KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS o Hindi lamang pinaglaban ang

I. KASAYSAYAN KALAYAAN, kundi PAGKATAO o

• Salaysay na may saysay ng isang pangkat ng identity
tao na iniuulat sa kanyang sariling wika c. KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS
• Passed on from what people heard; dialogue of • Epiko, awit, korido
each person • Not 1-to-1 correspondence with reality, but gives
• SHARED CONSENSUS lessons (values) from events
• Individually, we have our own kasaysayan. • PROBLEM: naniniwala tayo sa sinasabi
o Espanyol (promises) ng foreigners
§ Kasaysayan in their POV (friars) c1. HISTORICAL NARRATIVE
o Amerikano - must have in writing history
§ Wrote history of America in PH - Elements
o Jose Rizal • Timeline
§ Started writing kasaysayan in - Fernand Braudes (French)
Filipino’s POV o Social Time
a. BIPARTITE VIEW OF KASAYSAYAN § Pakikipag-ugnayan sa ibang tao
• Dilim ---> Liwanag § Mabagal bec attitude ng tao,
• Kastila said PH had nothing before they came, kaisipan, panlasa
even vices came from them § Pagbabago sa loob ng isang
• Kastila stole our identity lipunan
• Learned wrong by retrieving treasures of o Political time
Filipinos § Madalas nakikita
o Florante at Laura § Mabilis change
§ Francisco Balagtas § Immediate effect to society; if
o Pasyon rebellion, baka diff president
§ Epic o Geographical Time
§ Born everyone singing and § Nagbabago ang heograpiya
praising § Pinakamabagal
§ Tinaksilan and pinatay § Ex: now may Sierra Madre,
§ Resurrection which affects culture, etc.
• Went back to all epics and stories to prove Dilim § Happened millions of years
– Liwanag is wrong (influence buhay ng tao)
• SOLUTION: Return to who we are (epics, § Ex: Central Luzon has diff way
stories) to plant rice than Ifugaos (rice
b. TRIPARTITE VIEW OF KASAYSAYAN terraces)
• Liwanag ---> Dilim ---> Liwanag o Bec of these changes in 3 types, dito
(precolonial) *Friar’s POV pumapasok importance of timeline
*Filipino’s POV - pinalimot ang • Evidences
liwanag na meron o Primary
ang PH § Artifacts (man-made)
• Jose Rizal’s 3 books § Fossils (natural)
o Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas with § Eyewitnesses accounts
Annotations [Liwanag] • Authors may write to
o Noli (Nolo) [Dilim] clear their name
o El Fili [Liwanag] • SOLUTION: compare
§ Fighter (Simon) with other sources
• Simon o Internal Criticism
o Failed bec of vengeance § Sulat
o Should think for kapakanan ng bayan o External Criticism
like Bonifacio § Others against
• Bonifacio (Katipunan) § Epics and legends (values of
o Initiation people)
§ Kalagayan noon [Liwanag] § Ex: rhino remains in Cagayan
§ Ngayon [Dilim] Valley 700,000 BC suggest
§ Kinabukasan [Liwanag] animals were systematically
slaughtered with tools
§ BC = Before Christ
 § BP = Before present/ 1950 (year o Original Filipino race in the Philippines
carbon-dating machine was o Callao Man
invented) § 67,000 BP
o Secondary § Metatarsal found by Armand Mijaros in
• Perspective Callao Cave in Cagayan, with butchered
o ONE only; based on facts animals
o Combination of all OPINIONS § Sure homo erectus but not sure if homo
§ Leah Salonga said mabait si sapiens
Marcos (bec she was supported § Believed to be population where Tabon
since young) Man came from
• People got mad but o Laguna Copperplate Inscription
opinion lang niya § 900 AD
§ Need to BALANCE opinions of § Oldest written document to come from
everyone, through their eyes, so the Philippines
we can write a NARRATIVE § Prehistoric
about what happened • Before 900 AD
o CSI Film [Tony Candlewell] § Protohistoric
c2. THEORIES ON THE PEOPLING OF THE PH • After 900 AD
• Wave Migration Theory (H. Otley Beyer) o Prehistoric (67,000 BP) is too far from
o PH was populated with different waves of Protohistoric (900 AD) to claim that they are
migration, from Negritos, Indonesians, then our ancestors
Malays • Austronesian
o DEBUNKED by F. Landa Jocano o Auster (South in Latin)
§ Negritos/Aetas 1. Wilhelm Schmidt
• Tabon man § Theory of Primitive Monotheism
o oldest person revealed § Used linguistics (similar Austronesian
• Tabon man fossils should be them, language)
