ABSTRACT

Today the life of man is simple and comfortable as various resources are
available for each and process that a person has to perform in his day to
day life, and these resources and equipments helps the person to
perform his work in efficient and less time consuming manner. Today, the
four wheeler means a car available for more than 70% peoples in the
urban areas. There are many equipments designed so that any operation
required to be done on a car can be done easily and in a shorter period of
time as possible. There is a problem that can be considered as time
consuming and requires more effort which is the opening of wheel of a
car for its replacement or any other operation.

Multui wheel nut remover is a special purpose tool made to

open/close all the nuts of a wheel in one time less effort. Although
various methods of opening nuts are used, but they require a lot of
effort to open a single nut one by one. With the help of Unified
Wheel opener we made arrangement to open/close all the nuts by
amplifying the torque. Different types of gears & sprockets are
arranged in such a way that if we apply 1Nm torque with our hand,
then we get 20Nm torque as output for combined operation. In the
work, we concentrate only one application domain i.e. Wheels of
car- celerio. It can be successfully used as a standard tool provided
with a new vehicle. Also it can be used in assembly line of
automobiles, workshops and service stations. Designs is simple,
easily workable, and economical and try to satisfy all the aspects of
design consideration.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Engineering in general, and Mechanical engineering in particular, deals

with a wide spectrum of products, ranging from large and complex
systems comprising of numerous elements down to a single component.
Apart from being a physical object, a product can also be a service that
requires the application of engineering knowledge, skills and devices to
be useful to society. A service falls under the category of a system in that
it is carried out with the help of personnel, facilities and procedures. The
service offered by an automobile maintenance and repair garage would
be a typical example from mechanical engineering. Even computer
software could be treated as an engineering product. It is also created
using engineering knowledge and skills. In the following, the term
product when used alone denotes the object to be designed and made
with the help of engineering knowledge and skills, irrespective of whether
it is a large system, a simple machine, a component or a service. Specific
reference to design of computer software is not attempted in the
following although many of the generalities apply to it also.

A general understanding of the nature of product is a prerequisite for

designing it. A complex product can be sub divided into sub assemblies or
sub system, component etc. Frequently the planning, layout and design
of a complex multi element product is an interdisciplinary effort, requiring
the expertise and skills not only of several engineering specialization but
even non engineering ones.
It is always preferable that our work should be easy and fast. But easy
and fast working requires some technical skills to work efficiency and
properly. In our daily life we face many problems where we need a lot of
effort and time to do that specific work. A little but important work we do
often is opening a tyre of a vehicle. It is a fact that a huge effort is
required to open a single nut of a car wheel and it will become a tedious
task to open the wheel in extreme atmospheric conditions. It also cerates
problem when we are in hurry.

Here we get the solution of the problem mentioned above multi wheel nut
remover is a special tool designed by us which will open a tyre easily. It
is so designed that it can open all the four nuts of a car wheel in one
time. And the most desired achievement we get is that total effort and
time needed in the process is very less. It can open and also refit the tyre
with the same tool easily. Tool is simple in design, easy to use and easily
portable along with the vehicle. Overall of instrument is in the reach of
average citizen. Great efforts are made to satisfy each and every
technical aspects of the design.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

A lot of research activities has been carried out on gears mechanisms

since very first gear was manufactured. A gear transmits the power from
one shaft to another in various relative position. Many engineers and
designers put there efforts in this field and succeeded also. They put all
of their knowledge and the studies about gears on papers, with the use of
these papers anyone can know about advancement of the research
carried out by them.

With these research papers, we come to know various aspects about

gear. These papers explore how a mechanism can be driven at uniform
speed and non–uniform speed. Also these papers tells about selection of
material for a gear depending upon requirement. There are a number of
different gears which have different application areas. The research
papers helps in choosing the appropriate type of gear.

Wen-Hsiang Hsie in his paper “An experimental study on cam-

controlled planetary gear trains” describes that a mechanism is
driven by a motor at uniform speed. However, more and more researches
indicate that there are many advantages if a mechanism can be driven at
non-uniform speed, and this kind of mechanism is called a variable input
mechanism. The purpose of this work is to propose a novel approach for
driving a variable speed mechanism by using a cam-controlled planetary
gear train, and to investigate its feasibility by conducting prototype
experiments. First, the geometrical design is performed. Then, the
kinematic equations and the cam profile equations are derived based on
the geometry of the mechanism.

