas com o conhecimento da verdade,
mas também com a formação da opinião pública.
XI — O conceito cristão da vida nasce em nossa sociedade e infalivelmente 120
destrói a ordem de nossa vida calcada na violência.
XII — Conclusão. Fazei penitência, porque o reino de Deus está próximo, está a 126
nossa porta.
Apêndice — Sobre digitalização de livros 160
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APRESENTAÇÃO
Fr. Clodovis Boff 
Esta obra importante e praticamente desconhecida entre nós pede uma
apresentação. Pelo fato de fugir a toda siste-maticidade, pareceu-nos oportuno
evidenciar aqui sinteticamente suas linhas de força. E porque suas posições são abso-
lutamente originais e radicais, achamos conveniente oferecer também alguns
elementos de apreciação. E ainda, para atua-lizar sua leitura, destacamos alguns
pontos de contacto que ela oferece com nossa própria realidade religiosa e social.

O livro na vida e obra do autor 

O livro que temos em mãos é, entre os ensaios, a obra-prima de Tolstoi.
Pertence ao segundo período da vida do escritor, depois que ele passou por uma
violenta crise espiritual quando completara os cinquenta anos (1878). Em seu livro,
Minha Confissão  (1882), conta que, cansado de seus mundanos êxitos literários (já
havia publicado Guerra e Paz  em 1868, e Ana Karenina  em 1875 — romances que o
fizeram, já em vida, mundialmente famoso), parte em busca da fé viva. Primeiro,
entabula debates com os filósofos do tempo, e nada. Depois freqüenta os teólogos.
Estes também não lhe deram a luz desejada. Finalmente mete-se no meio do povo
pobre.
Aí dá-se conta do que é na verdade a fé para aquela gente. Percebe que para os
pobres a fé não é assunto de conversas inconseqüentes, mas uma questão vital. "Só a
fé lhes dava possibilidade de viver." É isso que provoca sua conversão.
Depois disso, Tolstoi passa a se dedicar menos à literatura e mais ao gênero
ensaístico. Entende sua tarefa de escritor como uma verdadeira missão religiosa. Já
que não pode fazer mais, quer pelo menos pôr a pena a serviço de Deus. Escrever
torna-se para ele, como afirma em seu Diário, uma "necessidade diante de Deus"
(28/10/1895). Quando escreve, sente-se inspirado por Deus: 'Teço a todos os meus
amigos, vizinhos e distantes... que prestem atenção àquela parte de minha obra na
qual, eu sei, falava através de mim a força de Deus — e a utilizem para a sua vida..."
(Diário, 27/3/1895). Até o fim de sua longa vida (viveu 92 anos) só de ensaios pro-
duziu mais de duzentos títulos. Sua obra completa chega a noventa volumes nas
"Edições de Jubileu" (Moscou, 1928-1958).
Pois bem, O Reino de Deus Está em Vós  representa a obra máxima de Tolstoi.
Em comparação dela, ao autor seus já famosos romances parecem-lhe obras menores.
Em seu Diário, chega a declará-los "tolices" (6/12/1908), algo próximo a serviços de
alcova; mais propriamente, conversa fiada de feirante para atrair fregueses com o
objetivo de lhes vender depois outra coisa, bem diferente (Diário, 28/10/1895).
Foi a obra que lhe custou mais trabalho, como confessou ao fiel secretário
Chertkov. Levou três anos para terminá-la (1890-1893), justamente no momento em
que o escritor chegava ao cume de sua maturidade intelectual — 65 anos de idade. A
dificuldade não era só a relevância e a originalidade do tema, mas também o fato de
ter que andar por toda a parte organizando refeitórios populares para ajudar os pobres
a vencer a terrível crise de 1891. Como se vê, Tolstoi era um escritor verdadeiramente
comprometido com os humildes.
O destino desta obra foi singular. Imediatamente traduzida nas principais
línguas européias, suscitou logo de início reações contraditórias: aplausos de um lado
e espanto do outro.
Mas o leitor "que melhor aproveitou de suas lições foi Gandhi”. Este leu o
trabalho em inglês em 1894, um ano depois
d epois de sua publicação em russo. Caiu-lhe nas
mãos de um modo absolutamente providencial. De fato, aquele que iria tornar-se o
Mahatma encontrava-se então "numa grave crise de ceticismo e dúvida", como ele
mesmo conta. Acreditava ainda no caminho da violência. Pois bem, "a leitura do livro
  — em suas palavras — me curou do ceticismo e fez de mim um firme seguidor da
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e seu autor é excomungado pela igreja ortodoxa. É que no livro, como se verá, Tolstoi
recusa radicalmente as idéias mesmas de Estado e de Igreja, considerando estas duas
instituições como essencialmente opressoras do povo.
Quanto à opinião pública internacional, depois das primeiras reações
contrastantes, relegou aquela obra profética ao esquecimento. Isso durou até há
pouco, quando Tolstoi começa a ser redescoberto e difundido pelos diversos movimen-
tos pacifistas. A edição que serviu de texto para a presente tradução brasileira é uma
reprodução anastática da primeira edição (de 1894). Sai, portanto, quase cem anos
depois. Uma reaparição tardia da obra traduzida do francês por Sofia Behr, esposa de
  Tolstoi, e "autorizada pelo autor", feita na Itália, em 1988 foi, pela contessa  Tânia
 Tolstoi, acompanhada em sua reimpressão pela seguinte mensagem:
"Sou muito grata aos Editores e à organizadora, que se empenharam na
reimpressão desta obra fundamental do pensamento de meu avô. Após tantos
anos de esquecimento, poder-se-á de novo perceber a luz que emana deste
livro. Espero que muitos o leiam e que esta leitura os ajude a viver nessa nossa
época tão atormentada."
Entre nós, mais que de esquecimento, deveríamos falar mesmo de falta de
conhecimento. O Tolstoi que conhecemos é exclusivamente* o romancista, contista ou
novelista, o primeiro Tolstoi, que o Tolstoi maduro, como vimos, menosprezava. O
 Tolstoi ensaista-profeta, que nos é mais necessário,
necessário, é uma novidade nos trópicos.
Mas por que essa parte decisiva da obra de Tolstoi foi posta de lado? É que o
segundo Tolstoi, por sua mensagem altamente profética, e em particular no livro em
questão, mostrava-se incómodo para a mentalidade chamada "moderna", tanto de
direita como de esquerda, tanto religiosa como laica. Seus questionamentos eram por
demais fortes para o delicado e ao mesmo tempo autoconfiante espírito
espírito do tempo.