but only fossilized bones remain § Missionaries went to diff islands
• Tabon man are women bec bones are 2. Peter Bellwood
stronger; calcium comes from mother, § Used Schmidt’s
but cannot determine skin color § Southern Yangtze River
§ Indonesians ---> Madagascar
• Maragtas by Pedro Monteclaro ---> Eastern Island
o Document/narrative of 10 3. Wilhelm Solheim II
Bornean datus migrating to island § Borneo
of Panay and bartering it for ---> Islands
golden salakot and kwintas, then ---> Madagascar
went to different places o Most recent
o FORGERY § China
§ W. Henry Scott ---> Taiwan
• Dubious bec can’t find ---> Batanes (stayed 1000 years)
texts and sources but ---> Palawan (outrigger canoe)
Monteclaro said based ---> West
on what he read § Proof is language
§ F. Landa Jocano o Rice
• No evidence of salakot § Nasi Goreng (Indonesia)
and kwintas § Nasing Puti (Pampanga)
§ Malays § Religion is also the same
• Perak man c3. PANANAMPALATAYA AT RELIHIYON
o 11,000 BP • Pananampalataya
o Oldest known Malays o Anumang pananalig na may kalikasang
• Tabon man nasa loob ng isang tao
o 45,000-42,000 BP • Relihiyon
o Oldest known Filipinos o Pananampalatayang naitatag sa isang
• Perak man can’t be ancestors of institusyon
Tabon man • 2 larangang pangunahing pag-aaral sa
• Core Population Theory (F. Landa Jocano) pananampalatayang Pilipino
 o Larangang Pangkasaysayan
§ Ileto at Rafael
• Relihiyon ng Kastila
o ginamit para sa kolonisasyon ng
Pilipinas
o ginamit ng Pilipino laban sa Kastila
§ Schumacher
• Relihiyon sa Pilipinas
o Resulta ng pagkakamali at
kaguluhang politikal na naka-ugat
sa kontrobersyang politikal ng
Espanya
§ 3 books
• Pasyon and Revolution
o Salita ni Kristo ang rason at
ginamit to reach out to others and
revolusyon
• Contracting Colonialism
o Wika ginamit against Kastila
o Pasyon and Revolution and
Contracting Colonialism looks at
indigenous and reaction to
Christianity (Ileto at Rafael)
• Syncretism in Philippine Catholicism:
Its Historical Causes
o Napabayaan ng Kastila ang
pagturo ng relihiyon kaya naging
synchretic
o Pagkakamali (Schumacher)
o Larangang Sikolohikal
§ Phenomena and Their Interpretation
(Jaime Bulatao)
• Split-level Christianity
o Synchretism
o Ex: bring home communion, let
chicken eat to win in sabong
• Anituism
o Zeus A. Salazar
o Religion of Filipinos before Kastila
o Diff from Paganism (Kastila called some this
for living in outskirts, not center)
o Manipulasyon sa mga espiritung tinatayang
umiiral sa buong kapaligiran
o Concept of Anito
• Pananampalataya ng sinaunang
Pilipino
• Binibigyan ng “offerings” at
gumagawa ng “rituals” upang
mabigyan ng “blessings”
o Pumpwolff
§ Student of Wilhelm Schmidt
§ Anitu
• Protoaustronesian term
• Souls of people who went ahead
§ Anito
• Tagalog/Indones
• Ghosts from Gőtze
§ Vatu/Nitu
• Melanesyano, Fijiano
• Stein (stone)
§ Studied dialects of Bikol, Bisaya,
Tagalog, etc., and found out different
terms that are potential anito
• Bikol – diwata, divata
• Bisaya – anito, diwata, umalagad
• Tagalog – anito
o Ang Kwento ng Pajo
§ Ginamit ang alamat ng Pajo tree upang
maipakita sa mga tao ang
kasinungalingan nito at ang katotohanan
ng Diyos
§ Luis de Jesus (Rekolekto, 1681)
• Nagalit kasi anito raw sa puno
• Sabi niya ay demonyo, hindi anito
• Exorcised tree with Christ on the
cross, went up and got mango, ate it
then went down
• Cut the tree
• People followed him believing he is
more powerful than anito
o Luis thought he converted people
to Christianity, but did not really
remove belief of anituism
o Manipulasyon
§ Naka-ugat sa teoryang nilikha ng tao ang
kanyang sinasamba
o Pakikipagkapwa
§ Value of anituism
§ Naka-ugat sa paniniwalang ang “iba” ay
hindi iba sa sarili kundi magkatulad
lamang; may tungkulin ang bawat isa na
panatilihin ang kaginhawaan ng bawat
isa
§ Ex: we call strangers “ate” or “ale”
§ How we relate to anito
§ Mutual responsibility between anito and
tao
• Alagaan ang isa’t isa, or else, walang
pakikipagkapwa
§ Some anitos di na napapansin kasi di
nakakapagbigay ng kaginhawaan
• Need bigyan kaginhawaan para
bigyan sila
o Sandugo/Sanduguan
§ Institutionalized pakikipagkapwa
§ Official na ugnayan between 2 people, 2
anito, etc.
