Research Methodology Review Questions

Table of Contents
Set 1 ........................................................................................................................................................ 3

Question 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 3

Question 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 3

Question 3 ........................................................................................................................................... 3

Question 4 ........................................................................................................................................... 3

Question 5 ........................................................................................................................................... 3

Question 6 ........................................................................................................................................... 4

Question 7 ........................................................................................................................................... 4

Set II ........................................................................................................................................................ 5

Question One ...................................................................................................................................... 5

Question Two ...................................................................................................................................... 5

Question Three .................................................................................................................................... 5

Question Four...................................................................................................................................... 5

Question Five ...................................................................................................................................... 5

Question Six ........................................................................................................................................ 6

Question Seven ................................................................................................................................... 6

Question Eight .................................................................................................................................... 6

Set III ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

Formulating Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................... 6

Literature Review................................................................................................................................ 6

Research Design.................................................................................................................................. 8

Research Design - Sampling ............................................................................................................... 8

Research Design - Variables ............................................................................................................... 9

Data Quality and Analysis .................................................................................................................. 9

Data Analysis and Hypotheses Testing ............................................................................................... 9

Report Writing .................................................................................................................................. 10

 Ethics in Research ............................................................................................................................. 10

Set IV: Data Analysis and Interpretations............................................................................................. 11

ANOVA Test .................................................................................................................................... 11

Question One ................................................................................................................................ 11

Question Two ................................................................................................................................ 11

Chi Squire Tests ................................................................................................................................ 12

Question One ................................................................................................................................ 12

Correlation Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 12

Question One ............................................................................................................................... 12

Regression Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 13

Question 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 13

Question 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 14

Question 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 16

Question 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 17

Question 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 18

Question 6 ..................................................................................................................................... 19

Question 7 ..................................................................................................................................... 21

Question 8 ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Set 1
Question 1
“A production manager is concerned about the low output levels of her employees. Then
articles she has read on job performance have frequently mentioned four variables as
important to job performance: skill required by the job, rewards, motivation and satisfaction.
In several of the articles it was also indicated that only the rewards were valent (attractive) to
the recipients, did motivation, satisfaction, and job performance increase – not otherwise.”
Required
Given this situation, respond precisely to the following:
a. Define the problem.
b. Evolve a theoretical framework.
c. Develop at least six hypotheses.

Question 2
“A machine tool operator thinks that fumes emitted in the workshop are instrumental in the
low efficiency of the operators. She would like to prove this to her supervisor through a
research.”
Required
a. Would this be a causal or correlational study? Why?
b. Is this an exploratory, descriptive or prescriptive study? Why?
c. What would be the study setting – field, comparative, laboratory experiment, or field
experiment? Why?
d. What would be the unit of analysis? Why?
e. Would this be a cross sectional or longitudinal study? Why?

Question 3
“A manager believes that a good supervision and training will increase the productivity of
workers.”
a. List variables in the situation and label them as dependent or independent, giving brief
reasons and explaining why they are so labeled. Diagram the relationship.
b. State hypotheses to be tested in the above stated relationship in (a).
c. Propose methodology to be adopted to test the hypotheses developed in (b).

Question 4
“A consultant is of the opinion that increasing the pay and fringe benefits, contrary in
common belief, decrease job satisfaction, instead of increasing it for oul companies.”
a. List variables in the situation and label them as dependent or independent, giving brief
reasons and explaining why they are so labeled. Diagram the relationship.
b. State hypotheses to be tested in the above stated relationship in (a).
c. Propose methodology to be adopted to test the hypotheses developed in (b).

Question 5
A manager thinks that off the job classroom training has a great impact on the productivity of
the employees in his department. However, he also thinks that employees over fifty years of
age do not seem to derive much benefit and not improve from such training.

The manager would like to prove that through a management research.

Required
a. What would be the title of the research? In a sentence, what is a management
problem?
b. List, label and diagram (conceptual framework) the variables in the above situation.
c. Would this be a causal or correlational study? Why?
d. Develop at two main hypotheses.
e. What would be the study setting – field, comparative, laboratory experiment, or field
experiment? Why?
f. What would be the unit of analysis? Why?

Question 6
The manager of Twende Sote Oil Company Limited observes that the morale of employees in
her company is low. She thinks that if the working conditions, the pay scale and vacation
benefits of employees are improved, morale will improve. She doubts, though, that
increasing the pay scales is going to raise the morale of all employees. Her guess is that
those who have good side incomes will not be affected by higher pay. However, those
without side incomes will be happy with increases pay and their morale will improve.