 A tese central do livro 

O que Tolstoi sustenta em todo o livro é a validade social do preceito de Cristo
no Sermão da Montanha: "Não resistais ao mal" (Mt 5,39). A frase se presta a
ambiguidades. O sentido que Tolstoi defende é: não resistais ao mal cogyLifialJ ou
seja, não respondais à violência com a violência.\Este é o sentido exato. Tolstoi não
aceita a máxima jurídica comumente aceita: vim vi repellere  (repelir violência com
violência). Esta jamais pode ser legitimada apelando para o direito de "legítima defesa".
Porque a violência é sempre um mal, e não se pode responder ao mal com o mal. E
isso, para ele, vale tanto para o cristão como para um cidadão qualquer.
Por outro lado, para Tolstoi, não se trata de permanecer passivo frente ao mal
ou à violência, mas de responder a ela pela não-violência: a bondade, a mansidão e a
caridade. Esta é a verdadeira resistência ao mal, segundo Tolstoi. Efe-tivamente, o
sentido de "não resistir" no Evangelho e no Novo Testamento em geral não é "não fazer
nada", mas não revidar, não contra-atacar, não retaliar, enfim, não se vingar. Assim, o
que se rechaça sem meias medidas é a lei do talião, o pagar com a mesma moeda,
"olho por olho, dente por dente".
  Tolstoi leva extremamente a sério o preceito evangélico da não-violência.
Levanta-se contra os que acreditam que a ordem de Cristo de "não-resistência ao mal"
é algo de inexeqúível, especialmente do ponto de vista social; ou que é um piedoso
exagero, carregado apenas de um valor simbólico. Não, para Tolstoi, os preceitos do
Sermão da Montanha, no caso a não-violência, são realmente imperativos. Mas aten-
ção: não se trata de leis morais ou regras jurídicas fixas que devam ser aplicadas
mecanicamente.
mecanicamente. Não, são antes indicações de um ideal, apelos éticos, "via de perfeição
infinita", como ele se exprime. São exigências morais absolutas, que têm a força de.
pôr em movimento a relatividade do agir humano concreto./É verdade, tais preceitos
têm um catáter assintótico: aproximam da perfeição divina ("sede perfeitos como o Pai
do Céu é perfeito"), sem nunca chegar a atingi-la. Mas movem poderosamente a
vontade naquela direção. Põem-na no caminho do divino. Para o profeta russo, tais
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sociedade. A não-violência não diz respeito apenas ao cristão,

cristão, mas sim a toda a pessoa
em geral. É, portanto, uma lei que deve animar e governar toda sociedade humana,
digna deste nome.
Para representar o caráter singular dos radicais preceitos evangélicos, Tolstoi
usa a bela comparação do barqueiro, que, para chegar à outra margem de um rio
rápido, não pode se dirigir em linha reta, mas deve remar contra a corrente.
A não-violência tolstoiana se exprime na não-cooperação, na desobediência
civil e particularmente no repúdio ativo a toda a servilidade. Tolstoi sabe que o poder
se alimenta da aceitação e do consenso. Pior: da obediência cega e da submissão.
Contrapondo-se a isso, quer tirar ao poder o tapete debaixo dos pés, para que assim
venha ao chão. A ética de Tolstoi é radicalmente libertária. Para ele, a liberdade é um
atributo inalienável e definitório do ser humano. Por isso, entre as frases que pôs no
frontispício do livro, lemos esta de São Paulo: "Não vos torneis servos dos homens"
(ICor 7,23).
 Tolstoi não acredita nos efeitos libertadores de uma revolução violenta, mesmo
de tipo popular. Considera-a, em primeiro lugar, politicamente inviável, levando-se em
conta a complexidade e a potência do Estado moderno. Em segundo lugar, tem-na por
ineficaz, pois instauraria necessariamente uma opressão mais cruel que a anterior.
Por isso, se levanta conta os socialistas, comunistas e anarquistas de seu tempo por
pretenderem mudar a sociedade sem se mudarem a si próprios. Ataca também sua
concepção totalitária do Estado, segundo a qual a própria vida familiar e privada
ficaria sob a viligância da polícia estatal, vida essa que o sistema liberal vigente tinha
pelo menos respeitado. Foi, na verdade, o que se verificou no regime de Goulag. Como
se vê, Tolstoi não era apenas certeiro em suas percepções analíticas, mas também em
suas intuições proféticas.
Seja como for, a história está dando razão a Tolstoi: o princípio ético da não-
violência está se impondo cada vez mais em nosso dias. Nesse sentido pode-se
afirmar, com o profeta russo, um amadurecimento da consciência moral da
humanidade. A   Também porque a violência se mostra cada vez mais ineficaz para
resolver os conflitos sociais, tanto no interno das nações colmo nas relações
internacionais. Retomando uma distinção de TCant, é possível constatar certo
progresso em termos de legalidade (no nível dos princípios), embora não
necessariamente
necessariamente em termos da moralidade (no nível das práticas). Parece inegável que
na consciência mundial emerge com força crescente uma sensibilidade ética em favor
da não-violência. Também por razões práticas: frente à complexidade dos Estados e
das sociedades modernas, a violência não funciona mais. Aquela que foi outrora
definida como a "parteira da história" talvez não tenha outro destino, na consciência
ética das sociedades modernas, que o de tantas parteiras tradicionais: a
aposentadoria.

