ABSTRACT

Online tours and travels systems poses many challenges to Online communal.
In this application, we address such major challenges of checking for availability of
tickets each time the user logs in and a modest way of designing the plan and
executing it online. Currently, conventional models are deployed to resolve only
financial trails which require profound process and are often the case that we have
approximately only 20% of precise outcome of the model. In this project, we propose
a new technique which constitute of both Android and PHP equipped application to
encounter and resolve novel challenges over ancient systems. This application focuses
on absolute management of tours and travels using the online features of tour
planning, adding members to the plan by inviting them using user contact list,
confirming the invite status, online discussion on expected plan, execution of the plan
and its visibility to group members, finance management and report based on
integration of Android and PHP implementation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
 1. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE
1.1 Introduction
In current generation of 21st century, time being an important aspect, by interchanging
the existing system structures to the entirely automated one, it not only saves the time but
also the precision, consistency, security and homogeneity of the data can be preserved.
Online tours and travels management application is a fundamental protagonist to plan an
ideal trip. It is a PHP based online application incorporated with Android techniques to ease
the offline user; trade online because it makes them informal to treasure the finest deal rather
than wasting valued time in market.

The purpose of this application is to make the travel simple and contented for the
customers’ right from searching the proper destination to checking the availability of tickets.
In this application we have two prime units: Admin and User. Admin in this application
would have a direct access to the application through default username and password that
would initialize the tour planning and present the invite status for tour confirmation.

Finally, user will log in the application as a legitimate customer and can add
members’ to the application using its own contact list to discuss on a perfect tour plan. When
the admin confirms the invite status, user along with the group members would be provided
with a common platform for group discussion. Execution of the plan would be visible to all
the group members and appropriate finance management is performed by admin to assign
user the absolute finance report of the complete tour.

Existing Applications

In the conventional systems, the user needs to search for availability of the tickets
each time he/she logs in. These applications ended evaluating the finance required for the
tour.

Proposed Application

In the proposed architecture, authorized user is allowed to invite the members forming
a group by accessing the phone’s contact list. This application facilitates users (group
members) with a common platform for discussion and document sharing. It also enables users
to attach images to the application and can be visible to all the members. Additionally it
features to manage finances of the user and provide them a complete finance report.
 2. NARRATIVE
2.1 Problem Statement
Design and implement an application to enhance the services of online tours and
travels which comprises of online features such as tour planning, inviting members, online
discussion, execution of the plan, finance management and finance report using Android and
PHP.

2.2 Motivation
In the era of internet, all the necessary information is discrete. As internet is a pool of
knowledge, it contains huge amount of information. But generally, only a handsome of
information is required. Our day –to-day happenings on internet solve around a minimal basic
websites. We don’t know how to retrieve required information from the pool of Internet, or
else even if we know, we spend a lot of time in haunting for the necessary information. No
website on Internet is adaptable enough to meet all the prime retirements of any Internet user.

On the other hand, progress of mobile applications has been on the upsurge for more
than half a decade. While overall the mobile development has contributed to boosting the
travel factor at large, only little is known about how it has affected the travel experience. This
dearth of information is serious because acquisition of deeper knowledge in the area of how
users are using travel-allied applications during their tour could provide profound perceptions
to fulfil unexploited prospects for tourism organizations and resolve problems of users having
inadequate access to resources. In order to address this issue, application aims to uncover
unfulfilled needs of users during their travel. The mobile trend in the tourism industry is
enormous, as Expedia suggests. The online booking agent refers to a tremendous majority of
76 % of travellers conveying that smartphones play a vital role in today’s generation; in
addition to that mobile devices significantly assist travellers at every phase in the journey.

2.3 Technical Key Words

Online application, tours and travels, tour plan, add members, invite status,
discussion, plan execution, finance management, finance report, PHP, Android.

2.4 Objectives
• Planning for online tour.
• Introducing new feature to add group members by inviting them using the contact list.
• Producing the confirmation for invite status.
• Achieve online discussion.
• Executing the plan using the combine approach of Android and PHP.
• To achieve finance management.
• Exporting the finance report.
2.5 Relevance in current scenario

Online tours and travels application finds its relevance in following scenarios:

• Planning the tour: planning for the tour online and making it possible to share the
details in group.
• Checking for ticket availability: an optimized way for confirming the availability.
• Financial management: absolute management of financial assets.
 3. SIGNIFICANCE

Travel agents support travellers organize through massive information to benefit them
style the finest possible travel arrangements. They provide guidance on destinations and
schedules arrangements for transportation, car rentals, hotel accommodations and tours for
their clients. They are also the basic source of reservations for most of the chef cruise lines.
Addition to that, resorts and specific travel groups practice travel agents to encourage travel
packages to their customers.

Travel agents are also progressively expected to have knowledge and be able to guide
the travellers about their destinations whenever necessary, such as the weather circumstances,
local decrees and exhibitions, customs and attractions. For clients traveling internationally,
agents need to offer data on customs guidelines, required documents (passports, visas,
certificates of vaccination, etc.), travel recommendations and currency altercation rates. In
case of change in itinerary in the intermediate of a tour, agents should intervene on the
traveller’s behalf to make alternate arrangements.