Cam-controlled planetary gear trains (CCPGT) are planetary gear trains

with cam pairs. Chironis illustrated a CCPGT in his book From the
exploded view .it is composed of a cam groove (the frame), a sun gear
(the output), a planetary gear, and an arm (the input). In general, the
planetary arm rotates at constant speed, and drives the planetary gear to
revolve around the sun gear and to spin around itself simultaneously. At
the same time, the planetary gear produces an oscillatory motion through
the contact of the attached roller and the cam groove. Therefore, the sun
gear can produce a non-uniform motion by engaging with the planetary
gear. The main advantage is that it can produce a wide range of non-
uniform output motion.

Kuen-BaoSheu in his paper “Analysis and evaluation of hybrid

scooter transmission systems” describes a new design concept of
transmissions for the hybrid scooters. These transmissions consist of a
one-degree-of-freedom planetary gear train and a two-degree-of-
freedom planetary gear train to from a split power system and to
combine the power of two power sources, a gasoline engine and an
electric motor. In order to maximize the performance and reduce
emissions, the transmissions can provide a hybrid scooter to run five
operating modes: electric motor mode; engine mode; engine/charging
mode; power mode, and regenerative braking mode. The main
advantages of the transmissions proposed in this paper include the use of
only one electric motor/generator, need not use clutch/brake for the shift
of the operating modes, and high efficiency.

Motorcycles/scooters are providing the basic and personal transport

services in many of Taiwan’s urban areas. This cause air pollution in
Taiwan’s urban areas is rapidly increasing to dangerous levels since a
major source of emission comes from the exhausts of gasoline scooters.
Existing and proposed battery-powered scooters have low performance
and therefore been sold only in small quantities and are not widely used.
Hybrid vehicles are widely investigated recently. This is because, that
from economical and technical points of view the hybrid concepts offer
the possibility of achieving to fill the gap of zero emission powered and
gasoline engine powered vehicles.

Ligang Yao Jian S. Dai Guowu Wei and Yingjie Cai in their
paper states that investigates meshing characteristics of the
toroidal drive with different roller shapes, examines the effect on
the characteristics from roller shapes and produces a
comprehensive comparative study. Based on the coordinate
transformation, the paper introduces the generic models of
meshing characteristics and characterizes the meshing to introduce
both undercutting and meshing limit curves. The paper further
develops meshing functions and their derivatives with respect to
each drive type with a different roller shape. This leads to a
comprehensive examination of each meshing characteristics
against each drive type of a roller shape. The comparative study
focuses on the effect of contact curves, tooth profile, undercutting,
meshing limit curves and the induced normal curvature.

The toroidal drive offers the advantages such as a high horsepower-to-

weight ratio, coaxial configurations, compactness, and high operating
efficiencies. It combines most of the positive attributes of a circular
worm-gear drive and an epicyclic gear drive without their negative
aspects due to the introduction of rollers in meshing contact with rolling
movement between a sun-worm and planet worm-gears, and between a
stationary internal gear and planet worm-gears.

Using rollers as meshing media is popular in mechanical transmissions

such as ball screws, roller gear cams, roller enveloping worm drives,
cycloid drives, and the toroidal drives. Meshing via rollers which leads to
rolling contact has the advantages of lower noise and higher transmission
efficiency. It has a substantial effect on meshing characteristics.
Comparative analysis of meshing characteristics with respect to different
meshing rollers of the toroidal drive.

Gordon R. Pennock and Jeremiah J. Alwerdt in their paper “Duality

between the kinematics of gear trains and the statics of beam
systems” describes about the geometric insight into the duality between
the first-order kinematics of gear trains and the statics of beam systems.
The two devices have inherent geometrical relationships that will allow
the angular velocities of the gears in a gear train to be investigated from
a knowledge of the forces acting on the beams of the dual beam system,
and vice versa. The primary contribution of the paper is the application of
this duality to obtain the dual beam system for a given compound
planetary gear train, and vice versa. The paper develops a systematic
procedure to transform between the first-order kinematics of a gear train
and the statics of the dual beam system. This procedure provides a
simple and intuitive approach to study the speed ratios of a planetary
gear train and the force ratios of the dual beam system.

