B.

Resume from the journal

There are 3 type of partial diferenrtial equations hyperbolic, elpistic and parabolic. We are
study hyperbolic equation and the type of equation will turn out to be desisive in
establishing the kind of initial and conditions that serve is a natural solution.

Matematical Classification

We consider the following for linear partial differential equation

𝜕 2𝑢 2 (𝑥)
𝜕 2𝑢
− 𝑎 =𝑜
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 2𝑢 2 (𝑡)
𝜕 2𝑢
− 𝑎 =𝑜
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
𝑎2 (𝑡) − 𝑎 2 (𝑥)
=𝑜
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2

2 (𝑥)
𝜕 2𝑢 2 (𝑡)
𝜕 2𝑢
𝑎 −𝑎 =𝑜
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2
We can solve the equation after calssifying them as a linear second order partial diferential
equations, recall that a linear second order partial diferential equation in two variable is
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
given by 𝐴 +𝐵 +𝐶 +𝐷 + 𝐹𝑢 = 𝐺
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥

Where all the conditions A,B,C,D,E,F are real functions of indipendent variables
t,x. Define a discriminant (t,x) by

(𝑡0, 𝑥0 ) = 𝐵 2 (𝑡0, 𝑥0 ) − 4(𝑡0, 𝑥0 )𝐶(𝑡0, 𝑥0 )

The transformation leads to the discovery of special knows as a characteristic curves along
which the partial diferential equation provides only on incomplete expresion for the second
derrivates. Before we discuss the transformation to the canonical forms, we shall motivates
he name and explain with more details wgy such transformation is useful. The name
canocial form is used because this form co ressponds to particularly simple choices of the
coefficients of the second partial differential derrivatives.

2. Hyperbolic Equation

Note that A*, B* are similar and can be written as :

𝜕𝜁 𝜕𝜁𝜕𝜁 𝜕𝜁
𝐴( 𝜕𝑡 )2 + 𝐵 𝜕𝑡𝜕𝑥 + 𝐶 (𝜕𝑥)2 =0
 𝜕𝜁
Dividing by (𝜕𝑥)2 , the above equation becomes :

𝜕𝜁 𝜕𝜁
𝐴( 𝜕𝑡 ) + 𝐵 𝜕𝑡 + 𝐶 = 0
𝜕𝜁 𝜕𝜁
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Thus the curves 𝜁(𝑡, 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜕𝜁 𝜕𝜁
We have 𝑑𝜁 = 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑡

Therefore,

𝜕𝜁
𝜕𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝜁 𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑥
And equation becomes as follows :

𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
A ( 𝑑𝑡 ) − 𝐵 +𝐶 =0
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝐵 ± √𝐵 2 − 4𝐴𝐶
=
𝑑𝑡 2𝐴
These equation are called characteristic equations and are ordinary diferential equation for
families in curves in t,x plane along which 𝜁 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 .

3. Let consider the problem