Travel agents use many computer-based sources for travel information. Only travel
agents who predominantly work for tours and travels management operators and other travel
arrangements may help improve, organize and sell the travel services.

3.1 Online Travel Approach

Travel Agency which use online approach offers travel information through websites
are known as online travel agency. As enormous people have the right of entry to the internet
nowadays, the need for travel agencies has declined. Hence, many agencies have launched for
with their own website with particulars of the travel information. These websites use high end
technology for travel solutions which allow them to transact with the modern updates.

Some of these websites also provide options that allow the users to compare flight and
hotel rates with other companies. The travel agencies have used dynamic packaging utilities,
which has helped them provide services that are fully bonded at the same prices and
sometimes even lower than the online booking sites. All the online sites work with different
travel agencies, which provides them with more efficiency once a customer orders a ticket or
books a hotel.

Online travel agencies do not have an office or overhead, they can generally get better
deals on airfare and hotel accommodations than travel agents with offices and overhead.
Online travel agents usually work from the comfort of their own homes and are fortunate
enough not to have to go into an office. The savings that the company receives by not having
an office can often be 100 Tourism and Travel Techniques passed on to the customer. There
has never been a better time to travel, both on an international and domestic level.
 As with any other website, it is a browser-based way of operating the internet content.
Unlike other websites, it's designed especially for desktop devices, and is not displayed
accurately on mobile phones.

Along with desktop, another broader idea of optimizing websites for smaller screens
like tablets becomes difficult. Parameters like compatibility, broader reach, support and
maintenance hamper the website production on a large scale.

3.2 Solution
Unlike responsive/mobile websites that can be accessed using browsers, mobile
applications must be installed from explicit portals such as the Google Play Market, App
Store, etc. subject to the type of operation system.

Mobile applications approach for faster access to the information and provide
effortless interactions. Many recent statistics authenticate the benefits of using mobile apps.
According to the 2016 survey of Flurry Analytics’, time that mobile manipulator are
expending surfing on the internet, 90% of users desire using applications.

Chrome, 4

Safari,
6
Facebook, 19
Others, 10
News, 2

Productivity, 4
Messaging/Soci
al, 12
Utilities, 8

YouTube, 3
Entertainment , Gaming, 15
17

Figure 1: Mobile Application Usage

90% of time on mobile is spent in Applications and only 10% on Browsers (Chrome
and Safari)
 4. REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
4.1 Functional Requirements
• User must register to create the account and login using username and password to
use functions in the application.
• Collect the data of customer’s personal information (first name, last name, email, and
password).
• Input the credentials to create a required plan (plan name, description, start date and
end date).
• Customer should click on CREATE PLAN button that allows further execution.
• An invite status in presented to the customer to know if the desired plan is accepted or
not.
• In case of rejection, the program terminates and continues to create a plan again.
• On the other side, if it is accepted, the customer can view that the plan is added to the
application.
• There exists an icon that performs a chat function.
• This icon provides a common platform to the customer and enables the user to add
members to the group of chat using its contact list.
• Expenses function provides users with a detailed report of finance management
throughout the journey.

4.2 Non-Functional Requirements

• OS platform: Windows.
• Programming languages: PHP, java.
• Android: Version 4.4 and above.
• PHP: Version 7 and above.
 5. LITERATURE REVIEW
5.1 Mobile development and trends
Mobile apps is a kind of software application developed to run on a mobile device
like smart phones or tablets. Conventionally, mobile applications usually imitate similar
services as that of desktop systems. Though, some of the most popular applications are
assembled to implement on the making use of the exclusive features of the mobile devices.
Now days, mobile devices allocate numerous important properties such as large displays,
Internet admission, content-relevant push notifications, location and health tracking
characteristic that assists users to enlarge their everyday activities. Supercilious examples of
such companies scales from simple mobile messaging apps such as WhatsApp to emergency
reservation applications like HotelTonight and profound navigation based services like
Google Maps, all of which are utilized to run on the concept of ”mobile first” implies that
the program was explicitly intended for smart phone usage.

Mobile apps have been first commercialized by Apple with the introduction of its App
Store momentarily followed by Google’s Play Store both of which provide a storefront for
developers to issue their respective software’s to consumers since 2008. As of today, both
Apple and Google mark for some 2 to 3 million applications (Statista, 2013), in their
corresponding app stores amassing their total income of around $ 26 billion in 2013 (Statista,
2013).

Other prominent tech companies have recently followed up on the perception of

generating an application of ecosystem on its devices for their clients which includes
Blackberry, Amazon and Samsung. Thus presenting that the mobile world is far from being
overwhelmed and still envisions massive potential for improvement in the near future.

Chart Title

Stores

0.000 200.000 400.000 600.000 800.000 1000.000 1200.000 1400.000

BlackBerry World Amazon App Store Windows Phone Store

Apple App Store Google Play

Figure 2: Number of Apps Available in Leading App Stores 2014 (Statista, 2014)
 Although mobile applications in its raw form were developed to implement on
conventional mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets, current improvements in
consumer electronics have foreshown the progression of wearable technology, an
organization believed to achieve the business of $ 1.6 trillion in the near future, analysts at
Morgan Stanley report, according to Derrick (2014).