It is interesting to note that planetary gear trains (commonly referred to

as epicyclic gear trains) were known, and in use, at least 2000 years ago.
Despite the antiquity and widespread applications in machinery, however,
the principles of operation of planetary gear trains are not generally
understood. Also, the literature devoted to planetary gear trains is scarce
at best although a comprehensive treatise on the theory of epicyclic
gears and epicyclic change-speed gears was written by Levai. Planetary
gear trains offer advantages over ordinary gear trains, for example, for
the same speed ratio they can be smaller in size and have less weight.
There are several techniques that are commonly applied to the kinematic
analysis of planetary gear trains; for example, the instant center method,
the principle of superposition using a tabular method, and identifying the
fundamental circuits of the train. Also, an analogy between planetary
gear trains and beam systems using one-dimensional vectors was
presented by Kerr. The available methods, however, do not provide
geometrical insight into the gear train in a direct manner that is suitable
for a specific application.

Stefan Staicu in his paper, “Inverse dynamics of a planetary gear

train for robotics” states that recursive matrix relations concerning the
geometric analysis, kinematics and dynamics of a Bendix wrist planetary
bevel-gear train for robotics are established in the paper. The prototype
of this mechanism is a 3-DOF system with seven links and four bevel
gear pairs controlled by electric motors. Supposing that the rotational
motion of the platform is known, an inverse dynamic problem is
developed using the principle of virtual powers. Some relations and
graphs for torques and powers of three actuators are determined.

A robot manipulator needs at least six degrees of freedom to manipulate

an object freely in space. The first three moving links are used primarily
for manipulating the position, while the second mechanism is used for
controlling the orientation of the end-effectors. The subassembly
associated with the last moving links is called the wrist, and their joint
axes are often designed to intersect at a common point called the wrist
centre.

Planetary bevel-gear trains with three degrees of freedom are adopted as

the design concept for robotic wrist. Bevel-gear wrist mechanisms are
generally incorporated in the structure of the robots.

Amemiya, T. (1984), in his paper says that the question of the location
of exporters of manufactured goods within a country is investigated.
Based on insights from new trade theory, the new economic geography
(NEG) and gravity-equation modeling, an empirical model is specified
with agglomeration and increasing returns (the home market effect) and
transport costs (proxied by distance) as major determinants of the
location decision of exporters. Data from 354 magisterial districts in
South Africa are used with a variety of estimators (OLS, Tobit, RE-Tobit)
and allowances for data shortcomings (bootstrapped standard errors and
analytical weights) to identify the determinants of regional manufactured
exports. It is found that the home-market effect (measured by the size of
local GDP) and distance (measured as the distance in km to the nearest
port) are significant determinants of regional manufactured exports. This
paper contributes to the literature.

Theoretical and empirical work in international trade has, with a few

exceptions, predominantly focused on trade between countries, as
opposed to focusing on where exports originate within a country.
International trade theory until fairly recently assumed away all elements
that might make consideration of the geography of exports possible. For
instance, transport costs, distance, market size, scale economies and
agglomeration were only recently incorporated into trade models.
Moreover, where transport costs in international trade are concerned,
empirical work has so far tended to focus on international shipping costs.

Tadashi TAKEUCHI and Kazuhide TOGAI describes in their paper

about Meshing transmission error (TE) is well known as a contributing
factor of gear whine, but system- level prediction of transmission error
and quantitative analysis of dynamic meshing vibromotive force have not
been analyzed adequately until now. This paper describes the use of a
computer- aided-engineering (CAE) model for the analysis of the dynamic
gear meshing behavior and for the prediction of dynamic transmission
error from the input torque of the system. This paper also describes the
analysis of a dynamic vibromotive force at a bearing location where
vibration is transmitted to the vehicle body. The gear whine critical
frequency can be predicted with the proposed method at an early stage
of passenger-car development when no prototype is available.

Gear whine is an automotive quality problem that can be perceived by

any driver regardless of his/her level of driving experience, but it tends to
manifest itself in the final stages of vehicle development when, in most
cases, effective design measures that can be taken against it are
extremely limited. Consequently, power train designers have a great
need for CAE technologies that enable them to predict gear whine using a
virtual power train before the power train is physically constructed.
Inputs to the transmission and other power-train elements in the vehicle
include the engine torque and accompanying fluctuations, which are
regarded as combustion- originated dynamic-excitation factors. These
inputs, however, initiate only vibration within the growling-sound
frequency range, not vibration at whine frequencies, which are much
higher. If gear-tooth shapes were optimum and tooth meshing were
perfect, the gears would transmit the input torque in a manner precluding
the generation of frequency components other than those related to
engine-torque fluctuations. In actual gear-tooth meshing, however,
forced displacements resulting from meshing error causes meshing
vibromotive forces to be generated during torque transmission. These
vibromotive forces then constitute a source of vibration. Further, the
complete power-train system includes shafts and cases whose stiffness
has an influence on gear-tooth meshing in such a way that the meshing
vibromotive forces have peaks at certain frequencies.

