CHEMISTRY

Basic Concept_ Chemistry

BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
1. Explain the role of redox reactions in titrimetric processes and galvanic cells?
Ans. Redox titrations in titrimetric quantitative analysis:-
Titrimetric analysis involves determination of volume of a sodium of accurately known
concentration which is required to react quantitatively with a measured volume of solution of the
substance to be determined.

 In titrimetric analysis, substance of known concentration is called the titrant and the substance being
titrated is known as titrant.
 Solution of known concentration is said to be a standard solution, which is generally filled in the burette.
 The process of adding the standard solution until the reaction is just complete is called titration.
 The point, where the reaction just complete is called equivalence point or stoichiometric end point.
i) observing a physical change, For Ex: light pink colour of KmnO4 changes.
ii) by using a reagent known as indicator which gives a clear visual change like a colour change,
formation of turbidity etc.

 i) 2Cu+2(aq) + 4I-(aq) → Cu2I2(S)+ I2(aq) It gives a deep blue colour with Starch solution
ii) I2(aq) + 2S2O3-2(aq) → 2I- + S4O6-2(aq)
I2 gives blue colour with starch, which becomes colourless, when all I2 is converted to I by, Hypo.

Redox reaction in Galvinci cells:-

 If Zinc rod is kept in CuSO4 solution, a redox reaction takes place, as following

 In a galvanic cell, Zn rod is dipped in ZnSO4 solution, Cu rod in CuSO4 solution.

 ∴ Both the beakers contain a redox couple i.e Zn+2 /Zn & Cu+2 /Cu
 These 2 solutions are connected by a salt bridge which provides electric contract between two solutions.
 In galvanic cells, reduction & oxidation reaction takes place.
 Reaction at anode:-
Zn(s) → Zn+2 + 2e-[oxidation]
 Reaction at cathode:-
Cu+2 + 2e- → Cu[reduction]
 Overall Reaction

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2. State the law of definite proportions, suggest one problem to understand the law, by working out
that problem.
Ans. → Law of definite proportions (or) Law of constant or fixed proportions :-
It states that “A given chemical substance always contains the same elements combined in a fixed
proportion by weight”

Example: samples of copper carbonate are obtained one from natural sources, and the other prepared in the
laboratory compositions are given as following:-

Elements Composition
Natural Synthetic
Cu 51.35 51.35
O 9.74 9.74
C 38.91 38.91

→ Irrespective of the place, method of person, a chemical compound contains same elements combined in a
fixed ration by weight.

3. Define and explain molar mass.

Ans → The mass of one mole of any substance in grams is called its molar mass.
→ Molar masses are atomic weights, molecular weights, formula weight etc. expressed in grams.
→ Ex:- (1) Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98g

Chemical substance No of chemical units molar mass

1. One mole of H-atoms 6.022 x 1023 H. atoms 1.008 g
2. One mole of H2 molecules 6.022 x 1023 molecules of H2 2.016g
3. One mole of O-atoms 6.022 x 1023 atoms os oxygen 16g
4. One mole of O2 molecules 6.022 x 1023 molecules of oxygen 32g

Ex: H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl

1. 6.022 x 1023 H2 molecules 6.022 x 1023 Cl2 molecules 2 x 6.022 x 1023 HCl molecules
2. One molar mass of H2 one molar mass of Cl2 2 molar mass of HCl
3. 2.016g 71.0g 2(36.508) = 73.016g
4. 1 mole of H2 1 Mole of Cl2 2 moles of HCl

4. How are MnO4- & Cr2O7-2 titrations with other substance carried out to detect the end point?
Ans. In the redox titrations of MnO4- & Cr2O7-2 with other substances in carried by observing a physical
change i.e. colour change.
 In MnO4- reactions, light pink colour indicates the end point of reaction. (MnO4- is self indicator)
 In Cr2O7-2 titrations, diphenyl amine in used as indicator and at the end point it produces intense blue
colour.