The significant feature of wearable is that they are worn on a user’s body or are
directly attached to their body, Derrick further explains. And also while wearable devices are
still at an initial stage, we have already seen quite a distinct series of multiple wearable
products. The distinguished designs include smart watches, fitness wristbands, intelligent
glasses, etc.

Figure 3: Apple Watch Sport with Displayed Apps (Apple, 2015)

The device, as seen in figure above (Apple, 2015), noting the future Apple Watch,
contribute for the similar elementary plan as smart phones and tablets, as they can implement
on mobile applications, however with controlled functionality, to advance every day activities
and challenges of its users.
5.2 Relativity to Tourism and Hospitality
A latest tourism study contends that smart phones play an important role in mediating
the touristic experience (Wang, Park and Fesenmaier, 2012). This consequences in a least
diverse differentiation between travel and everyday live as travel-related activities, scaling
from getting stimulated on a social media page to checking for the flight fares on the go, have
become candidly available without any physical obstacles to the end-consumers. As such it is
conveyed that the association of smart phones into daily lives produced a great impact and
has subsequently manipulated the contemporary travel behaviour (Wang, Xiang and
Fesenmaier, 2014), thus assembling travel-related activities a more interracial part of
everyday habits and therefore maintains the foundation for clients actively using travel
applications during the complete travel process.

The very analysis that travelling cannot be seen as a totally discrete component to
everyday life, appreciations to smart phone utility managing to distort the obstacles, can also
be practices to several non-travel-related stages of a user’s life. In the mobile world,
applications are initially clustered into multiple categories making it simpler for users to
determine their broader use.

Practically, a person’s day can grant only paying attention and keenly utilizing a
certain restricted amount of applications during a day. Given the huge range of applications
in the mobile app industry, towards which travel apps are contending against time
consumption, it is essential to determine the applicability of travel related apps in relativity to
the global app industry to get an absolute knowledge of how significant applications are to
the mobile ecosystem and therefore to the end consumers. In order to do so, the number of
available applications per category can be broken down. Below example implies the present
ranking of app store categories grounded on the share of available active apps.

Applications Share of Active Apps

Games 21,45%
Education 10,14%
Business 9,95%
Lifestyle 8,33%
Entertainment 6,76%
Utilities 5,00%
Travel 4,61%
Books 3,88%
Music 3,10%
Productivity 2,82%
Health and Fitness 2,77%
Sports 2,64%
Photo and Video 2,48%
Reference 2,39%
Finance 2,38%
 Food and Drinks 2,37%
News 2,36%
Medical 2,06%
Social Networking 1,99%
Navigation 1,19%

Figure 4: Most Popular App Store Categories 2015 by Share of Available Apps
(Statista, 2015)

Given that the aggregation of available apps per platform has been determined,
therefore it is possible to conclude that an around 60.000 travel-related apps are presently
active in each of the corresponding app stores, accounting for 4.61 % of all categories and
formulating travel as the seventh most relevant app store division.

At this instance of time, the earlier illustration of travel apps competing against other
app categories in relation with app utilization will be selected again in terms of further
breaking down the app category of travel into five different stages to ultimately determine the
mobile travel apps in the corresponding sections and how these affect the travel behaviour of
users.

Figure below represents the general idea of the sub-categories of the travel cycle to
demonstrate in which of the five travel stages, modified by Google (2011), mobile
applications are frequently being used.

Dreaming

Sharing Planning

Experiencing Booking

Figure 5: Actions through Apps in the Five Stages of Travel (Adapted from Google,
2011)
 Drew Meyers (2013), the originator of OhHeyWorld, a website committed to
connecting users with friends while travelling, outlines in a guest blog post on Tnooz how
travel inspiration is majorly coming from conversations with trusted personal travel
companions, often on messaging platforms like Skype or WhatsApp. Also while Meyers’
article is an ideal independent piece, these observations are being developed on a Quora
thread titled: Where do you get your travel inspiration from? Through the shared participation
from Joss, Choudary and Shumaker (2012), which specifies that the inspirational content by
real travellers can be retrieved through multiple sources other than just messaging apps?
These could be some social media platforms like Facebook, Pinterest or travel-dedicated
levels like reviews on TripAdvisor or personal stories on travel blogs. By categorizing the
most inspirational apps into diverse classifications built on openly available data on the
mobile analytics platform App Annie (2015) as categorized in table below, it concludes that
the most important platforms are not necessarily intended for travel.

Purpose App Typ App Name

Reviews Travel TripAdvisor
Experiences Travel Blog
Experiences Social Facebook
Pictures Social Instagram
Pictures Social Pinterest
Messaging Social WhatsApp
Messaging Social Skype

Figure 6: Table Created Based on App Annie Store Stats Data, 2015, Using Custom
Categories of Inspirational Travel and Social Apps

Consequently it can be concluded that the inspirational stage is yet quite disintegrated,
significantly subject to social connections and only very adequately processed by travel
brands.