The manager would like to prove the above assertion through a management research.

Required
a. What would be the title of the research? In less than three sentences, what is a
management problem?
b. List, label and diagram (conceptual framework) the variables in the above situation.
c. Would this research be a causal or correlational study? Why?
d. Develop at least four main hypotheses to be tested.
e. What would be the study setting – field, comparative, laboratory experiment, or field
experiment? Why?
f. What would be the unit of analysis? Why?

Question 7
Kekue Mushi would like to know why some Tanzanian oil companies are not competitive in
the market place. Mushi believes that two theories are important in explaining the reasons for
not being competitive. The theories are core competence theory (core competence theory is
defined as a harmonized combination of multiple resources and skills that distinguish a firm
in the marketplace and therefore are the foundation of companies' competitiveness. Core
competencies fulfill three criteria: provides potential access to a wide variety of markets;
should make a significant contribution to the perceived customer benefits of the end product;
and difficult to imitate by competitors) as well as game theory (game theory addresses zero-
sum games, in which one person's gains result in losses for the other participants). Mushi
hired you to write proposal for this research.

Required
a. Propose the title of this research, main objective and at least three specific objectives.
b. Propose scope of this study.
c. Propose significance of the research in terms of knowledge contribution, policy
implications and practical applications.
d. Propose the conceptual framework for this work and clearly label the hypotheses in
the model.
e. State the hypotheses to be tested (null and alternatives).
f. With reasons, propose methodology in terms of:
 i. Paradigm and philosophy
ii. Sample selection
iii. Data collection tool
iv. Data analysis (including data quality)
v. Ethical issues to be addressed

Set II
Question One
“Theory and validity are inseparable; one without the other is worthless.”
a. Explain the meaning of a theory and validity.
b. Describe how the two are inextricably linked.
c. Explain the relationship between theory and measurement.

Question Two
Establishing reliability and validity is one of a critical issue in any business research.
a. What is “reliability” as used in business research? Compare and contrast three methods
of measuring reliability.
b. There is no need of testing validity, if reliability of the research data and process is not
reliable. Why?
c. Compare and contrast the two concepts. Why are they critical in any research?

Question Three
Schematically depict the operational definition of any ONE of the five concepts. Develop 8
items to measure the concept. NOTE: the question tests on how you can convert operational
definitions to questions as opposed to correctness of the concepts.
a. Information systems success
b. Customer satisfaction
c. Acceptability of net present value in investment analysis
d. Acceptability of new introduced legislation
e. Usability of linear programming models in allocating resources

Question Four
Clearly distinguish between the following concepts:
a. Reliability and validity
b. Type 1 and type 2 errors
c. Accepting null hypothesis and failing to reject null hypothesis
d. Probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling
e. Mediation and moderation effects
f. Theoretical and empirical frameworks
g. Conceptual and empirical frameworks
h. Operationalization of concepts and definition of concepts
i. Sample and sampling frame
j. Convenience and judgmental sampling

Question Five
Listed below are examples of poor problems/questions to be researched. Why?
a. Should an organization’s leadership be democratic for growth of enterprise?
b. What is the best way to teach college students entrepreneurship?
Question Six
Business executives need to constantly monitor their environment in order to develop
strategies that can enable their companies to continue to be competitive.

Required (answer any two)

(a) How do various research perspectives influence the way research will be
conducted?
(b) What are the different ways in which primary and secondary data can be obtained in
business research?
(c) Discuss, in fair detail, the essential issues that need to be taken into account when
constructing questionnaires.

Question Seven
Among the different ways in which business researchers can achieve their objectives of
obtaining information from select groups of a target population are through focus group
discussions, case studies and experimentation.
Required
(a) Explain in detail the essential aspects of each approach.
(b) Provide realistic examples of how each of these approaches could be applied by
companies in Tanzania

Question Eight
With at least two examples, define any five of the following terms:
(a) Ethical considerations in research
(b) Qualitative research
(c) Research contribution to knowledge
(d) Empirical evidence
(e) Stratified sampling
(f) Statement of the problem
(g) Applied research
(h) Descriptive research

Set III
Answer the following pot pouri questions.