5. Write the electrode reactions in Daniel cell.

Ans.
 In Daniel cell, Zn rod is dipped in ZnSO4 solution and Cu rod in CuSO4 solution
 Both of these solutions are separated by a salt bridge
 Electrode reactions in Daniel cell are:

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 Reaction at anode :- Zn(s) → Zn+2 + 2e- [Oxidation]

 Reaction at cathode:- Cu+2 + 2e- → Cu [reduction]
 Overall Reaction

 Overall Reaction

1. For two redox couples A+2 /A /A & B+2/ B, the reduction potential values are -1.28V & +0.34V.
Which is a strong reducing agent? Can both of them displace H2 from dilute hydrochloric acid? Why?
Ans. If standard reduction potential is negative, then it is a stronger reducing agent.
∴ A+2 / A is a strong reducing agent.
 The substance with -Ve electrode potential can act as strong reduction agent and can displace H2 form
hydro chloric acid.
∴ A+2 / A electrode displaces H2 from dilute hydro chloric acid solution.

2. State and explain law of conservation of mass.

Ans. Law of conservation of mass: - “It states that the matter can neither be created nor destroyed
during a chemical change”.
 This law can also be stated as the total mass of the products formed during a chemical change is
exactly equal to the total mass of the reactants.
 For Ex: AgNO3 (aq) + KI(aq) → AgI(s) + KNO3 (aq)
 For Agl is yellow precipitate. It is separated from solution by filtration and weighed.
 Filtrate is completely evaporated & the mass of residue of KNO3 is weighed.
 Total mass of [AgNO3 + KI] is equal to the total mass of [Agl + KNO3]

3. State and explain law of definite Proportions.

Ans. → Law of definite proportions (or) Law of constant or fixed proportions:-
It states that “A given chemical substance always contains the same elements combined in a fixed
proportions by weight”
Example: 2 Samples of copper carbonate are obtained one from natural sources, and the other
prepared in the laboratory. % compositions are given as following:

Elements Composition
Natural Synthetic
Cu 51.35 51.35
O 9.74 9.74
C 38.91 38.91

→ Irrespective of the place, method of person, a chemical compound contains same elements combined in a
fixed ration by weight.

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4. State and explain law of multiple proportions.

Ans. “If two elements chemically combine to give two or more compounds, then the weight of one element which
combines with fixed weight of the other element in those compounds will be a simple multiple ratio to one
another”
 For Ex:- N2 & O2 combine to give Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
 In NO, 14 gm of Nitrogen combines with 16g of oxygen to give nitric oxide (NO).
 In NO2 14 gm of Nitrogen combines with 32 gm of oxygen
 In both the compounds the weights of nitrogen are fixed as 14 gm
 The weight of oxygen that combines with 14 gm of nitrogen are 16gm in NO and 32gm in NO2
 ∴ Wt of oxygen in these compounds are in the ration of 16:32 or 1:2 a simple multiple ratio.

5. There is no need that a given species must always posses equivalent weight always constant? Is it
true? Explain.
 The equivalent weight of some substance depends upon the type of reaction, and medium of the
reaction.
 For example:- KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in acidic, neutral as well as basic solutions also.
 In acid medium:-
KMnO4 + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn+2 + 4H2O
mol.wt of KMnO 4
∴ equivalent weight of KMnO4 =
no.of electrons involved in reaction

mol.wt of KMnO 4 158.04

   31.608
5 5

 In strong basic medium:-

MnO4- + e- → MnO4-2
mol.wt of KMnO 4
∴ equivalent weight of KMnO4 =
no.of electrons involved in reaction

mol.wt of KMnO 4
  158.04
1
 In neutral Medium or mild alkaline medium

KMnO4 + 2H20 + 3e- → K+ + 4OH- + MNO2

158.04
Equivalent weight of KMnO4 =  52.68
3
6. The equivalent weight of sulphuric acid is given as 98. How far it is true when sulphuric acid is a
dibasic acid.
 Equivalent weight of sulphuric acid depends upon basicity of acid
molecular weight
Equivalent weight of H2SO4 =
basicity
Equivalent weight of H2SO4 = 49

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7. How are the end points of titrations detected in the following reactions.
i) Mn𝑂4− oxidises Fe-2 ii) Cr2𝑂4−2 oxidises Fe+2 iii) Cu+2 oxidises I-
− -2
Ans. i) Mn𝑂4 oxidises Fe :
The end point of this reaction is identified by a colour change in this reaction at the end point,
colour of solution turn to pink.
ii) CrxO-27 oxidises Fe+2:
The end point of this reaction is identified by a colour change in this reaction at end point. For this
reaction, at the end point the colour of solution changes to violet.
iii) Cu+2 oxidises I-:
The reaction is given as 2Cu+2 + 41- → Cu2l2 + l2
In this reaction iodine is released which gives deep blue colour with starch solution at the end point.

