FOR RESTRICTED
CIRCULATION ONLY
STANDARD
FOR
THE STORAGE AND HANDLING
OF
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)
Page I of 32
OISD STANDARD – 194
FOR RESTRICTED
CIRCULATION ONLY
STANDARD
FOR
THE STORAGE AND HANDLING
OF
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)
Prepared by
FUNCTIONAL COMMITTEE
II
NOTE
Though every effort has been made to assure the accuracy and
reliability of the data contained in these documents, OISD hereby
expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage
resulting from their use.
III
FOREWORD
Oil industry in India is more than 100 years old handling variety of hydrocarbon
material, natural gas, crude oil and petroleum products. With the technological
advances and need for transportation of bulk energy carrier and natural gas over the
years a variety of practices have been in vogue because of collaboration/association
with different foreign companies and governments. Standardisation in design, operation
and maintenance practices was hardly in existence at a national level. This lack of
uniformity, coupled with feed back from some serious accidents that occurred in the
recent past in India and abroad, emphasised the need for the industry to review the
existing state of art in designing, operating and maintaining oil and gas installations.
With this in view, the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas in 1986 constituted a
Safety Council assisted by the Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) staffed from within
the industry in formulating and implementing a series of self regulatory measures aimed
at removing obsolescence, standardising and upgrading the existing standards to
ensure safer operations. Accordingly, OISD constituted a number of functional
committees comprising of experts nominated from the industry to draw up standards
and guidelines on various subjects.
The present document on the storage and handling of Liquefied Natural Gas
(LNG) Terminals was prepared by Functional Committee constituted amongst the
nominated members by the industry. This document was prepared based on the
accumulated knowledge and experience of industry members and the various national
and international codes and practices.
This document will be reviewed periodically for improvements based on the
additional experience and better understanding.
Suggestions from industry members may be addressed to :
The Coordinator, Committee on
‘Storage And Handling Of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)’
Oil Industry Safety Directorate
Government of India
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas
7th Floor , New Delhi House
27, Barakhamba Road
New Delhi - 110001
IV
FUNCTIONAL COMMITTEE
ON
STANDARD FOR
THE STORAGE AND HANDLING
OF
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)
LIST OF MEMBERS
V
OISD-STD-194
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VI
1.0 INTRODUCTION applicable standards developed by the Indian
Industry over the years.
1.1 LNG trade is more than 30 years old, and
the technology associated with LNG projects
is considered proven and mature. This applies 1.6 This standard provides for safety and
to all the components of LNG chain – Gas design aspects of all the major components of
Liquefaction, transportation, receipt, storage LNG receiving terminal facility including
and re-gasification facilities. unloading, storage and distribution of LNG.
This standard also outlines the operating
1.2 The LNG industry over the years has practices for protection of persons & property
gained experience in design and operation of and provides guidelines to all the persons
LNG chain and has been updating design and concerned with the operation of LNG
plant safety aspects. receiving, storage, regasification and other
associated facilities.
1.3 Indian Petroleum industry over the years
has also gained experience in design and 1.7 A number of standards exist to take care
operations of gas processing and petroleum of design and other aspects related to
handling and has been updating design and operations and safety of hydrocarbon
plant safety aspects. industry including operating and design
experience of gas processing and petroleum
1.4 LNG receiving terminals are being handling in Indian context and experience of
developed in India. OISD under the aegis of handling LNG elsewhere in the world. It is
the MOP & NG has set up a committee to recognised, this standard dealing with design
evolve guidelines on unloading, storage and and operating practices for LNG handling
distribution of LNG. LNG import would also may differ from those specified in the
involve host of other auxiliary facilities available standards.
including fire & safety aspects. All these are
intended to be covered under the present 1.8 In the interest of safety, it is important
scope. that persons engaged in handling LNG,
understand the properties of this product and
1.5 In doing so, the Committee has utilised that they be thoroughly trained in safe
the experiences of operations of oil and gas practices for its handling.
installations in India, the available
international standards on LNG and
Page 1 of 32
2.0 SCOPE methods for maintaining its tightness or is
impervious by nature.
2.1 This standard lays down minimum
requirements of layout within the plant Container, Pre-stressed Concrete :
boundary for Unloading, Storage, A concrete container is considered to be pre-
Vaporisation, Transfer & Handling stressed when the stresses created by the
facilities for LNG Terminals. different loading or loading combinations do not
exceed allowable stresses.
2.2 This standard covers safety in
design and operational aspects of process Deriming :
systems, above ground tanks, Deriming, synonymous with defrosting or de-
vaporisation facilities, ship shore icing refers to the removal, by heating and
interlock, berthing conditions for the evaporation, sublimation, or solution, of
ship, receiving facilities including jetty accumulated constituents that form solids, such
and port. as water, carbon dioxide, etc. from the low-
temperature process equipment.
2.3 This standard also to some extent
covers engineering considerations in Design Pressure :
design and installations including fire The pressure used in the design of equipment, a
protection and safety systems. container, or a vessel for the purpose of
determining the minimum permissible thickness
3.0 DEFINITIONS or physical characteristics of its different parts.
Where applicable, static head shall be included
BOG: in the design pressure to determine the thickness
Boil off gas – The gas produced in the of any specific part.
process of vaporisation of a very small
quantity of refrigerated liquid by heat
conducted through the insulation Dyke:
surrounding the storage tank. A structure used to establish an impounding
area.
Bunkering :
The loading of a ship’s bunker or tank ERC :
with liquid fuel for use in connection Emergency Release Coupler – The coupler
with propulsion of auxiliary equipment. fitted in each hard arm together with quick –
acting flanking valves so that a dry-break
Container : release can be achieved in emergency
A vessel for storing liquefied natural gas. situations.
Such a vessel may be above, partially
below, or totally below ground and may ERS :
consist of an inner and outer tank. Emergency Release System
Page 2 of 32
malfunction or failure of power, LNG :
instrument air, components or control An abbreviation for “liquefied natural gas”
devices.