The argument of continuing assembly to information technologies through Internet

approach is in fact true for both, everyday activities and travelling. And while users are
generally interconnected with their friends, families and familiar surroundings in their daily
lives, in the past going abroad usually meant having very restricted access to news,
communication and other social interactions. Tourism studies have represented that a huge
portion of modern travel characteristics includes that daily activities are being continued
during the journey (Wang, Xiang and Fesenmaier, 2014). Applications that used in this
context often distribute only limited features with travel applications and are rather
categorized into everyday application groupings like interaction (messages), social media
(Facebook) and games. Wang, Xiang and Fesenmaier (2014) further convey that their study
has information possession through mobile devices is being utilized in a more travel context-
relevant purpose such as checking the status of the flight and exploring restaurants in the city,
which ultimately results in travellers feeling it more flexible during their journey, involving
least prior planning time and overall enjoying a more informative travel experience. The
network driver that supports these activities is having administration to the Internet. Mobile
devices are successfully equipped with 3G and 4G telecommunication networks, as depicted
in figure below, which assists end consumers with Internet access.

Figure 7: 3G Internet Connection on a Tablet Device (Source: Own Source)

In ancient days, often discredited for their high fares, in today’s generation almost
every chief mobile carrier like T-Mobile and AT&T is serving personalized information
roaming packages specially deliberated to meet users demands (Nickinson, 2014). This, along
with decreasing data roaming fares (Essers, 2014), is advancing the trend towards releasing
the complete capacity of mobile devices during the journey. Indeed, data procurement goes
beyond using the Internet to access available information on-site but makes use of alternative
component: location-based services. The imperious analysis of travelling and exploring yet
unknown territory, in most cases goes hand in hand and ultimately positions the challenge of
searching user’s destination location and at the same time not wanting to skip out on possible
interesting procedures in a new destination. The built-in Global Positioning System (GPS)
utility in mobile devices like smartphones, tablets and smart watches, applications can
determine the location of the end user and counter back with context relevant information.
Mobile applications can make use of this feature in several ways; a different use case is being
represented by navigation and mapping services as mentioned in figure below. A classic
digital map environment includes the actual (city) map, points of interests (sights, restaurants,
etc.) and is often developed in mobile applications with the GPS location of the device giving
it its real added value. Additionally, services may propose routing which allows the user to be
intelligently navigated towards the intended location by several means of transport (by foot,
public transport and car). Such characteristics map can be initiated in single purpose
applications, a highly popular trend in the mobile ecosystem is that, the behaviour of mobile
application utilization is in the immediate access to its core features without unwanted
features blurring the focus and resulting in longer loading times (Constine, 2014). Giving
with an example of this is the Facebook’s unbundling of features by having segregated the
messaging function from its app and creating a separate messenger application for the same
purpose in 2014. In spite of the early disagreement of Facebook users, the messenger app
today is one of the most leading app and is globally utilized (Frommer, 2014) and users
appear to have extensively accepted and have known the advantage of a slim core feature
focused app. On the other hand, mapping properties are generally included in travel-related
applications to either help orient one-self or to benefit with visual guidance. The latter
function can recurrently be seen in hotel booking applications where users are being served to
trace hotels on a map and book them based on their locational preference. For example, a user
would favour to stay in a hotel next to the water on the east side of the city and thus use the
map to filter down the selections of hotels that share those characteristics. The other revealed
use case is having map services associated as navigation-like properties into multi-purpose
applications, which can usually be detected in travel guide applications.

The mobile application itself acts essentially as a provider of travel-related

information, comparable to printed guidebooks, but enhances this information with dynamic
characteristics that supports differentiate themselves from their conventional printed
counterparts. As such, a mobile travel guide such as tripwolf or Triposo could assist users to
create a journey consisting of points of interests (POIs) prior to the trip in the planning stage
and then displaying them on the map while being at the destination in order to easily navigate
to each of the POIs.
Figure 8: Tablet with Push Notification by Triposo
Figure 9: Map with Points-Of-Interest
 6. THE CHOICE OF SOFTWARES

6.1 API (Application Programming Interface)

An API is an interface for application programming. It allows programs to talk to each
other through a set of rules. The programmer develops the API on the server system which allows
the client to communicate with it.

6.2 REST
Definition

REST is just a pattern for making APIs. It governs the appearance of API. It stands for
“Representational State Transfer”, an architectural style and approach to communications often
used in web services development. It is that set of rules used by developers to generate their
API. One of these rules states that you should be able to get a piece of data (called a resource)
when you link to a specific URL. Each URL is called a request while the data sent back to user is
called a response.

This technology is favoured to be the more robust Simple Object Access Protocol
(SOAP) technology as it leverages less bandwidth, making it efficient for internet practice.

REST is a logical choice for building APIs that allow users to connect and interact
with cloud services. RESTful APIs are used by such sites as LinkedIn, Amazon, Google and
Twitter.

Working

A RESTful API fragments a transaction to produce strings of small unit.

Each unit addresses a particular underlying part of the transaction. This fragmentation
provides programmers with a lot of flexibility, but it may be a challenging process for
developers to create it from scratch.

6.3 HTTP

Almost all REST APIs use HTTP. A RESTful API explicitly takes benefits of HTTP
approaches defined by the RFC 2616 protocol. These methodologies are: GET, PUT, POST
and DELETE. GET is used to extract a resource; PUT to change the state of or revise a
resource, which can be an object, file or block; POST is used to create that resource; and
DELETE to eliminate it.