8. Explain the mole concept.

Ans. The term mole is taken from latin which means heap.
 One mole is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many particles (atoms, ions molecules or
any other entities) as there are atoms in exactly 12g (0.012kg) of the 12C isotope.
12g/mol 12 C
 no. of carbon - 12 atoms in 12g of 12C = 23
= 6.022 x 1023 atom/mole
1.992648 10 g/ C atoms
12

 This number of known as “Avogadro’s constant denoted by NA

 One mole of HCl contains, 6.022 x 1023 HCl molecules.
 One mole of H2 contains, 6.022 x 1023 H2 molecules
 One mole of Hydrogen atoms contains, 6.022 x 1023 atoms

1. Now a days it is thought that oxidation is simply decrease in electron density and reduction is increase
in electron density. How would you justify this?
Ans. Yes it is true:
Explanation:
 In oxidation there will be loss of electrons means number of electrons decreases in an atom.
∴ Electron density decreases.
 In reduction there will be gain of electrons means number of electrons increases in an atom.
∴ Electron density increases.

2. What is a redox concept? Give an example?

Ans.
 The reaction that involves loss of electrons us called oxidation reaction
 The reaction that involves gain of electrons is called Reduction reaction
 ∴ The overall reaction which involves reduction and oxidation simultaneously is called “Oxidation
Reduction reaction” (or) Red-ox reaction

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3. What is the role of Salt bridge in a Daniel cell?

Ans. Salt bridge is a U-shaped glass tube containing an insert electrolyte solution like KCl or KNO3 or
NH4NO3 made in the form of semisolid using agar agar.

The Salt bridge provides an electric contact between the two solutions.

2 2
4. I2(aq) + 2S2 O3 (aq) → 2I-(aq) - S4 O6 (aq)

For the above titrimetric reaction, how is the end point determined?

2 2
Ans. I2(aq) + 2S2 O3 (aq) → 2I-(aq) - S4 O6 (aq)

Iodine gives blue colour with Starch solution but when all I2 gets converted to I by hypo (sodium
thiosulphate) the blue colour disappear at end point.

PROBLEMS.

1. The percentage composition of an organic compound is given below. Its molecular weight is 136.
Calculate its molecular formula.
C = 70.59%, H = 5.88%; O = 23.53%
Sol.: Element Composition Atomic Ratio Simple Ratio
70.59 5.88
C 70.59 = 5.88 =4
12 1.47

5.88 5.88
H 5.88 = 5.88 = 4
1 1.47

23.53 1.47
O 23.53 16
= 1.47 1.47
= 1
Empirical formula = C4H4O
Molecular formula = (E. F)n

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 136

n=𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ⇒ 𝑛 = 68
=2

molecular formula = (C4H4O)2 = C8H8O2

2. Analysis of an organic compound gave the following results.

a) 0.100 gm. of the compound gave 0.2282 g. of CO2 and 0.076 gm. of H2O.
b) 0.200 gm. of the compound at 15°C and 760 mm. pressure gave 21.8 ml. of N2. The molecular
weight of compounds is 107. Calculate its molecular formula.