LNG Facility :
Fired Equipment : LNG facility is a group of one or more
Any equipment in which the combustion units/facilities i.e. unloading, storage, receiving
of fuels takes place. Included among facilities for LNG, associated systems like
others are fired boilers, fired heaters, utilities, blow down, flare system, fire water
internal combustion engines, certain storage and fire water network, control room
integral heated vaporisers, the primary and administration service buildings like
heat source for remote heated vaporisers, workshop, fire station, laboratory, canteen etc.
gas-fired oil foggers, fired regeneration
heaters and flared vent stacks. Maximum Allowable Working Pressure:
The maximum gauge pressure permissible at the
Fixed-Length Dip Tube : top of an equipment, a container or a pressure
A pipe that has a fixed open end fitted vessel while operating at design temperature.
inside a container at a designated
elevation that is intended to show a Primary Components :
liquid level. Primary components include those whose failure
would permit leakage of the LNG being stored,
Hazardous Fluid : those exposed to a temperature between (-510C)
LNG or liquid or gas that is flammable and (-1680C) and those subject to thermal shock.
or toxic . Primary components include, but are not limited
to the following parts of a single-wall tank or of
Hazardous Liquid : the inner tank in a double-wall tank; shell plates,
Means liquid that is flammable or toxic bottom plates, roof plates, knuckle plates,
including LNG. compression rings, shell stiffeners, manways,
and nozzles including reinforcement, shell
Ignition Source : anchors, pipe tubing, forging, and bolting.
Any item or substance capable of an These are the parts of LNG containers that are
energy release of type and magnitude stressed to a significant level.
sufficient to ignite any flammable
mixture of gases or vapours that could Process Plant :
occur at the site. The systems required to condition, liquefy or
vaporise natural gas in all areas of application.
Impounding Area :
An area that may be defined through the Secondary Components :
use of dykes or the topography at the site Secondary components include those which will
for the purpose of containing any not be stressed to a significant level, those
accidental spill of LNG or flammable whose failure will not result in leakage of the
refrigerants. LNG being stored or those exposed to the boil
off gas and having a design metal temperature of
Liquefied Natural Gas : (-51°C) or higher.
A fluid in the liquid state composed
predominantly of methane (CH4) and Shall :
which may contain minor quantities of Indicates a mandatory requirement.
ethane, propane, nitrogen, or other
components normally found in natural Should :
gas. Indicates a recommendation or that which is
advised but not mandatory.
Page 3 of 32
sections or two different materials that are not
Storage Tank : amenable to usual welding or joining
A container for storing a fluid. techniques.
Page 4 of 32
4.0 TERMINAL PROCESS SYSTEM N2 1.20 0.90
4.1.2 Upon release from containment to the 4.2 LNG RECEIVING TERMINAL :
atmosphere , LNG will vaporise and release
gas which, at ambient temperature , will The purpose of receiving terminal is to
have about 600 times the volume of liquid unload LNG tankers, store, re-gasify and
vaporised. Generally at temperature below send it out through the pipeline transmission
approximately (-112 °C), this gas is heavier network. The LNG receiving terminal
than ambient air at (15.6 ° C). However as facilities are divided into three sections
its temperature rises, it becomes lighter than namely receiving, storage and send out
the air. sections.
(Refer typical flow scheme at the
Note : The critical temperature for methane Annexure – I)
is (-) 1120 C . The predominant component
of LNG is methane and hence this value is • RECEIVING SECTION
referred.
• STORAGE SECTION
Page 5 of 32
4.3.1 THE JETTY i) Unloading arm consist of pipe length
connected to each other by swivel joints,
The jetty consists of berthing facility, moved by hydraulic actuators. The
unloading arms and other associated connection of the arm end to the ship
facilities. crossovers flange shall be provided with a
special automatic ERC device.
4.3.2 BERTHS
ii) During emergency this automatic device
The number and size of the berths are will come into operation and de-coupling
determined by the quantity of LNG delivered, system gets activated.
the size of the ships, time intervals between
two ships & site conditions. The berths may iii) Emergency Release System (ERS). Each
be installed either parallel or perpendicular to unloading arm shall be fitted with an ERS
the bank at the end of the jetty depending on system, able to be interlinked to the ship’s
the water depth, prevailing wind speed and ESD system. This system must operate in two
the location of the basin. stages ; the first stage stops LNG pumping
and closes block valves in the pipelines; the
ii) The berth may include either simple second stage entails automatic activation of
dolphins or sophisticated concrete platform the dry-break coupling at the ERC together
which includes the unloading arms. Land with its quick-acting flanking valves. The
access to the moored ships shall be provided. ERS System should conform to an accepted
If necessary, a separate road may lead to the industry standard.
berths in order to provide the crew with a free
access to the ship. iv) No drain shall be open to atmosphere.
Provision should be given to collect the LNG
iii) Exclusion of ignition Sources. No from the unloading arm to a closed system by
uncontrolled ignition source should be within way of providing blow down vessel or any
a predetermined safe area, centred on the other suitable arrangement.
LNG carrier’s cargo manifold. The minimum
area from which all ignition sources must be v) The size of the arms depends on the
excluded should be determined from the unloading flow rate. Usual sizes are 10” and
design considerations and dispersion studies 12” for LNG tankers upto 75,000 m3 capacity
envisaged in the risk analysis report. and 16” for 120,000 m3 and above capacity
tankers.
iv) Mooring layout. The jetty should provide
mooring points of a strength and in an array 4.3.2.3 General :
which would permit all LNG carriers using
the terminal to be held alongside in all i) General cargo, other than ships’ stores for
conditions of wind and currents. the LNG tanker, shall not be handled within
30 m of the point of transfer connection
v) Quick Release Hooks. All mooring points while LNG are being transferred through
should be equipped with quick release hooks. piping systems. Ship bunkering shall not be
Multiple hook assemblies should be provided permitted during LNG unloading operations.
at those points where multiple mooring lines
are deployed so that not more than one ii) Vehicle traffic shall be prohibited on the
mooring line is attached to a single hook. berth within 30 m of the loading and
unloading manifold while transfer operations
4.3.2.2 UNLOADING ARMS are in progress. Warning signs or barricades
shall be used to indicate that transfer
operations are in progress.