In REST, networked modules are a resource that the user request access to (black
box). The hypothesis is that all calls are stateless; nothing can be gained by the RESTful
service between implementations.
 Since, it is useful in cloud applications. Stateless modules can be easily reassigned if
something terminates, also they can gauge to adapt load fluctuations as any request can be
bidden to any instance of a module. There can be nothing to be saved that is remembered by
the next upcoming transaction. This makes REST to be the most favoured for web use.
Additionally, RESTful API is also beneficial for cloud services because binding to a service
through an API is a matter of controlling how the URL is decoded. Cloud
computing and micro services are almost certain to make RESTful API design the rule in the
future.

6.4 PHP (Hypertext Pre-processor)

Definition
It is a script-based (scripting) language written for the automation of tasks. It is also
an open source and server-side language used for the creating web applications.
HTML (HyperTextMarkup Language) is used to design web pages. With HTML,
code implementation is done on the user's browser (client-side). On the other side, with PHP
scripting language (server-side), it's implemented on the server before it displays to the web
browser of the user.
PHP can be embedded in HTML, and its integration is suitable for web development and the
formation of web applications with dynamic web pages. Furthermore, its abilities are
approachable to effortlessly connect with MySQL, Oracle and other databases.

PHP Usage
Server-side PHP scripting language can be executed on the most popular operating systems
like Linux, Unix, Microsoft Windows, MAC OS and others. It provisions most web servers
including Apache and IIS. Additionally, PHP offers web developers the autonomy to desire
their operating system and web server.
In PHP, the prime area of function involves:

 PHP Parser: a program that alters source and human readable code into the format
which is easier for the system to understand.
 Web server: a program that implements documents that form web pages from user
requests.
 Web browser: an application used to demonstrate the subject on the World Wide
Web.
6.5 Android
Android is software that was founded in 2003 by Andy Robin. It is the open source
(free and any one can use it) Linux-based most extensively used and powerful mobile
Operating system that supports huge nu

mber of Smartphone applications. It is projected for mobile computing platforms and

is also a software stack for mobile OS.

These applications are more friendly and progressive for the users. The android
software is supported by a hardware which is based on ARM (Advanced RISC Machines)
architecture platform. The android has developed millions of applications (apps) that can
assist one’s life one or the other way and it is widely used which makes it popular because it
is offered at low cost in market.

Advantages:

 Android is open source Linux based operating system , it can be produced by any one
 Easy access to the android applications
 One can replace the battery and mass storage, disk drive and UDB options
 Its abandonments all Google services
 The operating system informs the user of a new SMS and Emails or latest updates.
 It facilitates Multitasking properties
 Android phone is able to operate as a router to share internet
 Its cost free to adapt
 It can adapt modified ROM
 Its implements 2D and 3D graphics

6.6 Slim framework

Definition

Slim is a standard tool to construct APIs that consume, repurpose, or publish the
information. It is the most-opted lightweight framework for speedy prototyping. It services to
assemble well-structured web applications with user interfaces. The most favoured feature of
this framework is that it is super-fast and has a very modest code to understand and execute.
Although there are ways to create REST API in numerous other frameworks, but are
troublesome when used in speedy development scenarios.

One of the most important uses of Slim framework is in REST API development.
Slim facilitates to support all HTTP operations of GET, POST, PUT and DELETE. Slim
contains very handy URL structure with routers that receives an HTTP request, invokes an
appropriate call-back routine, and returns an HTTP response.

Working

Here, you need a web server. Configure your web server such that it sends all suitable
requests to one “front-controller” PHP file. Then initiate and execute the Slim framework in
this PHP file.
A Slim framework consists of routes that respond to definite HTTP requests. Each
route evokes a call-back and returns an HTTP response. To get started, former step is to
initiate and configure the application. Later the routes of application are defined. Lastly, the
Slim application is ready to execute.

Figure 9: Slim Framework and PHP Services

Types of Slim routes

GET Route
Used to add a route that manages only GET HTTP requests with the Slim
application’s get()method. It accepts two arguments:

1. The route pattern (with optional named placeholders)

2. The route call-back
POST Route
Used to add a route that manages only POST HTTP requests with the Slim
application’s post()method. It accepts two arguments:

1. The route pattern (with optional named placeholders)

2. The route call-back

PUT Route
Used to add a route that manages only PUT HTTP requests with the Slim
application’s put()method. It accepts two arguments:

1. The route pattern (with optional named placeholders)

2. The route call-back

DELETE Route
Used to add a route that manages only DELETE HTTP requests with the Slim
application’s delete() method. It accepts two arguments:

1. The route pattern (with optional named placeholders)

2. The route call-back

OPTIONS Route
Used to add a route that manages only OPTIONS HTTP requests with the Slim
application’s options() method. It accepts two arguments:

1. The route pattern (with optional named placeholders)

2. The route call-back

PATCH Route
Used to add a route that manages only PATCH HTTP requests with the Slim
application’s patch() method. It accepts two arguments:

1. The route pattern (with optional named placeholders)

2. The route call-back

Any Route
Used to add a route that manages all HTTP request methods with the Slim
application’s any()method. It accepts two arguments:

1. The route pattern (with optional named placeholders)

2. The route call-back

Custom Route
Used to add a route that manages several HTTP request methods with the Slim
application’s map() method. It accepts three arguments:
1. Array of HTTP methods
2. The route pattern (with optional named placeholders)
3. The route call-back
 7. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

Assume a proposed application A

Functions performed by application A: A = {I, O, F, Øs, SUCCESS, FAILURE}

where, I = set of instructions given by user

O = requested output information by user

Øs = set of constraints where,

Øs = {Ø1, Ø2, Ø3, ….,Ø6}

SUCCESS = desired outcome generated if set of constraints are followed

FAILURE = desired outcome not generated due to invalidation of set of constraints or system
failure

Fs = {F1, F2, F3, ….,F6} where F1, F2, F3, ….,F6are the functions performed by proposed
application.