§ Pakikipagkapwa tungo sa kaginhawaan
§ Responsibility ng Espanyol sa Pilipino
• Not just economically well, dapat state
na no need to ask for more
• WELL-BEING
§ Legaspi nakipagsandugo sa atin
• Gov. gen. ng PH 1565
c4. ESKRIMA/KALI (film) • Continuity and Change
• Art of the bum c5. REDUCCION
• Eskrima (fighting stick) ---> Kali (came from • “reduce” or “to gather”/”to defeat”
KERIS which means patalim) • Method used to spread Christianity
o KRIS (present term of Keris) o Previous method was one tribe to another,
§ Any asymmetrical dagger with but when gone back to the first tribe,
blade-like pattering Christianity was already forgotten
• Variants of Kali o SOLUTION: gather people to one place
o Gising • Pueblo
o Kalahating tulog o Referred to people before but evolved to
o Tulog town
• Blade of Kali o Reduccion was the term before
o Symbolizes snake (underworld) o Can also be Poblacion
• Handle of Kali § Ex: Manila Cathedral
o Symbolizes “sarimanok” (messenger) • Bajo La Campana
• Panday o If rinig bell, gather around
o Creates weapons • Mga institusyong ipinakilala ng mga Espanyol
o Ginamit ng Kastila to make santo, o Encomienda
simbahan, etc. § Lupang bigay sayo if you help sakop
• Bayani the place
o Eskrima masters who went underground § Encomendero
or hid during Spanish colonization • Provide Evangelization and
§ If reject offer of Christianity, you Proteccion (if may pirates,
can be killed bec tingin sa kanila organize people to fight pirates) to
is sugo ng demonyo Indigenas
§ Kung pumigil sa pagspread ng • Tributo en Trabaho forzado
Christianity, devil o Tributo in the form of forced
§ Tago bec rejected not the labor as payment for
Kastila but the offer evangelism and protection,
§ Tago also bec sanay sa but not really equal
malayang buhay o Tributo
o “ang bida ng dating lipunan ay naging § Inutos ni Carlos V noong 1522 ang
kontrabida ng bagong lipunan” pagkolekta ng buwis
o Warriors during precolonial time § Halagang ginagamit sa pagpapatakbo
o Belong in Maharlika ng pamahalaan
• Babaylan o Polo y Servicio
o Matatalinong babae/priestesses § Construction of infrastructure
(masters of epikos, constellations, and • Ex: Intramuros made under forced
weapons) labor
o Siniraan ng Kastila at tinawag na bruha § Lalaki na may edad 16-60 kailangang
o Ginawan ng Kastila ng kumbento upang magtrabaho para sa pagsasaayos ng
magbago ng ugali kolonya sa loob ng 60 araw sa isang
• Sistema ng Lipunan taon
o Maguinoo § Kababaihang 16-60 ay magtrabaho sa
o Maharlika/timawa simbahan sa loob ng 60 araw sa isang
o Alipin taon
• Classification of Alipin o Bandala
o Namamahay § For Kastila to sustain their stay in the
§ Household servant Philippines
§ Walang bahay § Lahat ng ani ng mga Indio ay ibebenta
§ Can’t be sold by maharlika sa pamahalaang Espanyol
o Saguiguilid • Binibili sa murang halaga
§ Slave worker • Utang na di binabayaran
§ Lives with maharlika o Monopolyo
§ Can be sold by marhalika § “absolute control” ng pamahalaan sa
o Bulislis produksyon at pagbebenta ng mga
§ Alipin ng alipin partikular na produkto o pagkakakitaan
 • Tabako, sabong, sugal § Ended in 1815
• Focused on production of tobacco § Mexican revolution right after led by
kaya di nagproduce rice Hidalgo (secular priest)
• Bumaba produksyon • Reason why Spain natakot sa secular
§ Galit ang Espanyol sa Chinese bec priest
hindi macontrol ang opium o Encomienda to Hacienda
• British monopolyo ng opium sa § Hacienda divided into Inquilinatos
Hong Kong (managed by Inquilinos)
o Kalakalang Galyon • Inquilino turned into middle class kasi
§ Dala ng tobacco yumaman (Jose Rizal’s father) =
§ Kalakalang Maynila-Acapulco BIGGEST CHANGE
§ Hindi lahat kasali § Inquilinatos divided among “kasamas”
§ Polave (bungkal and tanim sa lupa)
• Tree only grown if may marble § Religious orders as owners pa rin because
• Used for Galleon ships para encomienda is given to who helps sakop
matibay the place, but once dead, given to friars
d. 3 REAKSYON NG PILIPINAS SA PAG-IISIP NG o End of Tobacco monopoly and other
KASTILA monopolies
• Pagtanggap § Privatization instead
• Pagtanggi o Steam ship was invented to chase Muslims bec
o Pagtanggal no wind before
o Remontado § Tobacco plantation in Norte ran by
§ Pumunta sa bundok at bumalik Muslims
o Indigenous people • Political Development
§ Ifugao, Kalinga – North o Liberals vs. conservatives (pro-monarchy) in
§ Igorot – generic na pagpunta sa bundok Spain (constant political battle)
dahil ayaw sa Reduccion § Leader always changes, that’s why Kastila
§ Stayed as they were until from PH may be poor when gone to Spain
Americans/present • In effect, nangungurakot sa mga
• Pag-aalsa Pilipino
o Rebellion ≠ Revolution o Changes in rulers bring new Spanish
Mga pag-aalsang Pilipino bago ang Pambansang employees
Himagsikan ng 1896; Uri ng Pag-aalsa o Filipinos deprived of positions given to
• Pag-aalsang politikal Spaniards who don’t know anything
• Pag-aalsang relihiyoso o Graft and corruption
o Babaylan tinawag na bruha § Countryside = poverty
• Pag-aalsang agraryo • People alis pueblo
o Prayle owned lupa and singil • Go to mountains
*see table for list of pag-aalsa • Raid goods in pueblo
th
e. 19 CENTURY • Tulisang Aso
• Starts at 1780, not 1800 o Patay after salakay
• 1776 (Cause) • Tulisang Bulbol
o Revolution in America o Steal only
o Britain and Spain were threatened o “Tulisanes” multiplied in provinces prompting
• 1780 (Effect) formation of “guardia civil” which committed
o Issuance of cedula (royal decree galing sa hari) more abuses
o Centralization of government § Guardia civil
§ Religious orders dapat malapit sa • Tambay/walang trabaho kaya
gobernador heneral para mas ugnay sa binigyan posisyon