Page 6 of 32
ii) Length of the unloading line is to be kept
iii) Prior to transfer, the officer in charge of minimum. In case it is not feasible,
vessel cargo transfer and the officer in charge alternative options available are :
of the shore terminal shall inspect their - To have additional line running parallel
respective facilities to ensure that transfer - To have booster pump
equipment is in the proper operating - Increase size of line
condition. Following this inspection, they
shall meet and determine the transfer iii) The unloading line need to be kept in cold
procedure, verify that adequate ship-to-shore condition to avoid stress and cyclic fatigue
communications exist, and review emergency due to frequent warm-up and cooling down
procedures. operation. This is done by one of the
following methods.
iv) Interlocking between ship and terminal
control room to be established and the control - Continuous circulation of LNG (LNG goes
of unloading operations shall be monitored through the unloading line and sent back to
from the terminal control room. the vaporisation section through a special
v) Terminal Security. An effective security small diameter .line).
regime should be in place to enforce the
designated ignition exclusion zone and - Alternatively two unloading lines are
prevent unauthorised entry of personnel into installed. When unloading is not taking
the terminal and jetty area, whether by land place, this loop is used for re-circulation for
or by sea. keeping the lines in chill down condition.
vi) Operating Limits. Operating criteria, - Line is fully filled with LNG and the boil –
expressed in terms of wind speed, wave off formed is sent to the tank or to the
height and current should be established for vaporiser section.
each jetty. Such limits should be developed
according to ship size, mooring restraint and 4.4 STORAGE SECTION
hard arm limits. Separate sets of limits should
be established for (a) berthing, (b) stopping The storage section consists of LNG storage
cargo transfer, (c) hard arm disconnection tanks, in-tank pumps, BOG system and re-
and (d) departure from the berth. liquefaction facility.
vii) The ships should be berthed in such way 4.4.1 Storage Tank :
that in case of emergency the ship can sail
out head on immediately. All other The primary function of storage is to receive,
instructions and procedures of Port hold and stock LNG for providing continuous
Regulatory Authority are to be observed. supply to the send out section. An LNG
tank is designed to ensure the following
4.3.2.4 UNLOADING LINE functions :
i) The unloading and transfer lines for LNG 4.4.1.1 LIQUID RETENTION
should have minimum number of flange
joints. Consideration should be given to The storage tank shall be capable of
provide cold sensors for flanges of size 200 withstanding the hydrostatic load of the
mm and above as well as where there are liquid and low temperature of LNG. In order
clusters of flanges. to meet these conditions, cryogenic materials
such as low carbon austenitic stainless steels,
aluminium alloy, 9% Nickel ferritic steel,
Page 7 of 32
Invar (36% Ni steel) and pre-stressed
concrete are generally used. - Pressure make-up line.
Tanks should be tight enough to prevent any - Purge release vent line.
evaporation losses and also to avoid ingress
of air and moisture. - Pressure relief valve line
- Boil-off line to remove LNG vapour. 4.6.2 During roll-over condition, the
instantaneous BOG generation is
- Cool down line for initial cooling of tanks substantially high and necessary provision
during commissioning of the tank. shall be provided to protect the tank from
- Nitrogen purge lines to purge the inner overpressure as well as to take care of the
tank and annular space. safe discharge.
Page 8 of 32
purge, well draining and venting should be
4.6.3 BOG Recovery/Utilisation Options: provided.
i) Re-liquefaction & Recycle to Storage: 4.7.2 If the network pressure is not too high,
Liquefaction process used in the LNG in tank pumps alone may be sufficient to
production plant may be used for re- bring up to the network pressure through
liquefaction. Re-liquefaction process is less vaporisers. If the pipeline network pressure is
favourable compared to other facilities due to high, two stage pumping may be needed
higher energy consumption. which also helps in BOG reliquefaction at
intermediate pressure instead of compressing
ii) Pressurisation & Mixing with gas BOG vapours to the line pressure.
discharged from the Terminal: The boil – off
gas is compressed to the network pressure 4.7.3 The discharge pressure of the in tank
and mixed with the re-gasified product. But pump is usually guided by the re-condenser
while mixing, low calorific value of the boil pressure. The design pressure of the pump
– off gas may reduces the heating value of would also consider the chill down
the network gas. requirements of the ship unloading line.
iii) Recondensation & incorporation into the 4.8 SEND OUT SECTION
regasified LNG: The recondensation is
carried out using LNG cold released during In send out section, LNG is pumped and
vaporisation. Pressurisation of boil – off gas brought to a pressure slightly higher than the
in the liquid phase instead of gaseous phase network pressure through secondary pumps
leads to energy savings, safer operation. and vaporised & warmed to a temperature
above 00C and metered before it is sent for
iv)As a fuel gas in power generation process distribution.
or internal use.
4.8.1 Secondary Pumps :
v) The receiving terminal shall be provided
with flare system to enhance the plant safety. These Pumps are used for pumping the LNG
The flaring of BOG should be done only as a from the intermediate pressure to the network
final solution when the normal BOG pressure through vaporisers. These are
handling system is not available. generally either horizontal or vertical,
multistage turbine / submersible pumps.
4.7 LNG PUMPING
4.8.2 VAPORISATION
4.7.1 IN-TANK PUMPS
4.8.2.1 Vaporisation is accomplished by the
The tanks are provided with in-tank transfer of heat to LNG from water / ambient
submerged pumps, which are also known as air / process stream. In the vaporisation
primary pumps. These are provided as process, LNG is heated to its bubble point,
storage tanks have nozzles only at the top. vaporised and then warmed up to the required
Pumps as well as the electric motor is temperature.
submerged in LNG. Lubrication and the
cooling of the pump are done by LNG itself. 4.8.2.2 LNG vaporisers are to be designed
These pumps are installed in wells, equipped based on the quantity of heat to be exchanged
with foot valves, which can be isolated to with LNG for its vaporisation, maximum
enable pump removal for maintenance. LNG flow rate, amount of heat available in
Arrangement for foot valve seal purge, well the heating medium, lowest temperature of
the heating medium.
Page 9 of 32
These vaporisers derive heat from another
4.8.2.3 Vaporiser tubes are generally fitted thermodynamic or chemical process or in
with fins for better heat transfer. Owing to such a fashion as to conserve or utilise the
the light weight, good conductivity, corrosion refrigeration from the LNG.
strength of aluminium alloy, fin tubes are
generally made of aluminium alloy. 4.8.2.7 The two types of vaporisers which
are predominantly used in LNG Terminals
4.8.2.4 LNG outlet temperature should be are :
monitored and controlled carefully in order to
avoid any LNG or cold vapour passing into a) OPEN RACK VAPORISER
the network.
It is a heat exchanger that uses water (e.g.Sea
4.8.2.5 In case of vaporisers, where water is water) as the source of heat. They are
used as a medium, water outer temperature generally constructed out of finned
should be maintained higher than water aluminium alloy tubes. Corrosion protection
freezing point. is provided for surfaces that come in contact
with water that is sprayed on the outside of
4.8.2.6 Major types of vaporisers are: the finned tubes.
Page 10 of 32
shall be suitable for operation at LNG 4.8.2.9 RELIEF DEVICES ON
temperature . VAPORIZERS
j) Instrumentation for storage, pumping and i) Cold is used directly to cool down another
vaporisation facilities shall be designed for element, by simple heat transfer. Some of the
failsafe condition in case of power or schemes under this class are :
instrument air failure.
