Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION 1

FUNDAMENTAL 4
1.Structural features of soils 4
2.Structural features of rock 15
3.Influence of groundwater 17
4.Deformation concept 25
5.Strength concept 32

SOIL CLASSIFICATION 38
1.Object 38
2.Geological background 38
3.classification according to composition 39
4.classification according to geotechnical properties 45
5. Discontinuities and bedding 54

ROCK CLASSIFICATION 55
1.Rock indentification 55
2.Rock mass 56

SOIL INVESTIGATION 60
1.Object 60
2.Penetration test 61
3.Geophysical methods 65
4.Pore pressure measurement 67
5.Sampling 69
6.Determination of deformation properties 73
7.Determination of strength properties 91
8.Presentation 102

SPREAD FOUNDATION 105

1.Introduction 105
2.Induced pressure distribution 107
3.Bearing capacity 125
4.Settlement 139

DEEP FOUNDATION 155

1.Introduction 155
2.Piles 155
3.Bearing capacity of axxially loaded single piles 174
4.Settlement of axially loaded single piles 197
5.Laterally loaded piles 202
6.Buckling of piles 212
7.Pile group behaviour 218
8.Piled rafts 230
9.Downdrag 232
10. Piers, caissons and underground walls 233
DYNAMICALLY LOADED FOUNDATION 242
1.Introduction 242
2. Linear vibration theory 242
3.Nonlinear vibration theory 252
4.The subsoil as damped spring system 257

RETAINING STRUCTURES 268

1.Introduction 268
2.Earth pressure against retaining walls 268
3. Earth pressure against other structures 302

EMBANKMENT AND FILL ON SOFT SOIL 313

1.Introduction 313
2.Loading berms 314
3.Settlement 323
4.Embankment piles 331
5.Enforcesd displacement or excavation of soft soil 334
6.Other means of stabilisation 335

SLOPE STABILITY 336

1.Introduction 336
2.Circular-cylindrical failure surface 336
3.Logarithmic failure surface 344
4.Composite failure surface 345
5.General Aspect 354

EXCAVATION 355
1.Introduction 355
2.Dewatering 356
3.Unbraced excavations 374
4.Braced excavations 376

SOIL IMPROVEMENT 397

1.Introduction 397
2.Shalow compaction 399
3.Deep compaction 409
4.Preloading 424
5.Granular columns 450
6.Stabilization by admixtures 455
7.Electrochemical stabilization 462
8.Soil injection 465
9.Thermal imorovement 470
10.Reinforced soil 472

ASPECT OF GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN 476

1.Geomechanical views 476
2.Fondation requirements 483
3.International codes 495

REFERENCES 499

SUBJECT INDEX 512