local government instead of maestro from o More corruption
in Rome • Symbol of Spanish oppression
o British also ayaw mapasukan ng Kastila kaya • Filipinos, not Spaniards
strengthened army/navy • Cultural Developments
e1. DEVELOPMENTS o Educational reforms of 1860s
• Economic Development § Indios allowed to enter school
o Manila Acapulco Galleon Trade (with Mexico) o Steps:
§ Hawak ng prayle § Maestro
 • No fixed number of years o Architecture
§ Colegio § Bahay kubo ---> Bahay-na-bato
• 4 years leading to “Bachiller en Artes” • Bahay-na-bato
• High school o symbol of wealth
• Ateneo Municipal o many Chinese own a house
§ Universidad like this, married to Filipina
• 4 years or more o prevents air circulation unlike
• Bachiller (4 yrs) Bahay Kubo
• Licenciado (2 yrs) § 24 lighthouses created to guide ships
• Doctorado (2 yrs) o Propaganda movement
§ Many illustrados were Chinese mestizo
• Religious Developments
§ Death of GOMBURZA led to many
o Development of anti-clerical sentiments (formed
Illustrados questioning Spanish rule
bec higher grades than Kastila but still called Tu
rd rd § Participated by exiles and students of
(informal 3 person) instead of Usted (3
European universities (UST)
person with respect))
§ Wanted reforms only, not independence
§ Secularization
o 1896 Revolution
• Paring Pilipino ready for position
§ Supposedly peaceful reforms only
• If parokya is self-supporting, dapat
§ 1892 La Liga Filipina that led to exile of
bigay ng prayle to secular priests, but
Rizal in Dapitan
doesn’t happen
§ Execution of Rizal in 1896
• Jesuits left/Recollects went to
§ Bec of these, revolution started
Mindanao § 2 groups
• Absence = secularization
• Eskrimador
§ De-secularization
• Bahay-na-bato (Illustrados)
• Bumalik Jesuits
e2. 3 SALAYSAY
• Naging assistants ang secular priests
• Ibang kaisipan sa Sala, Kasalanan, Krimen,
again
Kriminalidad
§ Re-secularization
• Kriminalidad at Pananampalatayang Kristiyano
• Pedro Pelaez headed re-
o Salaysay na Panlipunan
secularization movement
§ Tao ay centered sa pakikipag-kapwa sa
• Secular priest ---> parish priest anito, pinuno, bayan
[FILM] § PAKIKIPAGKAPWA
• 1558 = religious orders came o Salaysay na Eklesiyastiko
• 2 important people for Spanish colonization § Superstitions lamang belief ng taong
o Miguel Lopez de Legaspi Pilipino
§ 1559 = Panay (second Spanish § MGA MAKASALANAN ang Pilipino
settlement) o Salaysay na Sibil
o Andres de Urdaneta § Tao dapat maglingkod sa monarkiya
§ 1568 = death § MGA KRIMINAL ang Pilipino
o Both came back after Magellan was o Both institutions (Eklesiyastiko and Sibil)
defeated want to impose Bagong Nakaraan/Krimen at
o Both from Mexico Kasalanan bilang Konsepto
o Legaspi died then Urdaneta went back to o Panlipunan tumanggi ---> Pagbalikwas ng
Mexico Bayan
• Reduccion § “Kasalanan” at “Krimen” bilang
• Positive aspect of colonialization panlaban sa kawalang pakikipag-kapwa
o Influences that make up a Filipino ng mga kolonisador
§ European influence • Salaysay na Panlipunan (from Filipino)
§ Mexican influence o Tao/mamamayan
§ Native influence § Pakikipagkapwa
§ Chinese influence • Anito
o Manila Acapulco Trade • Pinuno
§ Chinese goods were actually traded, o Manifests kagalingan ng anito
not Filipino goods • Bayan
§ Chinese became rich o If pinuno may pakikipag-
§ Rise of Chinese mestizo kapwa with anito, may
 pakikipagkapwa with bayan
also
§ Kaayusan Panlipunan/ Kaginhawahang
Panlahat
• “sala” if di naganap
• Salaysay na Eklesiyastiko (from Prayle)
o Tao/Infilies
§ Walang paniniwala
§ Makasalanan if pananampala-taya is
diff from Katoliko
§ Humartolos/Hamartiya
• Sumala
o Bagong nakaraan
§ Ang bayang nasa dilim, hawak ng
demonyo, dapat linisin, “sala” sa lahat
o Bagong kasalukuyan
§ Bayang nilinis sa “Kasalanan”/ Bayan
ng Diyos
• Salaysay na Sibil
o Tao/Infilies
§ Kriminal kapag:
• Di tumira sa reduccion
• Di nagbayad tributo
• Walang polo y servicios
• Di naglingkod sa monarkiya
o Bagong nakaraan
§ Bayang walang batas, pamahalaan,
kalinangan, kaayusan
o Bagong kasalukuyan
§ Bayang kinupkop ng hari at/o reyna
§ “Krimen” ang hindi pagsunod sa kanila
 Year Pag-aalsa Namuno Sanhi Kinahinatnan
Mga Pag-aalsa ng ika-16 na Dantaon (Political)
1544-1545 Pag-aalsa nina Lakandula at • Legaspi (Northern side of • Natigil ang pag-aalsa dahil
Lakandula at Soliman Sulayman Pasig River) nakipag- sa paghimok (persuasion)
(Sulayman) • Pinuno ng kasundo kay Lakandula ng Kastila about pagbigay
Maynila (Malate area) pero di ng pribilehiyo
natupad
• Pagpataw ng tributo
• Pagbigo ng Espanyol sa
pangakong karapatan
bilang mamamayan
1587-1588 “Sapakatan Magat Salamat • Paalisin ang mga • Not successful
(conspiracy) sa • Anak ni Espanyol sa Maynila • Martin Pangan
Tondo” sa pamumuno Lakandula (gobernadorcillo)
ni Magat Salamat Agustin de Legaspi nagtraydor and
• Pamangkin ni sinumbong sa Kastila
Lakandula • Death of Salamat and
• Pinsan ni Legaspi
Salamat o Legaspi
• Sent navy to § Binitay
drive Kastila § Tinali sa kabayo
away around Intramuros
§ Hinati body sa 4
corners of
Intramuros
• Kastila gave privileges to
datus (ginoo) para di na
mag-alsa
o Can opt not to pay tax
o Collect tax
Mga Pag-aalsa ng ika-17 na Dantaon (Religious)
1621-1622 Tamblot sa Bohol; Tamblot • Panunumbalik ng • Nasupil ng pwersa ng
Bankaw sa Leyte • Babaylan katutubong relihiyon Kastila
Bankaw • Girls required to go to
• Babaylan kumbento
• Lalaki • Babaylan shifted from girl
to boy
• Giginhawa ang buhay
kung bumalik sa dating
relihiyon
1629-1631 Pag-aalsa ni Magalat Magalat • Pagpataw ng buwis o • Pinatay ng sariling
(1596) sa Tuguegarao, Tributo sundalo bec promised
Cagayan (Magalat • Polo y servicios reward from Gob. Hen.