F1= register()
F2= login()
F2= tour_plan()
F3= online_discussion()
F4= finance_report()

• Function to Register: register()

F1 ={X1, Y1, Ø1}

where,

X1 = {first name, last name, email, password,}

Y1 = {create_new_account}

Ø1 = {check_input_information}

• Function to Login: login()

F2 = {X2, Y2, Ø2}

where,

X2 = {username,password}
Y2 = {logs_in _the_account}

Ø2 = {check_for_authentication}

• Function to Tour Plan: tour_plan()

F3 ={X3, Y3, Ø3}

where,

X3 = {create_plan}

Y3 = {plan_name, description, start_date, end_date}

Ø3 = {check_invite_status}

• Function to Discuss Online: online_discussion()

F4 ={X4, Y4, Ø4}

where,

X4 = {group_discussion}

Y4 = {common_chatting_ platform}

Ø4 = {check_for_plan_execution}

• Function to Finance Management: finance_report()

F5 ={X5, Y5, Ø5}

where,

X5 = {expense_calculation}

Y5 = {details_of_expense_report}

Ø5 = {check_report_status}
 8. PRODUCT DESIGN

8.1 Product Design and Architecture

Figure 10: Application Architecture

Architecture of the application includes following modules:

• Tour Planning
• Adding Members To Group
• Presenting Invite Status
• Online Discussion
• Execution Of Plan
• Finance Management
• Exporting Finance Report

Tours and travels has been a part of architect’s foundation since decades. In modern
times, a planned tour makes the journey trouble-free. In this section, the application’s
architecture is initiated with tour planning. Tour planning helps the user to plan an entailed
tour. The plan is proposed by adding multiple members to the group by the user. This is
accomplished by selecting the members through user’s contact list. When the plan is designed
an invite status is presented by the application. Invite status presents the confirmation for
acceptance or repentance of the plan. Additionally, the application provides a common
platform for online group discussion for the members.

The designed plan is executed by the inner configuration of the application. Features
of application make this execution visible to all the group members. Later the finance report
of the tour is crafted by proper financial management.
8.2 Methodology
In software development, the notions front end and back end refer to the segregation
of concerns between the Presentation layer (front end), and the Data Access layer (back end)
with respect to software, physical infrastructure or hardware. Figure given below is
the client–server model where the client is generally considered the front end and
the server as the back end; somehow the presentation work is actually done on the server side
itself.

Figure 11: Client- Server Architecture

In above architecture model, front end represents an Android Framework which

implements the user interface to communicate with the user. Each n user manipulates the
framework which ranges from A1 to An. On the other hand, back end consists of application
server which includes components like database and PHP framework.

Front End Design

Front end refers to graphical layer of website and applications. It includes user
interface (UI), layout, images, and other visual fundamentals and their designing. The front is
an abstraction; abridge the underlying module by providing a user-friendly interface.
Back End Design

Back end is the software that has gained access by the user indirectly through a
peripheral application rather than by application programming stored within
the database itself or by low level management of the data.

Figure 12: Architecture using REST Abridge

User input (username and password) are prime credentials on the android screen of an
application. This software program is assembled on the frontend of the application. REST
framework is used to build a bridge between frontend and backend of the application.
Frontend sends login a request and backend responds the frontend confirming the
authentication of the user in terms of self-describing JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) file.
 9. MODELING THE STATIC ASPECTS OF THE PRODUCT
9.1 UML
UML stands for Unified Modelling Language. In January 1997, "Object Management
Group" created the Unified Modelling language. It is the general purpose diagramming
language used to specify, design and visualize the system. It is a graphical language
constructing and documenting the software systems.

9.2 Class diagram

UML is standardized in class diagrams because class diagrams are the main building
blocks of every object oriented methods. A class diagram is a demonstration of the
relationships and source code dependencies among the classes in model. It is used to
illustrate the classes, relationships, interface, association, and collaboration in UML diagram.

A describes various kinds of methods and variables in an object and the static relationship in
between them. Class diagrams are useful in all forms of object-oriented programming (OOP).
The concept is several years old but has been refined as OOP modelling paradigms have
evolved.

The main purpose to use class diagrams are:

 This is the only UML which suitably depicts various features of OOPs concept.
 Proper design and analysis of application is conducted.
 This can be speedy and efficient representation of code.
 It is base for deployment and component diagram.

Figure 13: Class Diagram

Above UML class diagram consists of five classes:

 User
 Plans
 Members
 Expenses
 Share Folder

Each user may have more than one plan representing the one to many relationship with
plans class. Every plan has its group of members to communicate with several messages
(M1, M2 and M3) obtaining one to many relationship between them. Plan leads to many
transaction expenses causing one plan to map many transaction expenses. Lastly, whenever
the plan executes, each user can access one share folder to read and retrieve the data.