O antiestatismo radical de Tolstoi 

A defesa intransigente da não-violência, em Tolstoi, vai junto com a
deslegitimação absoluta do Estado, por ser uma instituição de violência.
No capítulo VII o escritor faz um processo em regra do sistema governamental.
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forma especiosa de autotirania.

  Tolstoi foi um antimilitarista absoluto. Junto com o serviço militar, recusa
qualquer legitimação à guerra. Se a cultura moderna a legitima por vários títulos (cap.
VI) é porque é fútil e destituída de vigor ético. Pressentiu para onde poderia levar a
mentalidade belicista das potências européias no fim do século passado. Chegou a
prever profeticamente (pelo fim dos cap. X e XII) o horror de um conflito mundial, que
efetivamente irrompeu com a primeira Grande Guerra.
Por tudo isso, Tolstoi propõe que se recuse decididamente a fazer qualquer
coisa que contribua de alguma forma para a perpetuação do sistema governativo e
seus tentáculos: o exercício da política, o serviço militar, o pagamento dos impostos, o
uso dos serviços da justiça e assim por diantre. O homem livre e justo há de viver
ignorando o governo./Não combatê-lo de frente, mas no princípio interno que o
sustenta: o reconhecimento, a obediência. Nisso Tolstoi se aproxima claramente de H.
 Thoreau (11862) e sua "desobediência civil".
Uma outra instituição estatal que recebe o rechaço resoluto de Tolstoi é o
sistema judiciário. Este também é o suporte — agora legitimador — da violência do
Estado (cap. X). Ademais, os tribunais exigem o juramento. Ora, Cristo proíbe o
 juramento do modo mais formal: "Não jureis de modo algum" (Mt 5,34). Também nesse
campo é impossível moralmente colaborar com o sistema judiciário existente para não
favorecer a ordem violenta de que é o garante legal.
Mas seria Tolstoi por tudo isso um anarquista? Ele confessa: "Não sou
anarquista, mas cristão." Contra os anarquistas e suas bombas e dinamites, defende
intransigentemente a não-violência. Acrescenta que os profetas da não-violência são
muito mais perigosos para o Estado do que quaisquer pretensos revolucionários,
sejam socialistas, comunistas ou anarquistas. Pois o Estado sabe muito bem tratar
com estes, que jogam pelas mesmas regras, mas já não sabe como se haver com os
adeptos da não-violência, que se situam num campo onde o ^ o) â Estado já está de
antemão derrotado (cap. IX).
A esta visão política, ou melhor, antipolítica
antipolítica do profeta pode-se perguntar antes
de tudo se é realista, se não é meramente utópica. Certo, Tolstoi sabe que existem
conflitos na sociedade e que é preciso manter certa ordem social. Mas acha que para
isso não se precisa de um Estado, mas de uma sociedade civil madura. Acredita na
força da consciência moral coletiva, que chama de "opinião pública".
Mesmo assim, pode-se perguntar se é possível algum dia na sociedade
prescindir de um órgão central de coordenação e direção. Para as nossas sociedades
complexas de hoje isso parece muito difícil, senão impossível. Como podem funcionar
corretamente
corretamente sem um governo qualquer?
 Todavia, da provocação profética de Tolstoi pode-se extrair seu núcleo positivo.
Não nos indica a direção em que se há de levar a constituição de um Estado diferente,
cada vez mais aliviado das funções de força e cada vez mais reduzido a funções
simplesmente administrativas? Não se trata efeti-vamente de o Estado se ocupar cada
vez mais da "administração das coisas" e cada vez menos do "governo dos homens"? E
mesmo que a função "política" do Estado seja finalmente irredutível (e nisso talvez
  Tolstoi se equivoque), não deve ela idealmente se reduzir aos limites mínimos
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Para Tolstoi, as igrejas são instituições intrinsecamente mentirosas. Sua

função não é de revelar a doutrina de Cristo, mas antes de escondê-la, enganando as
pessoas, mentindo ao povo. Todo o rico sistema simbólico da igreja: velas, cantos,
bandeiras, sinos, paramentos, procissões, pinturas etc. é virulentamente atacado
como um meio para "hipnotizar", impressionar e adormecer a consciência do povo. E
lança às igrejas um repto final: têm que escolher entre o Sermão da Montanha e o
Símbolo de Nicéia, entre o Evangelho e o Dogma.
Em outro passo (no cap. VIII), Tolstoi levanta a hipótese de se a corrupção do
cristianismo não foi necessária para sua difusão num mundo ainda pouco
desenvolvido, do ponto de vista moral. Está por outro lado convencido de que hoje
chegou a hora de entender e assimilar o cristianismo em sua forma pura, porque até
hoje os cristãos não teriam compreendido sua verdadeira essência.
À parte sua presunção inegável, Tolstoi nos parece aqui, mais ainda que para o
Estado, excessivamente enfático e pouco convincente. Produz mais denúncias
proféticas que análises argumentadas. Ademais, sua tese nem sempre é coerente. Pois
se a igreja como tal é anticristã, não há por que escolher entre o Evangelho e Nicéia; o
certo seria desaparecer. Igualmente, liquidar, em nome do povo, com todo o sistema
cristão de representação, que o mesmo povo tanto preza e donde tira tanta força, não
é contraditório? Que esse sistema tenha servido para alienar o povo, não lhe altera por
isso a natureza.
Seja como for, a radical profecia antieclesiástica de Tolstoi pode e deve ser
ouvida. Seu extremismo tem uma função singularmente catártica para as igrejas. É
um apelo à conversão e à fidelidade às mais altas exigências do Evangelho. Na
verdade, a nenhuma instituição se aplica melhor o adágio: corruptio optimipessima  (a
corrupção do ótimo é péssima). Mas é preciso reconhecer que nas últimas décadas as
igrejas em geral retomaram o papel dos profetas bíblicos face aos reis. E no que toca
particularmente ao militarismo, estão redescobrin-do sua primitiva opção pela não-
violência radical, vigente nos primeiros séculos, pleiteando pela proscrição total da
guerra e de toda solução de força na resolução dos conflitos.