Formulating Statement of the Problem

1. List and explain characteristics of a good statement of the problem.

Literature Review
2. How may the formulation of an initial substantive theory help in the development of a
research proposal?
3. What are the differences between literature review in research and lecture notes of
literature review?
4. Any study is expected to be built on existing theories and findings from past studies. How
is this treated/presented in a research proposal and what are the main issues to consider?
5. Outline the advice you would give a colleague on which literature to search first.
6. What is the role of theory in research?
7. The Media System Dependency Theory states that: The more people use media, the more
they become dependent on it and the more influence the media will have in their lives.
 Munishi wants to use the theory to establish whether the heavy users of Facebook
overtime have become their decisions have influences by what they read in Facebook.
With reasons for the variables selected, what will be the conceptual framework for this
study using the theory stated above?
8. The Knowledge Gap Theory states that: There are systematic gaps between better-
informed and less-informed members of a population. Mwakiswalele wants to use the
theory to establish whether the more informed people will make better decision on which
company shares to buy. With reasons for the variables selected, what will be the
conceptual framework for this study using the theory stated above?
9. The Theory of Reasoned Action posits that consumers act on a behavior based on their
intention to create or receive a particular outcome. In this analysis, consumers are rational
actors who choose to act in their best interests. Rugemalila wants to use the theory to
establish factors that affect school selection by parents. With reasons for the variables
selected, what will be the conceptual framework for this study using the theory stated
above?
10. The Social Network Theory focuses on the role of social relationships in transmitting
information, channeling personal or media influence, and enabling attitudinal or
behavioral change. Mapunda wants to use the theory to establish factors that influence
one in selecting hospital to send kids. With reasons for the variables selected, what will
be the conceptual framework for this study using the theory stated above?
11. The resource-based view (RBV) is a model that sees resources as key to superior firm
performance. If a resource exhibits VRIO (Value, Rarity, Imitability, Organization
(ability to exploit the resource or capability)).attributes, the resource enables the firm to
gain and sustain competitive advantage. Masanja wants to use the theory to establish why
some mobile phone companies perform better than others. With reasons for the variables
selected, what will be the conceptual framework for this study using the theory stated
above?
12. Miss Mwajuma Rajabu a master’s student developed the below showed conceptual
model.

Required
a. State all hypotheses involving variables (i) A, (ii) G and (iii) F
b. State whether the following statements are true or false
i. F and I are confounding variables.
 ii. A and H are confounding variables.
iii. F predicts I through H.
iv. E moderates the relationship between B, C and D to F.
v. F moderates relationship between A and H.
vi. F moderates relationship between C and H.
vii. G predicts I through H.
viii. C predicts F.
ix. I is only predicted by A and H.
x. G mediates relationship between A and I.
xi. A, B, C, D and E predicts F.
Research Design
13. Explain what quasi experimental designs are, why they are used, and their general
limitations.
14. Why randomization such as important concept in experimental studies?
15. What are the advantages and disadvantages of within subjects’ research design?
16. Explain the sources of demand artifacts in social science research and discuss their
effects.
17. Case study research is an approach in which the core theme of the research cannot be
separated out from the context within which it exists. This inevitably means that multiple
methods need to be used to help the researcher explore these connectivities. What are the
strengths and the limitations of case study research?
18. Use appropriate examples to differentiate between systematic and random errors.
19. Explain the meaning of manipulation checks.
20. Explain, with the help of examples, demand artifacts in laboratory experiments.
21. Questionnaire design strategy should conform to the type of information being sought and
the characteristics of the population.” Discuss this issue making sure important concepts
are satisfactorily defined.
22. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research? Include mention of
possible differences in purpose, method, data sources, and data analysis.
23. Give four examples of different situations where you might use secondary data as part of
your research.
24. What are the key areas of competence that you need to develop in order to conduct an
interview successful?
25. Conducting research in Business is an activity that requires meticulous care so that the
findings yield genuine results. Discuss the two concepts that are normally used to assess a
study as to whether or not the results are genuine and explain how these concepts are
measured.
26. Write short notes on the limitations and cautions in secondary data collection.
27. What is an experiment? Identify one difference between an experiment and a correlation

Research Design - Sampling

28. Under what circumstances will you need to use non-probabilistic sampling? Why?
29. To be acceptable, a sample must satisfy certain basic conditions. Explain the nature and
importance of these conditions.
30. Describe the significance of sampling in any business research.
31. Explain what stratified random sampling is and give examples of its application when
doing research on SMEs in Tanzania.
32. Identify a suitable sampling frame for each of the following research question: “How do
company directors of manufacturing firms of over 500 employees think a specified piece
of legislation will affect their companies?” Give reasons.
33. What are the main analytical consequences of including irrelevant variables or omitting
relevant variables from the model you are testing? What are the practical consequences?
What simple guidance for the design of empirical studies do these problems suggest?