- Reliquefaction / recondensation of BOG
- Cooling of industrial fluids
Page 11 of 32
- Air Liquefaction plants - Process flow diagram indicating
- Food Freezing flow sequence
- Power plant cooling - Utility requirements
- Cold warehouse - Unloading system along with tanker
berthing system with capacity
ii) Only a portion of the cold is utilised in - LNG storage tanks, sizes and type
the receiving terminal for boil – off gas of storage tanks
reliquefication / recondensation. Remaining - Other storage tanks
cold may be utilised in the nearby industries - LNG transfer and vaporisation
for heat exchange with industrial fluids or for - No. of flares
power generation unit. - Provision for spill containment
and leak control
iii) In case of LNG cold recovery facility at - Inter distances between the equipment
the terminal, all the safety features provided - Operating and maintenance
on the LNG vaporisers shall be applicable. philosophy for grouping of utilities
- Plant and non-plant buildings
5.0 TERMINAL LAYOUT - Environmental considerations
- Scrap yards and dumping ground
5.1 PHILOSOPHY - Fire station
- Chemical storage
Terminal lay out philosophy must consider - Ware house and open storage areas.
location of the facilities at a site of suitable
size, topography and configuration with a 5.2.2 Information related to each item
view to designing the same to minimise the should include, but not limited to, following:
hazards to persons and property due to leaks
and spills of LNG and other hazardous fluids - Extreme temperatures and pressures for
at site. Before selecting a site, all site related normal operations as well as emergency
characteristics which could affect the integrity conditions.
and security of the facility shall be - Concrete structures subject to
determined. A site must provide ease of access cryogenic temperatures
so that personnel, equipment, materials from - Fail safe design
offsite locations can reach the site for fire - Structural requirement
fighting or controlling spill associated hazards - Requirement of dike and vapour
or for the evacuation of the personnel. barrier.
- Shut off valves and relief devices.
OISD–STD-118 covers the layout
consideration for the oil and gas installations. 5.2.3 Data on following infrastructure
The above standard is also generally facilities should be identified and collected
applicable for consideration of layout of LNG before detailed layout activity is taken up.
Terminal. However specific points related to Due consideration should be given for the
LNG Standards are brought out here. same while deciding/finalising terminal
layout.
5.2 BASIC INFORMATION - Site location map
- Seismic characteristics and
5.2.1 Information on following items should investigation report.
be collected before proceeding with the - Soil characteristics
development of overall plot plan. - Prevailing wind speed and direction
over a period
- Terminal capacity
- Process units and capacities
Page 12 of 32
- Meteorological data including - Electrical Substation.
corrosive characteristics of the air and - Laboratory
frequency of lightening
- Area topography contour map 5.4 ROADS
- High flood level in the area and worst
flood occurrence. OISD-STD-118 is to be followed as
- Source of water supply and likely applicable. In addition land access to the
entry / exit point moored ships shall be provided. If necessary,
- Electric supply source and direction a separate road may lead to the berths in
of entry point order to provide the crew with a free access
- LNG entry point/ Gas exit point to the ship.
- Minimum inter distances between
facilities as well as between facilities 5.5 LOCATION
& boundaries
- Storm water disposal point and OISD-STD-118 shall be followed as
effluent disposal point applicable. In addition the receiving terminal
- Approach roads to main Terminal should be as close as possible to the
areas unloading jetty.
- Surrounding risks
- Air routes and the proximity of the 5.6 ERECTION & MAINTENANCE
Airports.
OISD-STD-118 shall be followed as
5.3 BLOCKS applicable.
Page 13 of 32
any impounding area or container drainage
5.9.1 LNG TANK SPACING system.
LNG tanks with capacity more than 265 M3 5..9.4 CONTROL ROOM AND
should be located at minimum distance of 0.7 SUBSTATION :
times the container diameter from the
property line but not less than 30 meters. i) Control Room shall be constructed as per
Minimum distance between adjacent LNG OISD-STD-163.
tanks should be 1/4 of sum of diameters of
each tank. ii) The minimum distance of 60 m shall be
maintained between LNG Storage Tank and
This standard does not consider inter distances Substation.
between LNG Storage tank below 265 M3
capacity. However any LNG storage / 5.9.5 UNLOADING FACILITY
process equipment of capacity more than SPACING
0.5M3 shall not be located in buildings.
i) A pier or dock used for pipeline transfer of
5.9.2 VAPORIZER SPACING LNG shall be located so that any marine
vessel being loaded or unloaded is at least 30
Vaporisers and their primary heat sources m from any bridge crossing a navigable
unless the intermediate heat transfer fluid is waterway. The loading or unloading
non-flammable shall be located at least 15 m manifolds shall be at least 60m from such a
from any other source of ignition. In bridge.
multiple vaporiser installations, an adjacent
vaporiser or primary heat source is not ii) LNG and flammable refrigerant loading
considered to be a source of ignition. and unloading connections shall be at least 15
Integral heated vaporisers shall be located at m from uncontrolled sources of ignition,
least 30 m from a property line that may be process areas, storage containers, control
built upon and at least 15 m from any room and important plant structures. This
impounded LNG, flammable liquid, does not apply to structures or equipment
flammable refrigerant or flammable gas directly associated with the transfer
storage containers or tanks. Remote heated, operation.
ambient and process vaporisers shall be
located at least 30 m from a property line that 5.9.6 ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION
can be built upon. Remote heated and Classification of areas for Electrical
ambient vaporisers may be located within Installations in LNG Terminal shall be as per
impounding area. The inter distances in OISD-STD-113 as applicable.
multiple heated vaporisers a clearance of at
least 2 m shall be maintained. The types of
heaters are as mentioned in Section 4.5.2.
5.9.7 BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
5.9.3 PROCESS EQUIPMENT SPACING
i) Buildings or structural enclosures in
i) For Process equipment spacing Table which LNG, flammable refrigerant
2 of OISD-STD-118 as applicable shall be and gases are handled shall be of
followed. lightweight, non-combustible
construction with non-load-bearing
ii) Fired equipment and other sources of walls.
ignition shall be located at least 15 m from
Page 14 of 32
6.0 LNG STORAGE TANK • Membrane
Page 15 of 32
outer tank should not be located at a distance of the vapour resulting from product leakage
exceeding 6 Mtrs from the inner tank. of the inner tank.