Hiroyuki Kato, Ken Iwanami, Hiroshi Arai, Koji Asanotells describes

in their paper, in addition to performance (running safety and stability,
and riding comfort) compatible with great increases in driving speed,
ensuring of reliability when running at high speeds, and use for service
operation based on long term durability and ease of maintenance must all
be considered. Therefore, configurations including use of new structural
elements were reviewed for the main structural parts of the bogie. In
addition to significant investigation of the strength and performance
through numerical analysis at the investigation stage, a first prototype
was built and performance tests and long term endurance tests through
bench testing were performed for confirmation. Bogies for which
development proceeded in this manner have been installed on a
Shinkansen high speed test train and performance confirmation is being
performed through actual running tests. Here, with regard to the
development details and development process for the high speed
Shinkansen bogie, the bogie and the main parts such as driving device,
axle bearings, and brake components are mainly introduced.
As described previously, the stiffness of the primary suspension for
the bogie that has been developed has been reduced to improved
vertical direction riding comfort; therefore, the displacement
between the traction motor axle and the pinion axle has gotten
large. Therefore, 2 types of axle couplings (gear type axle coupling
and TD coupling) that have reduced rotation noise and that are
compatible with this amount of displacement have been developed.
Keith Hart in his paper describes that fluctuations in the balance of the
relationship between impersonal and personal principles of social
organization. This draws heavily on Max Weber’s interpretation of
western history. The second part reviews the concept of an ‘informal
economy/sector’ from its origin in discussions of the Third World urban
poor to its present status as a universal feature of economy. The third
part asks how we might conceive of combining the formal/informal pair
with a view to promoting development. In conclusion I suggest how
partnerships between bureaucracy and the people might be made more
equal.

We are asked to consider how the informal/formal pair might be

linked more effectively for the purpose of development. They are of
course linked already since the idea of an ‘informal economy’ is
entailed by the institutional effort to organize society along formal
lines. ‘Form’ is the rule, an idea of what ought to be universal in
social life; and for most of the twentieth century the dominant
forms have been those of bureaucracy, particularly of national
bureaucracy, since society has become identified to a large extent
with the nation-state. This identity may now be weakening as a
result of the digital revolution in communications and neo-liberal
economic policies (Hart 2001a). If there are to be new initiatives
combining public bureaucracy with informal popular practices in
complementary ways, we need to be aware of this historical
context.
The formal and informal appear to be separate entities because of the
use of the term ‘sector’. This gives the impression that the two are
located in different places, like agriculture and manufacturing, whereas
both the bureaucracy and its antithesis contain the formal/informal
dialectic within themselves as well as between them. The need to link the
sectors arises from a widespread perception that their relationship
consists at present of a class war between the bureaucracy and the
people. It was not supposed to be like this. Modern bureaucracy was
invented as part of a democratic political project to give citizens equal
access to what was theirs as a right. It still has the ability to coordinate
public services on a scale that is beyond the reach of individuals and
most groups. So it is disheartening that bureaucracy (‘the power of public
office’) should normally be seen now as the negation of democracy (‘the
power of the people’) rather than as its natural ally.

Forms are necessarily abstract and a lot of social life is left out as a
result. This can lead to an attempt to reduce the gap by creating
new abstractions that incorporate the informal practices of people
into the formal model. Naming these practices as an ‘informal
sector’ is one such devise. It appears to be informal because its
forms are largely invisible to the bureaucratic gaze. Mobilizing the
informal economy will require a pluralistic approach based on at
least acknowledgement of those forms. Equally, the formal sphere
of society is not just abstract, but consists also of the people who
staff bureaucracies and their informal practices. Somehow the
human potential of both has to be unlocked together.
 CHAPTER 3

WORK DONE SO FAR

Many topics were discussed about the project.After the discussion we

concluded the project topic MULTI WHEEL NUT REMOVER(26-09-
2018).After topic selection we submitted abstract on 10-10-2018.We got
approval from faculty in charge on 10-10-2018 and further steps are
taken.Then we select the vehicle Suzuki Celerio on 17-10-2018. On 18-
10-2018 we decided to collect journals and case studies about our
project. On 20-10-2018 we take printout of the journals. Then we visited
the Maruti Suzuki and Hyundai showroom and collected the details on
24-10-2018. Then we discussed about the further design procedure
regarding Multi wheel nut remover.
CHAPTER 4