Revolt) Francisco Tello
1643 Pedro Ladia sa Pedro Ladia • Hinimok ni Ladia ang mga • Kaagad napigilan matapos
Bulacan • Taga-Malolos taga-Malolos na mag-alsa madakip at patayin si
laban sa pamahalaan ng Ladia
Kastila
1649-1650 Pag-aalsa ni Juan Ponce Sumuroy • Ayaw ipadala Visayan • Pinatay
Sumuroy, anak ng and Pedro Caamug laborers (taga-Samar) to
isang Babaylan at ni Cavite for shipbuilding
Pedro Caamug, isang
Datu, Samar, Leyte,
Bicol...
1660 Pag-aalsa nina Francisco Maniago • Forced buying of • Hindi tinuloy dahil
Francisco Maniago Andres Malong pamahalaan sa produkto gantimpala sa pagsuko
ng Pampanga at ni ng katutubo, lalo na rice • Macapagal ang
Andres Malong • Forced labor nagsumbong saan
nagtago si Maniago
1663 Pag-aalsa ni Tapar, Tapar • Ibalik ang katutubong • Dinakip at pinakain sa
isang kabibinyag na • Panay relihiyon buwaya si Tapar
Babaylan mula sa
Oton, Iloilo
1680 • Pinasabog yung place of
ritual ng mga Babaylan
• Sinunog mga Babaylan na
unang nahuli
Mga Pag-aalsa ng ika-18 na Dantaon (Religious)
1718 Pag-aalsa ni Francisco Rivera • Gobernadorcillo
Francisco Rivera sa • Alyas “Papa Rey” Bustamante gusto ibalik
Cagayan (Pope and King) economic system
(Magtangaga Revolt) • Trade with Thailand but
ayaw ng friars bec they
are conservative
(Thailand = Buddhist)
• Ayaw ikalat Kristiyanismo
1719 Pag-aalsa ni Juan Juan Caragay • Stop alkalde mayor using • Killed alkalde but slain by
Caragay sa Dagupan force to collect tribute and Juan Ramos
draft labor
1744-1829 Pag-aalsa ni Francisco Dagohoy • Brother is former • Nasupil ang pag-aalsa
Francisco Dagohoy Babaylan but ayaw ibless
sa Bohol (Longest and give Kristiyanong
rebellion) libing nung namatay sa
duel
1745 Pag-aalsa ng mga Jose de la Vega • Usurpation of Filipino • Failed
(Agraryo) Maginoo ng Silang, Francisco Santos de lands
Cavite (umabot Medina
hanggang Bulacan at
Batangas)
1762 Diego Silang sa Diego Silang • Pagpataw ng tributo • Pinatay ang mga Silang
Ilocos at Juan dela Gabriela Silang • Binitay at hinati-hati
Cruz Palaris sa Juan dela Cruz katawan ni Palaris
Pangasinan Palaris
1785 Pag-aalsa ni Labutao, Labutao • Imposition against • Killed
isang kalinga, at ni Baladdon monopolyo ng tobako
Baladdon, isang
Babaylan sa Cagayan
1787 Pag-aalsa ni Andres Andres Magtanong • Monopolyo ng tobako • Hanged
Magtanong at Francisco Malibiran • Bodies quartered
Francisco Malibiran • Heads put on stake
dahil sa monopolyo
ng tobako
Mga Pag-aalsa ng ika-19 na Dantaon (Agraryo)
1807 Pag-aalsa ni Padre Padre Mateo • Government monopoly of • Failed
Mateo Basi manufacturing
1822 Pag-aalsa nina Luis Luis de los Santos
de los Santos Juan Sinestre
(Panang) at Juan
Sinestre (Juan Upay)
sa Cavite
• Continuation of
1745 pag-aalsa
1832-1841 Pagbubuo at pag- Apolinario de la Cruz • Gusto maging prayle pero • Binaril at pinagputul-putol
aalsa ng Cofradia sa ayaw dahil Indio siya ang kamay
pamumuno ni
Apolinario de la Cruz
sa Tayabas
 1860 Pag-aalsa ni Casimiro Casimiro Camerino • Against land grabbing of
Camerino sa Cavite friars
1870-1871 Pagbuhay ni Januario Januario Labios • Nagpalit gobernador
Labios sa Cofradia ni heneral from dela Torre
Apolinario de la Cruz (liberal) to a conservative
one
o Tanggal benefits
1872 Pag-aalsa sa Cavite
Puerto (last rebellion
before Cavite Mutiny)

• Cavite Mutiny
o Brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite arsenal
o GOMBURZA was executed in connection to this
§ Led to shared consciousness na even if matalino (Burgos = 8 degrees) or same level with Kastila, executed
pa rin
• From 1574-1872, hindi nabigay ng Espanyol ang ginhawa despite sandugo
• All failed pag-aalsa = failed pakikipagkapwa
American Colonization
1896
• Himagsikan
• Pamahalaang Sibil corrupted both Filipinos and
Spaniards
1897
• Tejeros Convention
o April
o Cavite
o People were angry that Bonifacio won
as DILG kasi di naman siya abogado
o BUT Bonifacio was in fact the one who
goes to BIG wars. Cavite yung duwag.