6.1.5 FULL CONTAINMENT TANK iii) The vapour of the primary container
is contained by a steel roof liner which forms
A full containment storage tank is one with the membrane an integral gas tight
meeting all the requirements of a double containment.
containment storage plus the additional
requirement of that it shall avoid the iv) The insulation space between the
uncontrolled release of product vapour in the membrane and the concrete tank is isolated
event of liquid leakage from the inner tank. from the vapour space of the tank. A nitrogen
(Ref. Figure – 3 ). breather system operates on the space to
monitor the methane concentration and keep
6.1.6 A pre-stressed concrete outer tank the pressure within normal operating limits.
with / without an earth embankment can be The nitrogen system can be used to purge the
used as the secondary liquid container for a insulation space in the event of a leak, and is
double or full containment tank. The also used for the leak tightness test
construction of a full height retaining wall of (Ammonia test).
concrete has the added advantage of
protection against blast overpressure and 6.2 SELECTION CRITERIA
missiles. (Ref. Figure – 4 ). If the outer tank
is made of metal it shall be of cryogenic
grade. If outer tank is made of pre-stressed 6.2.1 Safety and reliability are the most
concrete the same shall be suitable for important aspects for LNG storage tanks
withstanding temperature and hydrostatic holding large inventory of flammable gas.
head. Majority of technical improvements on LNG
storage tanks to date have therefore been
directed towards improvements in both safety
6.1.7 MEMBRANE TANK: and reliability.
Although Membrane Tanks are currently in 6.2.2 The following list summarises a
use, the experience of this type is limited. number of loading conditions and
considerations that have influence on the
i) The main characteristic of this type of tank selection of the type of storage tank.
is the separation of the tightness and
mechanical strength functions. Tightness is i) The factors which are not subjected to
ensured by a membrane not subjected to any control:
stress. Stresses are taken up by the concrete • Earthquake
wall through the load bearing insulation • Wind
provided between membrane and concrete • Snow, Climate
wall. • Objects flying from outside the
plant.
ii) The primary container, constituted by a
membrane is capable of containing both LNG ii) The factors that are subjected to
and its vapour under normal operating limited control
conditions and the concrete secondary • In plant flying objects
container which supports primary container is • Maintenance Hazards
capable of containing LNG stored in the • Pressure waves from internal
primary container and of controlled venting plant explosions
Page 16 of 32
• Fire in bund or at adjacent tank or Maximum allowable working pressure
plant. should include a suitable margin above the
• Overfill, Overpressure ( process), operating pressure and maximum allowable
block discharge vacuum.
• Roll over
• Major metal failure e.g. brittle 6.3.2 Material of construction:
failure
• Minor metal failure e.g. leakage The parts of LNG container which will be in
• Metal fatigue, Corrosion contact with LNG or cold vapour shall be
physically and chemically compatible with
• Failure of pipe work attached to
LNG. Any of the materials authorised for
bottom ,shell or roof
service at (-) 168 oC by the ASME Boiler and
• Foundation collapse .
Pressure Vessel Code shall be permitted.
Normally, for single containment tank,
iii). The factors that are subjected to full
improved 9% Ni steel / Austentic stainless
control
steel / Aluminium Magnesium alloy are used.
• Proximity of other plant For double or full containment tanks, 9% Ni
• Proximity of control rooms, steel with impact testing is used.
offices and other buildings within
plant 6.3.3 Liquid loading:
• Proximity of habitation outside
plant i) The maximum filling volume of LNG
• National or local authority container must take into consideration the
requirements expansion of the liquid due to reduction in
• Requirements of the applied pressure to avoid overfilling.
design codes.
ii) The inner tank shall be designed for a
6.2.3 The main criteria for selection of the liquid load at the minimum design
type of tank shall be decided based on the temperature specified. The design level
risk analysis study and the level of risk it is shall be the maximum liquid level specified
posing on the surrounding. or the level 0.5 m below the top of the shell,
whichever is lower. The outer tank (Double
6.2.4 There is no limit on the height of the and Full containment tanks only) shall be
tank envisaged other than engineering designed to contain the maximum liquid
considerations. content of the inner tank at the minimum
design temperature specified.
6.2.5 No capacity restriction for LNG tank
is envisaged considering the technological 6.3.4 Insulation:
developments in this area.
i) The refrigerated storage tanks for
6.3 BASIC DESIGN LNG shall be adequately insulated in order
CONSIDERATIONS to minimise the boil off gas generation due
to heat leak from ambient. The extent of
This section describes the basic design insulation depends on boil-off
considerations for single, double or full considerations for which the storage tank is
containment tanks. designed. Normally boil-off rate of 0.06 to
0.1 % of hold up liquid volume per day is
6.3.1 Pressure: considered. Proper insulation shall be
ensured in tank base, tank shell, tank roof,
suspended deck etc.
Page 17 of 32
inner tank. If liquid is detected in the
ii) The possibility of an adjacent tank annular space it should be removed
fire must be taken into consideration when carefully. Tanks with an open annular space
designing insulation for LNG storage tanks. and not fitted with perlite insulation shall
Tank spacing, water deluge systems, quantity have a pump to remove the liquid. For tanks
and hazard index of LNG contents must be with a perlite filled annular space, liquid can
considered when specifying insulating be removed by evaporation. Temperature
materials . sensors may be used for leak detection.
Page 18 of 32
compressor suction rate, variation in This can be done by having top and bottom
atmospheric pressure etc. fill lines to inject denser / lighter LNG at the
top / bottom. Mixing of in tank LNG by
6) A flare shall be provided for cryogenic providing re-circulation facility may be
storage tank(s). The flare stack should be considered. Mixing may also be done by
continuously purged in order to avoid air providing distribution holes along the fill
ingress and shall be provided with pilot line extending to the bottom. Temperature
burner. sensors are put to monitor the temperature of
the liquid throughout the liquid height at
7) Provision shall be made to maintain the regular intervals. Provision for density
internal pressure of LNG container within the measurement on tank shall be provided for
limits set by the design specification by the entire height of the tank.
releasing to flare via a pressure control valve
installed in the BOG line from tank to For taking care of over pressurisation due to
compressor. Factors that shall be considered roll over, one of the following options shall
in sizing of flare system shall include the be provided ;
following:
a) Flare system to be designed.
Operational upsets, such as failure of b) Rupture disc to be provided on the tank
control device / BOG compressor tripping with isolation valve (lock open condition)
etc. releasing to atmosphere.