9.3 Activity diagram

UML models primarily divided into three types of diagrams: structure diagrams,
interaction diagrams and behaviour diagrams. An activity diagram is a behavioural
diagram which tends to demonstrate the behaviour of a system.

Activity Diagrams are advanced version of a flowchart that illuminate the workflows
in the architecture. As it offers sequential and concurrent activities in the diagram, it is used
by the developers to understand the flow of controls in program at high level. So, the
workflows are visually depicted by the users using an activity diagram. Activity diagram is a
behavioural diagram that emphasis on the condition of flow and the sequence in which it
flows

An activity diagram represents the flow of control from a start point to finish point
exposing several decision paths that occur while the activity is being implemented. Diagram
can depict both sequential processing and concurrent processing of the activities used in
business and process modelling where their basic usage is to depict the dynamic features of
an application.
Figure 14: Activity Diagram
9.4 Use case diagram
A use case diagram is the modest representation of a user’s communication with the
application. This UML diagram depicts the relationship between the user and the
different use cases in which the user is involved.

Some important points to formulate Use case are:

• Functionalities to be represented as use case

• Actors
• Relationships among the use cases and actors.

A use case diagram can categorize different kinds of users of a system and the different
use cases. The use cases are represented by either circles or ellipses.

Figure 15: Use case Diagram

 10. PRODUCT ALGORITHM

1. Start
2. Enter Log In credentials

If valid user ==Accept

Continue
Else
goto Stop

3. Plan the Tour

4. Add Members to the Group using users contact list
5. Present the Invite Status

If confirmation ==Accept
Continue
Else
Reject and goto Start

6. Online discussions across a common platform

7. Execution of Plan
8. Finance Management
9. Exporting Finance Report
10. Stop
9. IMPLEMENTATION

Figure 10: Home Page

 Figure 11: Login Page

This image represents the first page of an application. This page is a Login page
which enables users to enter Username and Password.
 If the user has no registered Username and Password then user can create the
account and generate a password by clicking on Create an account link.

Following are the fields to register for an account:

• First name
• Last name
• Email
• Password

Following step is to click on REGISTER button and create a new account.

Figure 12: Registration Page
 Figure 13: Credentials for Login Page

Now, the user can enter the registered email and password as
shown in figure 13.
 Figure 14: Profile

User can reevaluate the profile by clicking on the Profile link

as in presented figure 14.
 Figure15: Create Plan

User can generate a new plan by clicking on the “+” link

appear tool bar of the application.
This page includes following fields:
• Plan Name
• Description
• Start date
• Start Time
• End Date
• End Time

Figure16: Credentials for Create Plan

Figure 17: Successful Plan Creation
 Figure 18: Travel Page

After the successful plan creation, Travel image serve users

with three major options as shown in image below.

• Update Plan
• Delete Plan
• Documents
Figure 19: Documents, Update and Delete Plan
 Figure 20: Update Plan

This option enables users to edit or update the once created plan.
Figure 21: Documents, Update and Delete Plan
 Figure 22: Delete Plan

If any user desires to delete the plan, delete option ensures the
confirmation for plan deletion with yes or now buttons.
Figure 23: Successful Plan Deletion
 Figure 24: Home Page

As the end user deletes the plan, the applications get back to
the Home Page and assists user to create another plan.
 Figure 25: Profile Page

This application also serves the option to logout directly form

an application through LOGOUT button in Profile Page.
 Figure 26: Login Page

When user tends to logout, the application jumps back the

Login Page and acknowledge user to login again using same page.
 Figure 27: Documents, Update and Delete Plan

The last option is Documentations option where the user is

allowed to share the stuff stored in the smart phone.
 Figure 28: Upload the Document Page

User clicks on the document option which opens up to

another button of UPLOAD DOCUMENT that helps to provide direct access to user’s
storage.
 Figure 28: Access Authorization

Above image asks for the user’s permission to access the

gallery, documents and other files from user’s smart phone.
 Figure 28: Upload the Document Page

When the user clicks for uploading the document, the list of
users phone storage displays for the choices to upload.
 Figure 28: Travel Page

Coming back to the Travel Page, user can add new members
to the group, can note the expenses of the journey and can chat with the members recently
being added to the group.
 Figure 29: Add Members

User on click to the MEMBERS link, ADD MEMBERS +

option pops up and enables the end user to add someone to the group.
 Figure 30: Mail Credentials

User can now enter the mail–id of the particulars to add them to the respective group.
Figure 31: Successful Member Addition
 Figure 32: Chat Icon

There exists a Chat Icon on the top right of the page to

generate a platform for common discussion.
 Figure 32: Chatting Platform

Application provides user a common platform for online

discussion with the members added to the group.
 Figure 32: Adding Expenses

Another feature to the app is adding expenses of the journey

through EXPENSES link followed by ADD EXPENSES +.
 Figure 33: Expenses Credentials

User can enter the value of expense throughout the journey.

 Figure 34: Successful Expense Addition

A notification pops up for successful addition of expenses in the application.

 Figure 34: Expense Calculation

User is provided with absolute summation of expenses of the

group members as shown in figure above.
 6. EVALUATION AND TESTING
Postman

 It is an application used for testing the APIs.