 Atualidade de Tolstoi 
A força deste
d este livro consiste precisamente em articular profecia e transformação
social. Toca justamente no fulcro da questão que agita hoje a Teologia da Libertação e
os cristãos em geral: a relação fé e política. Mas Tolstoi o faz de um modo todo
original.
Em primeiro lugar, com relação à fé, postula uma volta decidida às fontes do
cristianismo, para aquém de todas as tradições eclesiais. Nisso ele é literalmente
radical: quer ir à raiz da proposta cristã. Sua relação é diretamente com o Evangelho.
Para Tolstoi, a religião cristã se entende essencialmente como profecia (cap. V).
Não no sentido de prever o futuro, mas de antecipá-lo. O profeta é o que antevê em
que direção vai o curso das coisas. Nisso se antecipa às maiorias. Essas, em virtude
mesmo da profecia, acabam vendo o que ele já via. É sempre um precursor, um ser
inaugural. Por isso mesmo só pode ser compreendido depois. Seu êxito só pode ser
póstumo. Por isso, para Tolstoi, a religião, porque profecia, é sempre exigência infinita,
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igreja, mas coisa comum de todos. É património da humanidade, que, na verdade e

em seu prejuízo, dele faz pouco caso. Não se trata, pois, de uma moral meramente
corporativa, mas realmente universal, pois que foi anunciada no mundo e para o
mundo. Por isso também ela não se dirige somente ao indivíduo, mas a toda a
sociedade. Isso vale inclusive no que tange às supremas exigências do Sermão da
Montanha, à condição, porém, de não transformá-las numa nova jurisprudência, mas
também de não reduzi-las a simples figuras de linguagem (cap. II)./Nesse sentido, o
pensamento tolstoiano contribui para destruir o monopólio eclesiástico ou clerical do
Evangelho, a fim de colocar este livro de vida nas mãos de todos e assim universalizá-
lo.
Do ponto de vista teológico, pode-se levantar a pergunta: Será que a concepção
tolstoiana da fé não sofreu aí um processo de desescatologização radical, ficando
assim reduzida à ética? Certamente o Reino está "em nós", mas não está também para
além de nós? E não é nessa última dimensão que está o segredo da força ético-
profética do cristianismo, impedindo-o de cair no simples moralismo?
Agora, do ponto de vista especificamente político, a palavra de Tolstoi não é
menos instrutiva. É preciso dizer que frente à sociedade ele se situa numa perspectiva
assumidamente socialista. Em seu ensaio "Ao povo trabalhador" (1902) defendeu a
propriedade comum da terra. E escreveu um trabalho, infelizmente inacabado,
precisamente "Sobre o socialismo" (1910).
Contudo sua concepção de socialismo era muito mais revolucionária que a de
tantos autoproclamados revolucionários de ontem e de hoje. Em primeiro lugar,
 Tolstoi acha decisivas as questões ético-religiosas, de que é prova o próprio livro em
análise. Acusa os revolucionários de só se preocuparem com as condições externas
("objetivas"), esquecendo que são eles mesmo que devem começar a mudar de vida.
Devem começar por vencer a contradição em que vivem, a qual lhe permite gozar dos
benefícios do sistema, ao mesmo tempo em que nutrem o desejo de derrubá-lo. E isso
vale naturalmente também e sobretudo para os liberais. É dizer que Tolstoi se
preocupava sobretudo com as "condições subjetivas" da revolução. Por falta dessas
condições, previu aquilo que se tornou fenômeno no socialismo comunista: um grau
de repressão muito maior que a anterior. Também nesse sentido ele foi profeta.
Em seguida, deu muita importância às questões culturais.