Loss of refrigeration
Vapour displacement and flash 6.3.9 Over-Fill of Inner Tank
vaporisation during filling
Roll over a) Two independent type level measuring
Drop in barometric pressure instruments shall be provided. The level
Reduction in vapour pressure resulting instrument shall be equipped to provide
from the introduction of sub cooled LNG remote reading and high level alarm
into vapour space. signals in the control room. In addition,
an independent switches for high level
8) Safety hatch is to be fitted on outer tank in alarm and high - high level alarm with
order to take care of pressure rise in annular cut off shall be provided. The high - high
space due to leakage from inner tank and level should be hard wired directly to
subsequent vaporisation of the liquid. close the liquid inlet valves to the tank.
9) For the pressurised systems, the safety b) The tank shall not be provided with
relief valve vent shall be so positioned to over flow arrangement.
release the hydrocarbon at safe height.
6.3.10 DYKE
6.3.8 Tank Roll Over
a) Dyke shall be provided for the following
Under certain conditions "roll over" of the
liquid in the LNG tank can occur resulting in Single containment tank
the rapid evolution of a large quantity of Double containment with metallic outer
vapour with the potential to over pressurise tank
the tank. Stratification can occur in an LNG Full containment with metallic outer tank
tank if the density of the liquid cargo charged Membrane tank
to the tank is significantly different from the
left over LNG in the tank. Inlet piping must
be designed to avoid stratification of LNG.
Page 19 of 32
b) The containment volume of the dyke No bottom nozzles shall be provided for the
shall be equivalent to 110 % capacity of tanks.
the largest tank within the dyke.
In addition to the nozzles used for regular
c) It is preferred to have single dyke for operations like liquid inlet, pump outlet,
each storage tank. However, single dyke vapour outlet and instrument connections the
may also be considered up to 120,000 m3 following provision shall also be provided.
of aggregated storage capacity. i) Nitrogen connections for:
inertisation of inner tank
d) No restriction of the dyke height is outer tank and insulating material.
envisaged. ii) Chill down connections for the inner
tank.
e) High volume foam generators shall be iii) Depressurisation and purging of the
provided for the dykes. in-tank pump column.
i) Where refrigerated storage tanks are The instrumentation shall be suitable for the
located near process plants with a likelihood temperature at which LNG is stored. All
of exploding process equipment, the impact instrumentation shall be designed for
of flying object on the tank, one 4" valve replacement or repair under tank operating
travelling at 160 km/h ( object of 50 kg conditions in a hazardous gas zone area.
weight with a speed of 45 m/sec ) shall be Instrumentation for storage facilities shall be
considered. designed in such a way that the system
attains fail-safe condition in case of power or
ii) For the tank located within the flight instrument air failure.
path of an airport, the impact of a small
aircraft or component shall be taken care of. 6.4.1 Level : LNG containers shall be
equipped with two independent type liquid
iii) Impact of explosion wave due to level gauging devices. Refer Para 6.4.6.
major leak from a nearby natural gas pipeline Density variation shall be considered in the
or a major spill of LNG may also be selection of gauging devices.
considered.
6.4.2 Pressure : The storage tank shall be
iv) Failure of inner tank: Where a sudden provided with pressure transmitter to indicate
of failure of inner tank is considered, the pressure in control room. In case pressure
outer tank shall be designed to withstand the increases above normal operating range, it
consequent impact loading. should open the flare control valve. High
pressure switch shall be provided to close the
v) Earthquakes: The risk level is inlet receiving valve and low pressure switch
determined on the basis of the seismic shall be provided to trip boil off gas
classification of the location. The data compressors and pump out system to restrict
pertaining to the seismic activity level having the fall in operating pressure.
been ascertained, the structure is to be
designed based on IS–1893 and other Two stages of vacuum protection shall be
relevant codes. provided. Any abnormal drop in pressure will
be corrected by the automatic admission of
6.3.12 Nozzles natural gas from an outside source to the
vapour space. In the unlikely event this is
Page 20 of 32
not sufficient a second set of vacuum
breakers will admit air. 7.1.1 Any exposed insulation shall be
6.4.8 A provision in the tank for endoscopic ii) The material shall be of such
inspection ( through insertion of camera ) composition that surfaces that would be
shall also be considered. This will be helpful exposed by cutting through the material on
to know the health of the tank in the absence any plane shall have a flame spread rating not
of visual inspection of the tank. greater than 25 and shall not support
continued progressive combustion
7.0 INSULATION
iii) The combustion properties of material
7.1 CONTAINER INSULATION do not deteriorate significantly as a result
Page 21 of 32
of long- term exposure to LNG or natural gas 8.1.5 Fire protection water system ( refer
at the anticipated service pressure and section 8.5)
temperature
8.1.6 Fire extinguishing and other fire
iv) The material in the installed control equipment's (section 8.6)
condition , shall be capable of being purged
with natural gas . The natural gas remaining 8.1.7 The equipment's and process systems
after purging shall not be significant and shall to be operated with the emergency shutdown
not increase the combustibility of the (ESD) system.
material.
8.1.8 The type and location of sensors
necessary for automatic operation of the
8.0 FIRE PROTECTION , SAFETY emergency shutdown (ESD) systems or its
AND EMERGENCY SYSTEMS subsystems.
Page 22 of 32
responsible for the use of fire protection or 8.3 EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN
other prime emergency equipment shall be SYSTEMS
trained in the use of equipment. Refresher
training of personnel shall be conducted at
least on annual basis. 8.3.1 Each LNG facility shall incorporate an
emergency shutdown (ESD) system that
8.1.14 The planning of effective fire control which when operated :
measures be co-ordinated with the authority - Isolates or shutoff a
having jurisdiction and emergency handling source of LNG , flammable refrigerant ,
agencies such as fire and police departments or flammable gases.
who are expected to respond to such - Shuts down equipment
emergencies. which as continued operation may add to
an emergency.
8.2 IGNITION SOURCE CONTROL
8.3.2 When equipment shutdown result in an
8.2.1 Smoking within the protective additional hazard or substantial mechanical
enclosure shall be prohibited. damage to the equipment , the shut down of
such equipment or its auxiliaries shall be
ii) All hot and cold work shall be carried omitted from the ESD system , provided that
out as per OISD -STD – 105. continuos release of flammable or
combustible fluid are controlled.