o Aguinaldo’s government system is good
reputation to foreigners (external/no
pakikipagkapwa) kasi Americans di
recognize ang pre-occupation ni
Aguinaldo
§ Trying to prove na existing siya
• Local governments
o Same style of government system na
nakuha from Kastila (corrupt)
1898
• Kastila limited to Intramuros because central
government was here
• Filipinos nanalo na sa provinces
• Aguinaldo declared surrender then went with
Goyo to Hong Kong
• Germany, French, British (and sometimes Dutch
nasa Indonesia)
o Eyed for Philippines bec weakest colony
th
in 19 century was Spain
§ Wala na Mexico, so PH na
o Sends reports of what’s happening sa
PH to their own country
• U.S.
o Malaking part ng investments is in Cuba
§ Ex: sugar, cigar
o Cuban Revolution
§ Can’t produce products for U.S.
§ Colony of Spain na nagrebel
o U.S.S. Maine
§ Sumabog sa port ng Cuba
§ U.S. blamed Cuba for it pero di
naman talaga nila fault
§ Reason why U.S. was at war
with Spain
o Inuna outposts (Cuba, PH)
o Battle of Manila Bay
§ Pacific fleet
• May 1, 1898
• Declaration of Philippine Independence (from
Spaniards)
o June 12, 1898
o Why Kawit, Cavite?
§ Kasi surrounded ang Intramuros
§ Ayaw ng Kastila pumasok si
Aguinaldo sa Intramuros
§ Dapat U.S. papasok sa
Intramuros para equal race ang
makatalo sa Kastila
§ Spain = talo na nga sa Cuba
from Latin Americans, dapat
equal race makatalo
§ Filipinos were viewed as inferior
race kaya di worthy
• Mock Battle of Manila
o August 13, 1898
o Kunwari laban U.S. and Spain pero no
bala tumama
o Para dating is Spain didn’t give up PH
without a fight
o U.S. and Spain secretly joint plan of
transferring control of Manila (city
center) while keeping Philippine
Revolutionary Army led by Aguinaldo
out of the city center
• Treaty of Paris
o December 10, 1898
o Spain relinquishing nearly all remaining
Spanish Empire, esp Cuba, and ceding
Puerto Rico, Guam and PH to U.S.
• 1776
o American revolution from British
§ Uncle Sam
• U.S. personification
§ John Bull
• Britain personification
• Bipartite View
o Kastila
§ Kristanisasyon (rehash) as way
to civilize PH
o U.S.
§ No civilization to civilization
§ White Man’s Burden
• U.S. and British believe
they (white) have the
responsibility na idala
ang black to civilization
• Americans established themselves as rulers of
PH starting 1898
• PH-American war
o Ended 1902
§ America’s POV
o Ended 1913
§ Filipino’s POV
§ Battle of Bud Bagsak in
Mindanao by Moros (last battle)
• The establishment of an independent
Philippines, however, became a long struggle
from both the elite and non-elite Filipinos
o Political elite
 § Filipinos sent politicians to U.S.
in order to diplomatically work
for the independence of the
Philippines
o Non-elite
§ Struggle ranged from diff social
movements to continuous
resistance on the diff levels of
society
• U.S. president William McKinley
o Issued benevolent assimilation
§ Dec 21, 1898
§ “future control, disposition, and
government of PH ceded to
U.S.”
§ Did not declare PH’s
independence
§ Applied U.S. government to PH
(White House)
1899
• Start of Philippine-American War
o February
o Fiilipino was shot by an American
beside Pasig River
• 1899-1902
o Countryside yung wars
• Hamletting
o Method used by Americans
o Transform pueblo into military camp
o Entrance/exit hinarangan, need may
pass
o Pag lumabas ng pueblo, di na
makakabalik
o Inalis mga Pilipino far from fields,
sinunog ng Americans para di na
matulungan mga Pilipino sa labas
• Gen. Miguel Malvar
o Last Filipino General to surrender to
Americans
o Surrendered para stop na war within
pueblo
• Others continued war
o Amigo warfare
§ Morning nasa pueblo, friends
with Americans
• Alam ng soldiers ano
mga supplies
§ Evening meeting for guerrilla
warfare (di pa alam ng
Americans at that time)
• Ambush platoons
• Papaputok twice then
retreat para mag-aaim
palang Americans, wala
na Filipinos
§ Justification: need to colonize
kasi acting like children (di
marunong warfare)
o UP
§ Handled by Americans
(pumasok Thomasites
establishing public schools)
§ Built 1908
§ State university (but Chartered
university before)
• Guerrilla/Conventional Warfare
o Declared on Nov 15, 1899
American troops Filipino troops
o Antonio Luna
§ Best known for this
§ Siya nagsabi na guerrilla
warfare dapat, but no one
listened
1901
• “Sedition Law” of 1901 outlawed any Philippine
advocacy of independence
1907
• “Flag Law” of 1907 prohibited the display of the
Philippine flag
• Macario Sakay
o Execution, people may PH flag outside
para balutan bangkay, but pinagbawalan
flag
• These became occasions for the rise of creative
ways of resistance expressed through literature
and popular culture
o Kahapon, ngayon at bukas
§ Title of a play
§ Actors wore red, blue, yellow,
white, dikit-dikit to show flag,
then disperse when Americans
enter
1913
• End of war
1918
• November 1918, the Philippine Legislature
created the Commission of Independence, “for
the purpose of studying all matters related to the
negotiation and organization of the
independence of the Philippines
o PH assembly
§ Looking out for interest ng PH
o Thoughts of Filipinos fully controlled na
by Americans, kaya Americans thought
pwede nang pakawalan
• Composed of 11 senators headed by Manuel L.