Para Tolstoi, a revolução começava nas consciências. Ela constituía antes de

tudo um imperativo ético de justiça e, mais radicalmente ainda, de verdade. Sabemos
de sua imensa atividade no campo da promoção da educação popular. Para difusão de
edições populares, chegou a fundar uma casa editora "O Mediador" (1884). Sua
orientação educativa era claramente antiautoritária. Consiste para ele em desenvolver
a liberdade das pessoas, despertá-las da "hipnotização" governamental e social. Trata-
se, enfim, na linguagem de hoje, de dar-lhes condições de se desalienarem e, em
positivo, de se conscientizarem.
conscientizarem. Nesse campo sua atividade literária foi vastíssima. Es-
creveu desde catecismos, comentários ao Evangelho, até tratados pedagógicos, como
Sobre a instrução popular, Os jovens do campo devem aprender de nós a escrever ou 
nós deles?  (título já de   per si extremamente significativo), A escola de Iasnaia Po 
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acesso ao Reino está escrito com letras de fogo: "Convertei-vos, pois o Reino está
próximo!''(Mc 1,15).Nisso Leon Tols-toi só tem de par outro profeta, este também de
 juba: Leão Bloy.
Mas cuidado: este individualismo ético-profético não é em absoluto um
fechamento sobre si, mas antes um compromisso pessoal com o outro, com a
sociedade. É um individualismo aberto, solidário com os outros, que alguns poderiam
chamar de personalismo. Nesse sentido, Tolstoi se comporta como todo profeta:
devolve cada um a sua responsabilidade. A liberdade pessoal não se delega. Ela se
exerce em primeira pessoa. Ora, só os livres podem construir a sociedade dos livres.
Como para Cristo, o que dá urgência ao apelo da conversão é o agudo sentido
do "kairós": "Completaram-se os tempos. O Reino de Deus está às portas!" (Mc 1,15).
Os tempos estão maduros e está na hora de acordar. Nisso Tolstoi emerge como um
profeta verdadeiramente apocalíptico. Ele anuncia a iminência do mundo novo. "Os
campos já estão brancos para a ceifa" (Jo 4,35). E "quando o fruto está maduro, mete-
se-lhe a foice, pois é tempo da colheita" (Mc 4,29).
Portanto, chegou a hora! Tolstoi assume aqui um tom apocalíptico: a casa está
pegando fogo e não há mais tempo de se perguntar se é preciso sair ou não; o navio
afunda e urge lançar mão dos salva-vidas antes de afundar com ele; os pintinhos já
não podem mais ficar no ovo e para sair já rompem a casca com o bico. São as
comparações que Tolstoi usa para mostrar que os tempos estão maduros para uma
sociedade não-violenta, livre e igualitária.
Efetivamente, está convencido de que a consciência
consciência humana amadureceu. Pois
admite um progresso na compreensão das exigências do cristianismo. Inicialmente, só
o profeta e uma minoria de discípulos, por via da intuição, compreendem certas
verdades. Mas estas vão ganhando as maiorias mediante a experiência e acabam,
pouco a pouco, se impondo. Ora, as mais altas exigências do Sermão da Montanha,
como o preceito da "não-resistência ao mal com o mal", se impõem cada vez mais, a
partir das próprias experiências históricas,
históricas, como o caminho certo para uma sociedade
mais elevada que a anterior.
  Tolstoi percebe um crescimento de consciência nessa di-reção, embora as
práticas ainda marquem passo. Vê um sinal disso no fato de que a sociedade atual,
que vive ainda segundo o *'conceito pagão de vida", sente agudamente a contradição
entre sua vida pagã de opressão e sua consciência cristã de fraternidade. Acha mesmo
que os próprios ricos e poderosos já têm vergonha de gozar de seus privilégios e
procuram escondê-los o quanto podem. Da parte da sociedade em geral cresce o
desprestígio dos grandes. Não estaríamos aqui diante de sinais indicadores de que o
processo histórico de dissolução da violência estatal e do militarismo já se iniciou do
ponto de vista cultural, ou seja, no campo da sensibilidade ética? — É verdade — e ele
o sabe —, essa consciência ainda é coisa de uma minoria profética. Mas pode
despertar os outros. E este seu livro já não representa um despertador eficaz dessa
nova fase da história?
Mas, em que consiste precisamente a conversão a que convoca Tolstoi?
Essencialmente nisso: Dizer a verdade, não mentir. Pois só assim — acredita — se
rompe o círculo da "metafísica da hipocrisia" em que está enredado o mundo moderno.
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CRONOLOGIA DA VIDA DE TOLSTOI

1828 — 28 de agosto: Leon Tolstoi nasce em Jasnaia Poliana, em Tuia, cerca de
180km de Moscou. Quarto filho do Conde Nicolau Tolstoi. 1830 Morte da mãe.
1837 — Mudança para Moscou. Morte do pai. 1841 Mudança para Kazan, onde se
prepara para a inscrição na universidade da cidade. 1847 Deixa depois de dois anos a
universidade de Kazan e volta para Jasnaia Poliana.
1851 — Parte para o Cáucaso com o irmão, oficial do exército russo.
1852 — Publica com sucesso a sua primeira obra, Infância.
1854 — Em Sebastopol, como oficial do exército.
1855 — Assiste à queda de Sebastopol, que descreverá em contos famosos.
famosos.
1857 — Primeira viagem à Europa.
1860 — Segunda viagem à Europa, onde, na França, morre o amado irmão Nicolau.
1861 — Fixa residência em Jasnaia Poliana, onde cria uma escola para camponeses.
camponeses.
1863 — Casa-se com Sofia Bers, de 18 anos, filha de um médico da corte. Viverá com
ela pelo resto de sua vida, unido por intensa paixão amorosa e muitas vezes dividido
por fortes incompreensões. Terá com ela 13 filhos, dos quais só nove chegarão à idade
adulta.
1868 — Publica Guerra e oaz com grande sucesso.
1875 — Publica Anna Karenina. Outro grande sucesso. 1878 Profunda crise espiritual
e sucessiva conversão. i881 Escreve A confissão, onde narra sua crise. 1884 Com
Certkóv, seu fiel discípulo e secretário, funda a editora O Mediador, para difundir
edições populares. 1889 Publica Sonata a Kreuzer.
1891 — Organiza refeitórios para os camponeses famintos, durante uma grave
carestia.
1892 — Doação à mulher e aos filhos de suas propriedades.
1893 — Publica (no exterior) O Reino de Deus está em vós. 1895 O fiel Certkov é
exilado.
1899 — Publica Ressurreição.
1901 — É excomungado pelo Santo Sínodo da igreja Ortodoxa Viagem à Criméia por
razões de saúde.
1906 — Morre a amantíssima filha Masha.
1908 — Escreve Não posso calar , contra as condenações à morte impostas pelo regime
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O REINO DE DEUS ESTÁ EM VÓS

- OU -
O CRISTIANISMO APRESENTADO
NÃO COMO UMA DOUTRINA MÍSTICA
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PREFÁCIO
Em 1844 escrevi um livro, intitulado Em que consiste a minha fé 1, no qual, de
fato, expus todas minhas crenças.
1Esta obra foi traduzida e publicada em francês com o título A minha religião.