 It acts as a client while testing the application developed in RESTful state.
 One can create an environment, write test cases, share APIs, etc.

Uses

 Used to test your applications behaviour for a particular API endpoint, after being
requested by client.
 To view a response the server returns after requesting the API endpoint.
 Customizing the requests made to server and tests the server’s response in different
circumstances.
 Developer - While building any application, need to test the endpoints. What
should be the response and the format in which client-end gets the response after
being requested.
 Tester - They can set the various environments in Postman and test the applications
behaviour under certain circumstances.

Advantages

 Postman makes API development faster, easier, and better. The free app is used by
more than 3.5 million developers and 30,000 companies worldwide.
 Postman is designed with the developer in mind, and packed with features and
options. Postman features include:

• Powerful, simple to use GUI

• Saved history of API requests
• Unlimited collections, environments, tests, and sharing
• Automated testing with collection runner
• Web-viewable, detailed API documentation
• Flexible API monitoring, for uptime, performance, and accuracy
• Mock servers, to support split-stack development
 7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
Tourism at present renowned as a global industry which is highly enhancing at a high
scale, and like any industry that develops promptly, the tourism enterprise go hand in hand
with local development process and can have a significant influence on the local development
process. The local consequences of the industry are diverse and usually unique to the
industry. Adaptive tourism tends to pose a least impact on the natural environment as well as
the local culture and social life, thus assist to generate the earnings and employment
prospects for local community and encouraging the safeguard of the ecosystems in the local
area.

Additionally, mobile applications have now become a fundamental part of every

business, travel and tourism. Also, mobile application development plays an integral role in
the travel industry today. It makes easy and fast to interact with the travel companies, book
tickets, book rooms and search for good destinations and deals. The usage of mobile
applications for tours and traveling will enlarge and continue to progress in the coming
generations.

Regardless of scope and category, all travel agencies or companies and tour operators
produce their own travel applications in order to provide an absolute service for all the clients.
Some benefits of travel apps to justify that mobile app are necessary for your travel and
tourism business:

Everything under one roof

Travel apps service the clients with all the goods that one can demand, such as details
of location, ticket booking facility and its fare, efficiency to book accommodation, taxi, and
explore the local occurrences. Tourists can also come across all the financial details and its
report.

A Platform that Offers Most Attractive Interface

Struggle has rapidly amplified in every department of the business sector. So, if the
application is powerful in terms of its simplicity and good appealing quality, it tends the client
to deal with it more and more to quench the user demands.

A Powerful Marketing Tool

Travel applications can also be used as the most influential marketing tools. This idea
is considerably useful to promote your business.
Reduce Paperwork and Simplify Transactions

There can be a case where the travellers may overlook the ticket. But, when the user
has a mobile application, there won’t be any need to worry about it. This is because, a mobile
app can bear all tickets in it, including hotel reservation ticket, flight or train tickets, and other
important documents that affects the journey. It can save their time, and guide 24/7.

Get Real View Pictures and Videos of Destination

Travel app maintains a quality of trip plan. Travel customer can get to identify all the
destination knowledge through a simple Google search assembled into the app.

7.1 Conclusion

The travel app organization has a great potential for monetization and revenue generation.
If proprietor is in a travel business and wants to enlarge the business, the first thing is to invest
in mobile technology. In order to achieve this, get in touch with a developer/app development
agency that has enough experience in building mobile applications. Leverage the expertise of
an experienced mobile application development company to make the most of this
opportunity:
• “Travel and tourism management” simplifies the management process in travelling.
• Rapid processing and instantaneous results with high security.
• Diminishing the human effort
• Cost efficient databases.
• Navigation through the site is simple.

7.2 Future Scope

Here are some of the innovations and trends that influence travel mobile app development:

Real-time tracking

Real-time travel tracking applications now a day are setting out a standard. Most
private modes of transport already offer this service as people can track the motion of their
cars, buses, etc. This service only gets better when in the future all transport modes will be
determined by live tracking. Public transport agencies have already started using IoT
technology and GPS devices to provide client the live information about the transport modes.
Developing a travel-time tracker app is an exceptional impression to benefit from this wave.
Cashless travel

Thievery and the hassle of cash is an immense security concern for tourists visiting
new countries and regions for the first time. The advantage of a digital economy is that, there
are various applications that allow users to travel cashless and enable them with all kinds of
payment with just one click or a tap.

Tailor-made travel apps for your needs

Integration of big data and machine learning technologies, tourism applications are
destined to be smarter and cleverer. More high-tech travel apps are being customized for
travel routes, time, budget and means of transport. Expending the features of mobile
applications with travel history, preferences, and feedback, these applications will be able to
suggest and plan a perfect journey for clients.

Social travel planning

This associates modern technologies with user suggestions. These applications enable
users to view the recommendations and favourites from friends and family, expert tips and
consumer reviews; all of which are combined to make knowledgeable decisions about their
travel and tourism choices that include destinations, vendors, bookings etc.

Localization

Geo-targeted suggestions are very popular to assist geographic locations across many
zones and tourism industry. Implementing these, travel applications can enlarge the user
experience by contributing localized recommendations and deals/offers to the travellers. The
embrace of APIs to auto-fill user profiles, purchase history and location information can
deliver the next upgraded level of mobile travel experience.
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