Quezon and Sergio Osmena, they presented
independence as the national ideal of the
Filipino people
 • Lobbyists o Bugaboo was the derisive term used
o Influence congressman when this potential threat was dismissed
o Ex: want CCTV, ask congressman to in discussion
create batas to build CCTV o But Quezon still saw this as a potential
o Partylist marami from lobbyists threat
1919 • Commonwealth Act No. 1
• The first Parliamentary Mission was sent to the o Quezon created PH army
U.S. in 1919. This resulted to Woodrow Wilson’s o Anahaw leaf helmet
recommendation to Congress in favor of Japanese Colonization (1941-1945)
Philippine Independence [FILM]
o Parliamentary Mission 1942
§ Lobbyists lobby laws in favor of • Japanese entered after bombing of open city
PH independence and attack on Pearl Harbor (in Hawaii) through
o The only Parliamentary Mission bicycles and yelled banzai (PH didn’t know it
successful was a battle cry)
1922 o Jan 2, 1942
nd
• April 1922, 2 mission led again by Quezon and 3 PHASES OF WWII
Osmena went to Washington. The succeeding 1. Philippine Defense Campaign
missions of 1923, 1924 and 1925 were o Dec 7-8, 1941 – May 6, 1942
unsuccessful in gaining legislation for Philippine o Attack on Pearl Harbor
Independence § Dec 7-8, 1941
1933 o Gen. Douglas MacArthur left
• Osmena-Roxas (OsRox) Commission from § March 11, 1942
1931-1933 o Bataan Death March
o succeeded in securing the passage of § April 9, 1942
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act which became o South West Pacific Area (SWPA)
a law in Jan 17, 1933 § Name given to Allied supreme
o Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act military command
§ Independent PH after 10 years § Last command disappeared
• Quezon when Corregidor fell on May 6
o Ayaw magpatalo sa pogi points kaya left 2. Japanese Colonization
for U.S. for the purpose of securing a 3. Philippine Liberation Campaign
“better” law, Tydings-McDuffie Act (10 o Meat of Filipino contribution
years transition period also) o Youngsters inculcated with patriotism
o Vetoed Hare-Hawes-Cutting na same and nationalism
lang naman with Tydings-Mcduffie o Hunters ROTC
• American gave independence to PH because of § Jan 15, 1942
Great Depression 1925-1933 § 70-80 young boys
o Cannot sustain PH anymore § Residents of San Juan
o Politically, independent during 1933, but § Raided center
people believe in 1898 § Miguel Ver
1935 • Military commander
• Inauguration of the PH Commonweatlh § Gustavo Ingles
o Nov 15, 1935 • Intelligence officer
o Administrative body that governed PH til • Knows Bisaya and
1946 Tagalog
o Aguinaldo vs Quezon • How to avoid Japanese
§ J. Edgar Hoover to get to center
• Has list of mistresses of • Nakapasok then kinuha
Quezon firearms
• Japanese Bugaboo • Underestimated bec
o There were already formal arguments of very young
the Japanese menace before passing • National Bilibid Prison
the Tydings-McDuffie Act since (broke in then freed
pumapasok na Hapon sa PH prisoners; successful on
nd
2 time)
o Philippine Guerrilla Movement
 § No shoes and gun § Pinalitan with military
o July 4, 1942 • Japan had no idea that PH is independent
§ Miguel Ver died during 1898
§ Revenge became idealism • Japan attacked Hawaii so no airplane can
o Aug 30, 1942 supply aid to PH
§ Pugad Lawin Ambush o Hawaii connected U.S. to PH
• 200 Japanese o Without Hawaii, no U.S. plane has direct
• 19 Filipinos flight to PH
• Walang binuhay na o
Japanese Japan
o Hunters grew to 25000 armed men US
o Anti-Guerrilla Operations by Japanese attack
kasi strong yung Hunters
§ Sona
• Arrest men, bring to Hawaii
church, keep them there
§ Use of threat and torture Supply aid through plane
• High ranking officers PH
• Ingles as leader was
tortured to spill info pero
di naggive in • Japanese bombed
o Laurel o Isla ng Wake
§ Caused hate sa hunters kasi di § Bombed kasabay ng Pearl
pro-Japanese Harbor
o Christmas Truce o Nichols Air base (Villamor)
§ Hunters (17-18 yrs old) asked o Sangley Point, Cavite
Sakai who agreed o Clark Field, Pampanga
• Hunters felt they knew o Davao
better o Baguio
• Pride of youth o Aparri
§ Marking’s Guerrillas (20-30 yrs • Intelligence reports to Japanese came from:
old) o Davao-kuo
• Killed Sakai § Japanese community in Davao
o Battle of Leyte Guld full of spies providing
§ MacArthur arrived on Leyte and intelligence report tungkol sa
removed Japanese there Pilipinas
§ Oct 20, 1944 o Karayuki-san
o Nasugbu Landing § Japanese prostitutes
§ American troops landed in somewhere in Sampaloc, near
Nasugbu and liberated Intramuros
Batangas § American army goes to
o Shimbu Line Sampaloc
§ 50,000 Japanese soldiers § Karayuki-san gets info from
§ Failed bec Filipino troops at American soldier by pabebe
front and back of line Dec 22, 1941
o Sept 2, 1945 • Malakihang pagdating ng Japanese sa