Manifestando minha maneira de compreender a doutrina do Cristo, não disse

por que considero como heresia aquela religião oficial chamada cristianismo.
Esta difere, em minha opinião, daquela de Cristo em muitos pontos, entre os quais
constatei, antes de tudo, a supressão do mandamento que nos proíbe opormo-nos ao
mal com a força. Mais do que qualquer outro, este desvio de doutrina é uma prova
evidente do quanto a igreja oficial havia desnaturado os princípios de Cristo.
Eu, aliás, como tantas outras pessoas, era bem pouco informado sobre o que, nos
tempos antigos, fora feito, dito ou escrito a respeito desta tão importante questão: a da
não-resistência
não-resistência ao mal.
Sabia, porém, o que disto pensavam os padres da igreja, como Orígenes,
 Tertuliano e tantos outros. Não ignorava sequer que existiam e existem ainda certas
seitas chamadas me-nonitas, hernutos, quakers, que rejeitam o serviço militar e não
admitem que os cristãos portem armas. Mas eu sabia tudo isto de forma por demais
imperfeita para poder aprofundar e esclarecer por completo este assunto.
Como esperava, meu livro não foi autorizado pela censura russa. Mas, graças
talvez a minha fama, graças também, sem dúvida, ao interesse que despertavam estas
questões, meu trabalho fez um grande sucesso na Rússia e inúmeras traduções foram
feitas no exterior. Isto provocou, assim, interessantes comunicados em apoio a minha
tese, além de uma longa série de críticas.
Esse choque de idéias, somado aos últimos acontecimentos históricos,
esclareceu-me muitos pontos que haviam permanecido obscuros e me conduziu a
novas conclusões, sobre as quais me estenderei dentro em pouco.
Antes de mais nada, direi poucas palavras sobre os comunicados que me foram
feitos a respeito da não-resistência ao mal, alongar-me-ei então sobre os comentários
que esta questão provocou por parte dos críticos eclesiásticos ou leigos e terminarei
com as conclusões que me parecem derivar deste estudo e dos últimos acontecimentos
acontecimentos
históricos.
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CAPÍTULO I
A doutrina da não-resistência ao mal com a violência tem sido ensinada pela minoria 
dos homens desde a origem do cristianismo 
cristia nismo 

Os primeiros comentários provocados por meu livro foram-me endereçados por

quakers americanos. Dando-me ciência de sua absoluta concordância de pontos de
vista quanto à ilegitimidade, para o cristão, de qualquer guerra e de qualquer
violência, os quakers me comunicaram detalhes interessantes sobre sua seita que, há
mais de duzentos anos, pratica a doutrina de Cristo em relação à não-resistência ao
mal com a violência. Simultaneamente, enviavam-me seus jornais, folhetos e livros
que tratavam desta questão, para eles indiscutível desde há muito, e demonstravam o
erro da doutrina da igreja que admite as penas capitais e a guerra.
Após provarem, com uma longa série de argumentos, fundamentados em
experiências, que a religião, edificada sobre a concórdia e o amor ao próximo, não
poderia admitir a guerra, isto é, a mutilação e o homicídio, os quakers afirmam que
nada contribui tanto para obscurecer a verdade do Cristo e impedi-la de se difundir no
mundo quanto o não reconhecimento deste princípio por parte dos homens que se
dizem cristãos. E mais:
A doutrina de Cristo que penetrou na consciência dos homens não por
meio dos ferros nem da violência, mas pela não-resistência ao mal, pela
resignação, pela humildade e pelo amor, só pode ser difundida no mundo
através do exemplo da concórdia e da paz entre seus seguidores.
O cristão, conforme os ensinamentos do próprio Deus, não pode ser
guiado, em suas relações com o próximo, senão pelo amor. Assim, não pode
existir autoridade alguma capaz de constrangê-lo a agir contrariamente aos
ensinamentos de Deus e ao próprio espírito do cristianismo.
A regra da necessidade do Estado não pode obrigar à traição da lei de
Deus, exceto para aqueles que, por interesse da vida material, procuram
conciliar o inconciliável. Mas para o cristão que crê firmemente que a salvação
reside na prática da doutrina de Cristo, esta necessidade não pode ter qualquer
importância.

A história dos quakers e o estudo de suas obras, dos trabalhos de Fox e Penn
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usar para chegar a uma revolução benéfica, pacífica e geral.

Eis os nossos princípios:
Não reconhecemos qualquer autoridade humana. Não reconhecemos
senão um só rei e legislador, um juiz e líder da humanidade. Nossa pátria é o
mundo inteiro; nossos compatriotas são todos os homens. Amamos todos os
países como nosso próprio país, e os direitos de nossos compatriotas não nos
são mais caros do que os de toda a humanidade. Por isto, não admitimos que o
sentimento de patriotismo possa justificar a vingança de uma ofensa ou de um
mal feito ao nosso país.
Reconhecemos que o povo não tem o direito de se defender dos inimigos
externos, nem de atacá-los. Reconhecemos ainda que os indivíduos isolados
não podem ter este direito em suas relações recíprocas, não podendo a unidade
ter direitos maiores do que os da coletividade. Se o governo não deve se opor
aos conquistadores estrangeiros que visam à ruína de nossa pátria e à des-
truição de nossos concidadãos, da mesma forma não pode opor a violência aos
indivíduos que ameaçam a tranqüilidade e a segurança públicas. Â" doutrina,
ensinada pelas igrejas, de que todos os países da terra são criados e aprovados
por Deus, e de que as autoridades, que existem nos Estados Unidos, na Rússia,
na Turquia etc. emanam de Sua vontade, não é apenas estúpida.», como.
também blasfematória. Esta doutrina representa nosso Criador como um ser
parcial, que estabelece e encoraja o mal. Ninguém pode afirmar que as
autoridades existentes, em qualquer país que seja, ajam com seus inimigos
segundo a doutrina e o exemplo de Cristo. Nem mesmo seus atos podem ser
agradáveis a Deus. Não podem, portanto, ter sido estabelecidos por Ele, e
devem ser derrubados, não pela força, mas pela regeneração moral dos homens.
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fun-z damental de não-resistência ao mal por meio do mal não nos permite
insurreições, nem rebeliões, nem violências. Submetemo-nos a todas as regras
e a todas as exigências do governo, exceto àquelas que sejam contrárias aos
mandamentos do Evangelho. Não resistiremos de outra forma a não ser
submetendo-nos passivamente às punições que poderão ser infligidas devido à
nossa doutrina. Suportaremos todas as agressões sem deixar de, pelo nosso
lado, combater o mal onde quer que o encontremos, no alto ou embaixo, no
terreno político, administrativo ou religioso, e procuraremos atingir, servindo-
nos de todos os meios possíveis, a fusão de todos os reinos terrestres num só
reino de Nosso Senhor Jesus Cristo. Consideramos como verdade indiscutível
que tudo aquilo que seja contrário ao Evangelho deve ser definitivamente
destruído. Acreditamos, como o profeta, que virá um tempo em que as espadas
serão transformadas em relhas e as lanças em foices, e que devemos trabalhar
sem demora, na medida de nossas forças, para a concretização dessa profecia.
Em conseqüência, aqueles que fabricam, vendem ou se servem de armas
contribuem para os preparativos da guerra e se opõem pela mesma razão ao
poder pacífico do Filho de Deus na Terra.
Após a exposição de nossos princípios, dizemos agora de que modo
esperamos alcançar nosso objetivo. Esperamos vencer "por meio da loucura da
pregação".
Procuraremos difundir nossas idéias entre todos os homens, pertençam
eles a qualquer nação, religião ou classe social. Para tanto, organizaremos
palestras públicas, difundiremos programas e opúsculos, constituiremos
sociedades e enviaremos petições a todas as autoridades públicas.
Em suma, empenhar-nos-emos, com todos os meios de que
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que, entretanto, professam um culto profundo à memória de Harrison.