12 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2
Sol. a) Carbon weight percent = 44 × 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛
× 100

12 0.2282
= 44 × 0.1
× 100
∴ Carbon weight % = 62.24

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2 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
b) Hydrogen weight percent = × × 100
18 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛

2 0.0756
= 18 × 0.1
× 100
∴ Carbon Weight % = 8.4

𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑇𝑃

c) Nitrogen weight percent = 8 ×𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

We have to find nitrogen volume by using given data

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 760×21.8 760×1⁄2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2
⇒ 288
= 273
∴ V2 = 20.66 ml

Volume of N2 = 20.66 ml
20.66
Nitrogen weight percent = 8 ×0.200 = 12.91

Element Composition Atomic Ratio Simple Ratio

62.24 5.186
C 62.24 12
= 5.186 0.92
= 5.64 ≅ 5

8.4 8.4
H 8.4 1
= 8.4 0.92
= 9.13 ≅ 9

12.91 0.92
N 12.91 14
= 0.092 0.92
=1

16.45 1.028
O 16.45 16
= 1.028 0.92
= 1.12 ≅ 1

So, empirical formulae = C5H9NO

Empirical formula weight = 99
99
molecular weight = 99 n= =1
99
So molecular formula = C5H9NO

3. An organic compound on analysis was found to contain 16.27% carbon, 0.67% H2 and 72.2% chlorine.
The vapour density of the compound is equal to 73.75. Calculate the empirical formula and molecular
formula of the compound.
Sol.: Element Composition Atomic Ratio Simple Ratio
16.27 1.35
C 16.27 = 1.35 =2
12 0.67

0.67 0.67
H 0.67 1
= 0.67 0.67
= 4

72.2 2.03
Cl 72.2 16
= 2.03 0.67
= 3
Empirical formula = C2HCl3O
Empirical formula weight = 147.5
(since molecular weight = 2 x vapour density)

molecular formula = C2HCl3O x 1 = C2HCl3O

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4. Combustion of 0.277 gm. of an organic compound gave 0.66 gm. carbon dioxide and 0.337 gm. water
Vapour density of the compound is equal to 37. Calculate its molecular formula.

12 0.66
Sol. Weight percent of carbon = 44 × 0.277 x 100 = 79.36
2 0.337
weight % of hydrogen = 18 × 0.277 x 100 = 13.52
weight % oxygen = 100 – (64.88 + 13.52) = 21.50

Element Composition Atomic Ratio Simple Ratio

64.98 5.41
C 64.98 12
=
5.41 1.34
=
4

13.52 13.52
H 13.52 1
= 13.52 1.34
= 10

21.50 1.34
O 21.50 16
= 1.34 1.34
= 1

Empirical formula = C4H10O

Empirical formula weight = 74
molecular formula = (empirical formula)n
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 2 ×37
n = 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 74
=1 (since Molecular weight = 2 x Vapour density)
So, molecular formula = C4H10O

5. Combustion of 0.6 gm. of an organic compound gave 1.17 gm. carbon dioxide, 0.84 gm. water.
Vapour density of the compound is equal to 224. The compound contains carbon, hydrogen and
nitrogen. Calculate the molecular formula.
12 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2
Sol. Carbon weight percent = 44 × 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 x 100

12 1.17
= 44 × 0.6
x 100=53.18

2 2𝑂 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 2 0.84
Hydrogen weight percent = 18 × 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 x 100 = 18 × 0.6
x 100 = 15.55

Nitrogen weight percent = 100 – (53.18 + 15.55) = 31.27

Element Composition Atomic Ratio Simple Ratio
4.43
C 53.18 2.23
=2

15.55 15.55
H 15.55 1
= 15.55 2.23
=7

31.27 2.23
N 31.27 14
= 2.23 2.23
= 1

empirical formula = C2H7N

empirical formula weight = 45
molecular formula = (empirical formula)n
2 ×𝑉.𝐷 2 ×224
n = 45 = 45 = 10 molecular formula = (C2H7N)10 = C20H70N10

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6. Write down molar masses of

a) One mole of mercury
b) One mole of Sulphur molecules
c) One mole of lead
d) One mole of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) formula units.
Atomic weights : Hg = 200.6; S = 32.6 ; Pb = 207; K = 39; Cr = 52; O = 16 amu.