8.2.2 Vehicle and other mobile equipment
that constitute potential ignition sources 8.3.3 Vessel containing liquids that are
shall be prohibited within impounding areas subjected to metal overheating and
or within 50 ft ( 15 m ) of containers or catastropic failure from fire exposure and
equipment containing LNG, flammable not otherwise protected shall be
liquids or flammable refrigerants except depressurised by the ESD system.
when specifically authorised and under
constant supervision. 8.3.4 Initiation of ESD system shall be
either manual , automatic , or both manual
and automatic , depending upon result of
8.2.3 No vehicle or other mobile equipment evaluation performed in accordance with
without flame arrestor at the exhaust should fire protection facilities . Manual actuator
be permitted within impounding areas or shall be located in an area accessible in an
within 50 ft. (15 mts.) of containers or emergency and shall be located at least 15
equipment containing LNG. meters away from the equipment and
marked distinctly and conspicuously with
8.2.4 Electrical equipment, switches, plug, their design function.
wiring etc. used within the impounding areas
of within 15 mts. Of container or equipment
containing LNG must be of flameproof type 8.3.5 The emergency shutdown system
either as per BIS standard or appropriate (ESD) or systems shall be of failsafe design.
OISD standard. It should be installed, located or protected
so as it is easily operate in the event of an
emergency or failure of the normal control
8.2.5 To avoid formation and accumulation system. Emergency shutdown systems that
of static charge all the equipment, storage are not of failsafe design shall have all
tank, pipeline containing LNG should be components that are located within 15 m of
properly bonded and earthed. Continuity of the equipment to be controlled either:
earthing and bonding should be checked as
per OISD-STD-110 on regular interval.
Page 23 of 32
i) Installed or located where they will not be 8.4.5 The detection system determined shall
exposed to a fire or be designed, installed and maintained in
ii) Be protected against failure due to fire accordance with the OISD/NFPA standards.
exposure of at least 10 minutes duration.
8.4.6 All identified gas zones shall be
8.3.6 The emergency shutdown system shall provided with linear gas detection and
consider process safety as well as leakage of hooked up with the ESD..
gas, fire, smoke as well as cold detection and
linear detection. Depending on seriousness,
the level of shut down is required to be 8.5 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
graded and considered. This could be by way FOR LNG TERMINAL
of section isolation or total complex shut
down. The primary source of fire and explosion
hazard are from a leak or spill from the LNG
8.3.7 Communication and interlock to be storage or transfer systems.
provided between ship and terminal control
room. Provision shall be given in the jetty for
the above facility. During unloading 8.5.1 WATER SPRAY SYSTEM:
operation, the terminal operator shall take
control of the unloading. In addition to i) The fire protection scheme shall be
automatic shutdown system (ESD) the designed on the assumption that only one
terminal operator shall be in a position tom major fire shall occur at a time in the
initiate shut down of unloading. terminal.
8.4 FIRE AND LEAK DETECTION ii) For the storage tanks, water sprays
SYSTEM shall be provided on the tank shell including
the roof and the appurtenances on the tank.
8.4.1 Those areas including enclosed For single containment tanks, water
buildings that have a potential for application rate for the tank roof and walls
flammable gas concentrations of LNG or shall be calculated using method detailed in
spilling of flammable refrigerant and fire Appendix 5 of IP Model Code of Safe
shall be monitored. Practice Part 9 of NFPA 15. The water
application rate on the appurtenances shall be
8.4.2 Continuously monitored low 10.2 1pm / m2 as per this code. For
temperature sensors or flammable gas double/full containment tanks, the water
detection systems shall sound an alarm at application rate for the tank roof and walls
the plant site and at a constantly attended shall be 3 1pm / m2, required for cooling the
location. Flammable gas detection systems outer shell of tanks adjoining to the one on
shall initiate this alarm at not more than 20 fire. The same shall be followed for the
percent at the lower flammable limit of the concrete outer tank also.
gas or vapour being monitored.
iii) The water densities applicable to
8.4.3 The Fire detectors shall initiate AN other equipment shall be as follows:
audio visual alarm at the plant site and at a
constantly attended location. Vessels, structural members
Piping & valves manifolds
8.4.4 fire detectors may activate appropriate : 10.2 l p m / m2
portions of the emergency shutdown system. Pumps : 20.4 1p m / m2
Page 24 of 32
iv) The water spray shall be divided into 8.6 FIRE EXTINGUISHING AND
subsystems to provide protection to the OTHER FIRE CONTROL EQUIPMENT
different sections of the tank, i.e. one system
to cover each segment of vertical wall, one
to cover the dome roof and the tank 8.6.1 Portable wheeled fire extinguishers
appurtenances. The roof section shall be suitable for gas fires, preferably of the dry
provided with duplicate 100% risers. chemical type shall be made available at
strategic locations.
v) The deluge valves on the water spray
systems on the tanks as well as the pumps, 8.6.2 Fixed fire extinguishing and other fire
compressors, vessels etc. shall be actuated control systems that may be appropriate for
automatically through a fire detection the protection of specific hazards , are to be
system installed around the facilities with provided.
provisions of manual actuation from Control
Room or locally at site. 8.6.3 A automotive and trailer mounted fire
apparatus shall not be used for any other
vi) For single containment tanks as well purpose , other than it is designated for .
as double containment / full containment
tank having metallic outer tank, and 8.6.4 Plant assigned automotive vehicles
membrane tank which are having a duke , shall be provided with a minimum of one
high expansion foam systems shall be portable dry chemical extinguisher having
provided as per NFPA 11A. Water turbine adequate capacity.
powered high expansion foam generators
shall be located on the impounding area
8.7 PERSONNEL SAFETY
around the storage tanks. Foam units
comprising storage facilities and pumps
shall be provided in a safe area, removed 8.7.1 Personnel shall be advised of the
from the protected risk and shall be serious danger from frostbite that can result
accessible in an emergency. upon contact with LNG or cold refrigerant.
Suitable protective clothing and equipment
Portable high expansion foam generators shall be made available.
may also be provided, suitable for coupling
to hydrant hose lines for isolated LNG 8.7.2 Those employees who will be
spills. involved in emergency activities shall be
equipped with the necessary clothing and
vii) Fixed dry chemical powder or equipment.
nitrogen snuffing systems shall be provided
for each relief valve outlet of the LNG 8.7.3 Self contained breathing apparatus
storage tanks. Each set shall provide two shall be provided for those employees who
shots of dry chemicals in the event of ignition may be required to enter an atmosphere that
during venting. could be injurious to health during an
emergency.
viii) Fire hydrants shall be provided along
the main fire header at suitable intervals in 8.7.4 A portable flammable gas indicator
the process and storage areas. Fixed shall be readily available because LNG and
foam/water monitors may be provided hydrocarbon refrigerants within the process
around the process areas based on equipment are usually not odorised and the
requirement. sense of smell cannot be relied upon to detect
their presence.