A mesma indiferença estaria reservada a um outro defensor do princípio da
não-resistência ao mal com a violência, o americano Adin Bailou, morto recentemente
e que, durante cinquenta anos, lutou por esta doutrina.
Para demonstrar o quanto tudo o que se refere a esta questão é ignorado,
citarei o filho de Harrison. À minha pergunta relativa aos adeptos sobreviventes da
Sociedade "Não-Resistente", respondeu-me que esta sociedade se havia dissolvido e
que não mais existia partidário algum desta doutrina, quanto lhe constava. Ora, no
momento em que me escrevia, vivia ainda em Hopedale, Massachusetts, Adin Bailou,
que havia colaborado com a obra de Harrison e dedicado cinquenta anos de sua vida à
propaganda falada e escrita da doutrina da não-resistência.
não-resistência.
Mais tarde, recebi uma carta de Wilson, discípulo e colaborador de Bailou, e
entrei em contato com o próprio Bailou. Escrevi; respondeu-me e enviou-me suas
obras. Eis um trecho:
 Jesus Cristo é meu senhor e meu patrão (disse Bailou em um de seus
estudos que demonstra a inconseqüência dos cristãos que admitem o direito de
defesa e da guerra).
Prometi abandonar tudo e a Ele seguir até à morte, na alegria ou na
dor. Mas sou cidadão da República Democrática dos Estados Unidos, à qual
prometi ser fiel e sacrificar minha vida, se for o caso, pela defesa de sua
constituição. O Cristo me ordena que faça aos outros aquilo que desejo que seja
feito a mim mesmo. A constituição dos Estados Unidos exige de mim que faça a
dois milhões de escravos (na época havia escravos, hoje pode-se francamente
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Por que um, dez, cem homens não devem infringir as leis de Deus,
enquanto uma grande quantidade pode?
Eis, agora, o catecismo de Bailou, composto para seus fiéis:

CATECISMO DA NÃO-RESISTÊNCIA 1
1A tradução [para o russo] foi livre, com algumas omissões.

Pergunta  —  De onde foi tirada a expressão "Não-Resistência"? 

Resposta  — 
 — Da frase: Não resistais ao homem mal. (Mt 5,39) 
P  — 
 — O que exprime esta expressão? 
R  — 
 — Exprime uma alta virtude cristã ensinada por Cristo.
P  — 
 — Devemos aceitar a expressão da não-resistência em seu sentido mais amplo,
ou seja, que ela significa que não devemos opor qualquer  resistência ao mal?
R  — 
 — Não. Ela deve ser compreendida no sentido exato do mandamento de Cristo,
isto é, não  pagar o mal com o mal. É preciso resistir ao mal com todos os meios 
 justos, mas não por meio do mal.
P  —  De onde se deduz que o Cristo tenha ordenado a não-resistência neste 
sentido? 
R  —  Das palavras que ele pronunciou a este respeito: "Ouvistes o que foi dito: 
Olho por olho, e dente por dente. E eu vos digo: Não te oporás ao malvado; assim,
se alguém te bate na face direita, oferece-lhe a esquerda. Ese alguém quer brigar 
contigo, e tirar-te o manto, deixa-lhe também a veste." 
P  — 
 — De que fala o Cristo ao dizer: "Ouvistes o que foi dito?" 
R  — 
 —  Dos patriarcas e dos profetas e do que eles disseram e que está escrito no 
Antigo Testamento que os israelitas chamam geralmente de a Lei e os Profetas.
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organização da guerra. Não pode usar armas mortais, não pode resistir à ofensa 
com a ofensa, seja sozinho ou unido a outros, aja por si ou por intermédio dos 
outros.
P  —  Pode ele, voluntariamente, reunir e armar soldados para o serviço do 
Estado? 
R  — 
 — Ele não pode fazer nada disto, se quiser ser fiel às leis do Cristo.
P  — 
 —  Pode ele, com benevolência, dar dinheiro ao governo que ésustentado pelas 
 forças armadas, pela pena de morte e pela violência? 
R — Não, a menos que este dinheiro não se destine a um objetivo em especial,
 justo por si mesmo e cujos fins e meios sejam bons.
P  — 
 — Pode ele pagar impostos a tal governo? 
R  — 
 — Não, ele não deve voluntariamente pagar impostos; mas não deve resistir ao 
recolhimento de impostos. O imposto decretado pelo governo é recolhido 
independentemente da vontade de contribuintes. O homem não pode escapar 
dele sem recorrer à violência, e o cristão, não podendo usar de violência, deve 
abandonar a sua propriedade às arrecadações do poder.
P  — 
 — Pode um cristão ser eleitor, juiz ou agente do governo? 
R —  Não, a participação nas eleições, na justiça, na administração, nos faz 
 participar da violência governamental.
P  — 
 — Qual a principal virtude da doutrina da não-resistência? 
R  — 
 —  A possibilidade de cortar o mal pela raiz em nosso próprio coração, assim 
como no de nossos semelhantes. Esta doutrina reprova o que perpetua e 
multiplica o mal no mundo. Aquele que ataca seu próximo ou que o ofende 
 provoca sentimentos de ódio, origem de todo o mal. Ofender o próximo porque ele 
nos ofendeu, com o propósito de repelir o mal, é reprovar uma má ação, é 
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da influência dessa pequena minoria oculta. Mesmo admitindo que alguns 