§ Japan surrenders USS Missouri Lingayen, Mauban, Atimonan at Siain
[PPT] Dec 24, 1941
• Thailand • Quezon, his family and kasapi ng gabinete ay
o Only place not colonized inilikas sa Corregidor
o If pumasok foreigners, deal lang • Mahalaga ang paglikas na ito bec hindi
• Bridge in River Kwai nagtagumpay si Masaharu Homma na palibutan
o Pinag-aagawan ng Axis and Allied ang USAFFE sa Manila
• Meiji Restoration o United States Armed Forces of the Far
o Reconstruct Japan into Westernized, East
modern military power
o Last samurai
 o •
Bataan Business
Manila • Public Works and
Destroy before
enter
Corregidor 1942
o War Plan Orange
§ All army will be placed in
Corregidor and peninsula of
Bataan
• Unlike other countries in Southeast Asia, hindi
nakuha ng Japan ang PH sa kabila ng 50 days
na itinakda para sa pananakop. Ikinagalit ng
Hapones
o Japanese expected PH will welcome
them like others
o Indonesia welcomed Japan bec arrival =
fulfillment of Indonesian prophecy that
yellow people will save them from Dutch
(by Joyo Boya)
• Gen. Homma
o “Dumating kami upang palayain kayo sa
mapang-aping dominasyon ng Amerika
at hayaan kayong makapagtatag ng
isang “Pilipinas para sa mga Pilipino”
bilang kasapi ng Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere at upang magkamit
kayo ng satiling pag-unlad at kultura”
(Jan 3, 1942)
§ Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere
• All will go to Japan’s
Legislative Assembly
• Feb and March, 1942
o Wala pang nangyayari
• April, 1942
o Death March
• May 1942
o Di pa rin sumuko si Gen. Wainwright
o Pres. Roosevelt promised convoy and
supplies but tapusin muna battle with
Europe before SE Asia
o Yamashita
§ Tiger of Malaya
§ Replaced Homma
§ Convicted and punished in PH
• Binago ang Kaayusang Pampamahalaan
o Named Central Administrative
Organization
§ Composed of the ff 15epts..:
• Interior
• Pananalapi (Bank)
• Justice
Agriculture and
• Education
• Health
Communication
• Pagbabagong Pang-edukasyon
o Public schools opened in March 31,
o Opened schools with vocational studies
that teaches agriculture, medicine,
fishing and engineering
• Kempei-Tai
o Japanese police
Oct 14, 1943
• Jose P. Laurel declared as President of PH
under Japan
o Tried ipasok nationalism into Filipinos
despite colonization
o Made Tagalog into pambansa at opisyal
na wika
o Hindi pumayag nag awing “conscripts”
ng hukbong Hapones ang mga Pilipino
o Asked by Quezon to take presidency
kasi magiging pro-Japanese ang leader
o Not seen as “puppet leader” by Guerrilla
people
o Told by Japanese na sabihing we’re at
war
o Said we’re in “state of war” only
• Aguinaldo
o Sent letter to Guerrilla in Bataan saying
sumuko na
o Want Japanese to give him pension
o Sipsip sa Japanese
o May katana kasi Honorary Samurai
• Benigno S. Aquino and Ramon Avancena
o Mga pangalawang pangulo ni Laurel
o Aquino is a collaborator ng Japanese
(believes Japanese is the solution)
• Guerrilla Movement
o 2 primary groups
§ USAFFE and ROTC
§ HUKBALAHAP
o These are the groups that provided info
regarding movements of enemies in PH
o These groups ang masasabing
continued fight and freed us from
Japanese
o Nung dumating mga Amerikano,
napaalis na ng Guerrilla ang Hapon sa
Leyte
• Makapili
o Armed group of Filipinos who are pro-
Japanese
o Need money to feed family
o Covered face with paper bag
 o Traitors
• Pillbox
o Fortification
o Box with machine gun used in war
• War changed attitude of Filipinos
o Before, no need for police because
trustworthy, but war taught us robbery
• Japanese destroyed bridges, so we built
pontoon bridges
babalik sa PH thinking we should
learn Korean! Kaya nakapasok
ang Korean sa DepEd language
• Same uri naghahawak sa Pilipinas
o Political dynasty, kaya di makamove on
SOLUTION
• Paano pagkaisahin ang Dambuhalang
Pagkakahati?

PROBLEM
• Great Cultural Divide
o Spanish
§ Ladino
• Bridge bet Kastila and Pilipino
§ Paring Sekular
• Burgos (mas malayo pa sa
Pilipino bec educated in seminary
• Orientation is very far from nasa
baba
§ Separated Bahayan/ Filipinos into:
• Estadong etniko (Ifugao)
• Estadong kolonyal (pueblo,
reduccion)
th
o Americans (19 century)
§ Ilustrado
• Can study abroad
• Modern na ang Europe after
1789 French revolution
(liberalized) and wanted idea of
Nation State introduced sa PH
(specifically Rizal)
• Rizal forgot concept of Bayan
that evolved from Bahayan
(Spanish time pa)
• Rizal not aware of Dambuhalang
Pagkakahati
§ Bonifacio
• 1896 used Bayan model
• Each ay kapatid (Bayan = one
kalooban)
• That’s why called PH, Haring
Bayang Katagalugan
• Saw both Nation State and pag-
uugnay ng Haring Bayang
Katagalugan
• But 1897 Tejeros Convention,
Aguinaldo takes position
• Aware of Dambuhalang
Pagkakahati
§ Pensionado
• Fulbright
• Government pays for expenses
of students studying abroad
• Koreans and Japanese sponsor
Fil. scholars in their country, then