Sol a) One mole of mercury (Hg)

Given atomic weight of Hg = 200.6
One mole of mercury weight = 200.6 g
b) Given atomic weight of S = 32.6 g
One mole of Sulphur weight = 32.6 x 8 = 260.8 g
c) Given atomic weight of Pb = 207
One mole of lead weight = 207 g
d) Given atomic weight of K = 39; Cr = 52; O = 16
molar mass of K2Cr2O7 = 2 x 39 + 2 x 52 + 7 x 16 = 294 g

7. Calculate the molar masses of Ca(NO3)2, Al2O3, C6H12O6 (atomic weight Ca = 40, N = 14, Al = 27,
H = 1, C = 12, O = 16 amu)
a) Find out the number of moles of sodium bicarbonate present in 5.08 gm. of sodium bicarbonate
(NaHCO3)
b) Calculate the number of moles of helium in 6.46 gm. of helium. (at wt. of helium = 4)
c) Calculate the number of moles of zinc in 23.3 gm. of Zinc.
d) Calculate number of moles of Sulphur in 16.3 gm. of Sulphur.

Sol: Molar mass of

Ca(NO3)2 = 40 + 2 [14 + 3 x 16] = 164g
Al2O3 = 2 x 27 + 3 x 16 = 102g
C6H12O6 = 6 x 12 + 12 x 1 + 6 x 16 = 180g

a) 84 gm of Sodium bicarbonate = 1 mole

5.08 gms of Sodium bicarbonate =?
5.08
Number of moles of Sodium bicarbonate in 5.08 g = = 0.06 moles
84
b) 4 gm of helium = 1 mole
6.46
6.46 gms of helium = 4 = 1.615 moles
c) 65.38 gms of Zinc = 1 mole
23,3
23.3 gms of Zinc = 0.356 moles
65.38
d) 32 gm of sulphur = 1 mole
16.3
16.3 gms of sulphur = 32 = 0.51 moles

8. a) Your friend requested you to weigh 0.5 moles of ammonium sulphate. How many grams do you
weigh? [Hint: Formula of ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4
Atomic weight : N = 14, H = 1, S = 32, O = 16]
b) Calculate the weight of 0.885 moles of Mg (NO3)2 [Atomic weight : Mg = 24, N = 14, O = 16]
c) What is the weight of 0.059 moles of aspirin (C9H8O4) [Atomic weight : O = 16, C = 12, H = 1]

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Sol: a) Formula of Ammonium Sulphate (NH4)2SO4

one mole of (NH4)2 SO4 contained weight = 2[14 + 1 x 4] + 32 + 4 x 16 = 132 g
132
0.5 mole of (NH4)2 SO4 contained weight = = 66g
2
b) One mole of Mg(NO3)2 contained weight = 24 + 2[14 + 3 x 16] = 148 g
148 ×0.885
0.885 mole of Mg(NO3)2 contained weight = 1
= 130.98 g
c) One mole of asprin contained weight = 9 x 12 + 8 x 1 + 4 x 16 = 180 g
0.0590 ×180
0.0590 moles of (C9H804) asprin contained weight = 1
= 10.6 g

9. Calculate the molecular weights of the following compounds.

1. Glucose C6H12O6 2. Calcium fluoride CaF2 3. Magnesium oxide MgO
Atomic weights : C = 12, H = 1, O = 16, Ca = 40, 1, F = 19, Mg = 24.3
Sol: a) Given atomic weight of C = 12, H = 1, O = 16 molecular weight of glucose is
6 x 12 + 12 x 1 + 6 x 16 = 180
b) Given atomic weights Ca - 40.1, F = 19;
Molecular weight of calucium fluoride is 40.1 + 2 x 19 = 78.1
c) Given atomic weights Mg = 24.3; O = 16
molecular weight of magnesium oxide = 24.3 + 16 = 40.3

10. Calculate the molar masses of Ca(NO3)2, Al2O3, C6H12O6.

Atomic weights of Ca = 40; N = 14; Al = 27; H = 1; C = 13; O = 16 amu.
Sol: Given atomic weight Ca = 40; N = 14; Al = 27; H = 1; C = 12 and O = 16 amu
molar mass of Ca(NO3)2 = 40 + 2 x [14 + 3 x 16] = 164 g
molar mass of Al2O3 = 2 x 27 + 3 x 16 = 102 g
molar mass of C6H12O6 = 6 x 12 + 12 x 1 + 6 x 16 = 180 g

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