membros dessa minoria fossem perseguidos até a morte, estas vítimas da ver- 
dade deixariam atrás de si a sua doutrina já consagrada pelo sangue do 
martírio.
A paz esteja com aqueles que procuram a paz, e que o amor vencedor 
  permaneça a herança imorredoura de todas as almas que se submetem 
livremente à lei de Cristo! 
Não resistir ao mal com a violência.
ADIN BALLOU

Durante cinquenta anos, Bailou escreveu e publicou livros que se referiam

sobretudo à não-resistência. Nessas obras, notáveis pela lucidez de pensamento e pela
beleza do estilo, a questão é examinada sob todos os ângulos possíveis. Ele faz da
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obscuras profundezas do oceano da vida e de suas mentiras. A verdadeira fé

está na crença das palavras de Deus, mas houve um tempo em que os homens
consideravam a verdadeira fé uma heresia. É por este motivo que a razão deve
mostrar em que consiste a verdade, se alguém a ignora. A noite a ocultou dos
homens. Estes não mais reconhecem a verdadeira lei do Cristo.
Para explicar esta lei, Kheltchitsky lembra a organização primitiva da
sociedade cristã, organização que hoje seria, diz ele, considerada pela igreja
romana como uma terrível heresia.
Esta igreja primitiva foi o ideal da organização social baseada na
liberdade, na igualdade e na fraternidade, que são até hoje, segundo
Kheltchitsky, os fundamentos do cristianismo. Se a sociedade voltasse à sua
doutrina pura, a existência dos reis e dos papas tornar-se-ia inútil: a lei única
do amor bastaria para a ordem social.
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pelos especialistas.
Seria de esperar-se que esse tipo de obra — a dos quakers, de Harrison, de
Bailou, de Kheltchitsky — que afirmam e demonstram, tomando por base o
Evangelho, que o mundo entende mal a doutrina do Cristo, provocasse o interesse, a
agitação, o murmúrio, as discussões, tanto entre os pastores quanto entre as ovelhas.
Referindo-se à própria essência da doutrina cristã, essas obras deveriam ser
examinadas e reconhecidas como justas, ou então refutadas e rechaçadas. Mas isto
não acontece.
O mesmo fato se repete em relação a todas essas obras. Pessoas com as mais
diversas opiniões, tanto os fiéis como — e isto é surpreendente — os livres-
pensadores, todos parecem haver-se passado uma palavra de ordem de silenciar a seu
respeito, e tudo aquilo que os homens fazem para explicar o verdadeiro sentido da
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raciocínios nem às ordens dos homens que vos ordenam nela tomar parte.
Com essa firme recusa a participar da violência, merecereis a bênção
daqueles que escutam e seguem essas ordens, e chegará um dia em que o
mundo vos louvará como artífices da regeneração humana.
O livro de Musser tem o título: Non-resistance asserted, ou Kingdom of Christ 
and kingdom of this world separated, 1864 (Afirmação da não-resistência, ou
Separação do reino de Deus do reino terrestre).
Esse livro foi escrito por ocasião da Guerra de Secessão, quando o governo
americano impôs o serviço militar a todos os cidadãos. Isto é também importante, na
atualidade, pelos assuntos que aborda em relação à recusa ao serviço militar. No
prefácio, diz o autor:
Sabe-se que, nos Estados Unidos, muitos negam a necessidade da
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alguns recrutados recusam o serviço militar, fundamentando-se em sua convicção

religiosa. E o que faz o governo? Libera-os, talvez? Obriga-os a marchar e os pune, em
caso de recusa? Não...
Em 1818, o governo assim regulamentou. Eis um extrato de jornal, que quase
ninguém conhece na Rússia, de Nicolau Nicolaiewic Muraviev-Karsky, suprimido pela
censura:
2 de outubro de 1818. Tifilis.
Hoje pela manhã, o comandante disse-me que foram mandados
recentemente para a Geórgia cinco camponeses da Comarca de Tàmbov. Esses
homens foram recrutados pelo exército, mas se recusam a se submeterem ao
serviço militar. Foram já muitas vezes punidos com o knut 1 e com o bastão; mas
abandonaram sem resistência seus corpos às mais cruéis torturas e à morte,
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homem a renegar Cristo, ou suprime-o secretamente por um meio qualquer, a fim de

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CAPÍTULO II
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audaciosa de que a violência não está em contradição com a doutrina de Cristo, que é
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estado na mente de Cristo, estaria formulada em algum lugar. Ela não se encontra
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Estes não o reconhecem, simplesmente, por não ousar admiti-lo e procuram

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