Page 25 of 32
9.0 SHIP TANKER RECEIVING should match LNG carrier size manoeuvring
FACILITIES AND MINIMUM PORT constraints and tug power.
FACILITIES AND BERTHING
CONDITIONS : vi) Speed Limits. Speed limits should be set
for areas in the port approach presenting
The design of ship tanker receiving and port either collision or grounding risks. These
facilities does not form part of this standard. limits should apply not only of LNG carriers
However, these paragraphs have been but also to any surrounding traffic.
included for the general guidance and
information of the users of this standard. For
detailed study, reference should be made to LNG is transported by large ship tankers and
information paper no. 14- Site Selection and unloaded in port. Further, this LNG is
Design for LNG Ports and Jetties by gasified and being sent out to the consumers .
SIGTTO. ( Society of International Gas
Tankers and Terminal Operators Ltd.) A separate shall be earmarked for LNG
unloading. A minimum distance of 500
PORT DESIGN metres. from other cargo jetties should be
kept.
i) Approach Channels. Harbour channels
should be of uniform cross sectional depth Minimum depth of the sea required to
and have a minimum width, equal to five accommodate the large LNG tankers is of
times the beam of the largest ship. order of 13 - 14 metres.
ii) Turning Circles. Turning circles should The size of the tankers, which are currently
have a minimum diameter of twice the in use, vary from 40,000 M3 to 1,60,000 M3
overall length of the largest ship to be having compartments varying between 3-5
received where current effect is minimal. numbers. This LNG from the ship should be
Where turning circles are located in areas of unloaded by minimum two liquid and one
current, diameters should be increased by the vapour arm depending on the unloading rate
anticipated drift. and spill considerations. One of the
unloading arm should be designed for the
iii) Tug Power. Available tug power, use of both liquid and vapour . All these
expressed in terms of effective Bollard pull, unloading arms are provided with an
should be sufficient to overcome the emergency shut-off arrangement (Quick
maximum wind force generated on the coupling and de-coupling) which shall
largest ship using the terminal, under the operate in case of any emergency so that no
maximum wind speed permitted for harbour liquid/vapour is passed through to the LNG
manoeuvres and with the LNG carrier’s ship. Basic criteria needs to be looked in to
engines out of action. its approach channel to the terminal, traffic
control and the berthing facilities apart from
iv)Traffic Control. A Vessel Traffic Service interface with the shore for communication,
(VTS) System should be a port requirement mooring system etc.
and this should be able to monitor and direct
the movement of all ships coming with in the Each gas terminal requires a unique risk
operating area of LNG carriers. management system and mere application of
guidelines/criteria may be insufficient. The
v) Operating Limits. Operating criteria for approach channel specification turning circle
maximum wind speed, wave height and radius, power required by tug, operating
current should be established for each limits, need to be looked into before arriving
terminal and port approach. Such limits at the final specification for port facilities.
Page 26 of 32
ships the unloading rates shall increase
The water current in the turning areas should which in turn will result in larger unloading
be less than 1 knot and the wind speed with lines on the jetty and into the terminal. The
the assistance of tug would be in the order of development in the LNG ship design has
25 knots. The design criteria for mooring is reduced the boil off from 0.25% of the
contents per day to a value of 0.1%.
i) Wind speed 60 knots from any Generally the boil-off is used as a fuel in the
direction. boiler for generating the steam which in turn
is being used for power generation, rather
ii) Water current 3 knots. than putting small liquefaction plant and
using other fuels for steam/power generation.
Wind speed on the berth is to the extent of 27
knots however the unloading operations can
take place upto 30 - 35 knots and the arms to
be disconnected at 35 knots wind speed
subject to manufacturers specification.
Page 27 of 32
10.0 REFERENCERS
1. OISD-STD-112 Safe Handling of Air Hydrocarbon Mixtures and Pyrotheric
Substances.
2. OISD-STD- 114 Hazardous Chemical Data
6. NFPA 15 ,1996 - Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire
7. NFPA - 59 (A), 1996 Standard for production, storage and handling of LNG.
11. European Standard : EN1473, Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas –
Design of onshore installations. Reference no. EN1473 May’1997.
14 Site Selection and design for LNG ports and jetties, Information paper No.14. 1st edition -
January'1997 by Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators Ltd.
Page 28 of 32
Vaccum Relief valve is designed to allow air ingress in the extreme case of vaccum formation in the tank.
Annexure-1
Page 29 of 32
E X T E RN AL W E A TH ER
B AR RIE R
E X T E RN AL INS U LA TIO N
B AS E IN S U LA TIO N
B UN D W AL L B O T TO M H E A TE R
F IG. - 1
Single Containment
E X T E RN A L R O O F IF R EQ U IR E D
IN S U L A T IO N
E X T E RN A L W E A TH ER
IN N E R T A N K
B A R RIE R
O U T ER T A N K S H E LL
B A S E INS U LA TIO N
B O T TO M H E A TE R
F IG . - 2
Double Containment
Page 30 of 32
S US P E N D ED RO O F
(I N S U L AT E D)
O U T ER T A N K S H E LL
IN S U L AT IO N O N IN SI DE
O F O UTE R T AN K SHEL L
IN NE R T A N K
L OO SE F ILL IN SU LA T IO N
O R E M P TY DE P EN DI N G
O N P RO D U CT S T O R ED
B A S E IN S U LA TIO N
B O T TO M H E A TE R
Figure 3
Full Containment
Tank
O U T ER S TE E L R OO F
S US P E ND ED RO OF
(I NS UL A T E D)
L OO SE F ILL IN SU LA T IO N
O R E M P TY D E P EN D I NG
O N P RO DU CT S T OR ED O U T ER T A N K S HE LL
R EIN F OR CE D
C O N CE RE T E O UT E R IN S UL AT IO N O N IN SI D E
T AN K W AL L O F O U T E R T A N K W AL L
IN NE R T A N K E A R TH
E M BA N K M EN T
B A S E INS U LA TIO N
Tank B OT TO M & W AL L H E AT ER
F IG . - 4
Page 31 of 32
Membrane Tank
Page 32 of 32