PLASMODIUM

Young children and

Mostly affected by malaria.
pregnant
Anemia Effect of chronic malaria.
Reduce the burden of HIV/AIDS, malaria, etc.
 Decrease incidence and mortality
MDG 6
 Increase insecticide-treated bed coverage (below 5 y.o)
 Increase antimalarial coverage (below 5 y.o)
P. FALCIPARUM and
90% of all malarial cases
P. VIVAX
5th human malarial parasite
Natural parasite of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis)
P. KNOWLESI
2006- first case in the Philippines
Life cycle is microscopically indistinguishable from P. malariae
PLASMODIUM Pigment producers and ameboid in shape
Asexual cycle
HUMANS Vertebrate AVI
Intermediate host
Sexual cycle
ANOPHELES Invertebrate SID
Definitive host
Schizogony > merozoites
ASEXUAL CYCLE
Gametogony > gametocytes
SEXUAL CYCLE Sporogony > sporozoites
 Infected mosquito bites and sucks blood from human host
 Saliva with sporozoites are injected (infective stage)
 Sporozoites travel to liver cells
 Exoerythrocytic schizogony to produce merozoites
 Merozoites go to peripheral blood and enter erythrocytes
***some merozoites of Vivax and Ovale reinvade liver cells and form
hypnozoites and may remain quiscient for years
 Within RBC, merozoite grows as a ring form
 Ring form develop into a trophozoite
 Trophozoite divides further to form more merozoites within schizonts
LIFE CYCLE  Parasites feed on hemoglobin resulting in the production of pigment
known as hematin.
 RBC ruptures and merozoites enter new RBC
 Some merozoites develop into microgametes (male) or macrogametes
(female) and picked up my feeding mosquitoes
 In the gut of mosquito, male gametocytes exflagellate and produce 8
sperm-like microgametes and fertilize macrogametes to form a zygote.
 Zygote becomes motile as a ookinete and penetrate mosquito’s gut
 In the gut, ookinete develops into an oocyst
 Oocyst grows and produce sporozoites
 Sporozoites enter the salivary glands of mosquito
 Their merozoites develop in the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM)
P. FALCIPARUM
within mature RBC and modify structural and antigenic properties of RBC.
8-35 DAYS Entire developmental cycle in the mosquito
Ring-shaped
EARLY TROPHOZOITE Red chromatin
Blue cytoplasm
Large chromatin mass
TROPHOZOITE
Prominent ameboid cytoplasm spread throughout RBC
Chromatin has divided into 2 or more masses of chromatin with small amount
SCHIZONT
of cytoplasm known as merozoites.
Fills the entire RBC
Large chromatin mass
GAMETOCYTE
Blue cytoplasm with pigment
Round to banana-shaped
MICROGAMETOCYTE Lighter blue cytoplasm
MACROGAMETOCYTE Darker blue cytoplasm
TROPHOZOITE

RING FORM

SCHIZONTS

GAMETOCYTE
 Sporozoite injection to detection of parasite in the blood
May range 11 days to 4 weeks
Falciparum 11-14 days
PREPATENT PERIOD Vivax 11- 15 days
Ovale 14-26 days
Malariae 3-4 weeks

Sporozoite injection to appearance of clinical symptoms

8 to 40 days
Falciparum 8-15 days
Vivax 12- 20 days
INCUBATION PERIOD
Ovale 11-16 days
Malariae 18-40 days
Depending on: Parasite strain, dose of sporozoites inoculated, immune status
of host, chemoprophylaxis history

Any person who travelled to a malaria-endemic area must be considered at

****
risk of developing malaria up to 2 YEARS upon leaving the area
 Weakness and exhaustion
 Desire to stretch and yawn
 Aching bones, limbs, back
Prodromal symptoms
 Loss of appetite
 N/V
 Sense of chilling
1. Cold stage
3 STAGES OF MALARIAL
2. Hot stage
PAROXYSMS
3. Sweating stage
Starts with sudden inappropriate feeling of coldness and apprehension
Teeth chattering and shaking of entire body
COLD STAGE Intense peripheral vasoconstriction
Vomiting and febrile convulsions (children)
Lasts for 15 to 60 mins, then shivering ceases.