Research Design - Variables

34. Make up three different situations in which motivation to work would be an independent
variable, an intervening variable, and a moderating variable.
35. Clearly distinguish between moderating and mediating variables. How do they arise in
management research?
36. Explain what are moderator, mediator and suppressor variables, and how you would test
for them, giving illustrative examples from your own discipline.
37. Why should business research identify moderating variables?

Data Quality and Analysis

38. Explain the meaning and purpose of convergent and discriminate validities?
39. What are relationship, if any, between internal validity and external; validity?
40. What is the difference between validity and reliability?
41. What is statistical conclusion validity? How would you maximize this type of validity?
42. Compare one group pretest – post test design with Solomon design in terms of threats in
internal validity.
43. Suppose the human resource department of a certain bank has developed a new
instrument for evaluating staff performance. What empirical evidence would provide
strong support for the validity of the scores resulting from this instrument?
44. Conducting research in Business is an activity that requires meticulous care so that the
findings yield genuine results. Discuss the two concepts that are normally used to assess a
study as to whether or not the results are genuine and explain how these concepts are
measured.
45. Any study is expected to be built on existing theories and findings from past studies. How
is this treated/presented in a research proposal and what are the main issues to consider?
46. What do we mean by the reliability of measurements? How do we assess it? What is the
problem with unreliable measurement, and what can we do about it?

Data Analysis and Hypotheses Testing

47. There is a lot of discussion going on in psychology about the usefulness of classical
hypothesis testing as an indication of the importance of results. If one study rejects the
null hypothesis at the .01 level and another study rejects at the .05 level, is the first
indicative of a stronger effect?
i. Discuss the concern with determining importance from classical hypothesis
testing? How do sample size and standard error contribute to this discussion?
ii. What indices besides statistical significance could a statistician utilize to
describe the magnitude of an effect?
48. There are two types of errors, type 1 and type 2. How will you address the two errors in
any management research?
49. An business researcher is interested in the relationship between staff’ participation in two
after work programs and work achievement. She states the following hypothesis in the
description of her study:
 H.1. Staff who participate in an after work program that emphasizes critical thinking
skills will score higher on measures of work achievement and self esteem than staff who
participate in a program that emphasizes routine memorization.

What are the variables in this study? What would be good names for the variables?
Identify the predictor variable(s) and outcome variable(s). Describe how each variable
varies (i.e., whether the variable is categorical or continuous). Provide justification for
why each variable varies the way you describe?

Report Writing
50. When writing research reports, it is important to write limitations of the study. How do
limitations arise in academic research?
51. Why proper referencing is important?
52. What is an abstract? Why is it important in any management research?
53. Dr. Male Chauvinist collected data on percentage of females driving cars and traffic
congestion in the Dar es Salaam city from 1970 to 2018. The data show that as the
percentage of females increased, the traffic congestion also increased. The conclusion
was that: the more the number of women driving cars in city the more the traffic
congestion. The recommendations derived were limit the number of female drivers to
control the traffic jam in cities. What is wrong with this research?
54. Describe the report writing process in both qualitative and quantitative research. What
features to they have in common, and how might they differ? Discuss with reference to
examples of qualitative and quantitative research.

Ethics in Research
55. What problems might you encounter in attempting to protect the interest of participating
organizations and individuals despite the assurances that you provide?
56. Identify and discuss ethical considerations a researcher needs to adopt when conducting
research.
Set IV: Data Analysis and Interpretations

ANOVA Test

Question One
Dr. Joyce Bashaija wanted to test whether there is any difference in profits in the three zones
of its company: central, east and west. She collected and analyzed data as follows:

ANOVA analysis were obtained as follows

Descriptive Statistics GPA
Mean 95% Confidence Maximu
profits Interval for Mean m
Std. Std.
N in Minimum
Deviation Error Lower Upper
Tshs.
m Bound Bound
Central 371 3.0746 .64333 .03340 3.0089 3.1402 1.15 4.79
East 303 3.1267 .57540 .03306 3.0616 3.1917 1.53 4.65
West 254 3.0920 .53988 .03387 3.0253 3.1587 1.94 4.62
Total 928 3.0963 .59422 .01951 3.0581 3.1346 1.15 4.79

ANOVA
GPA
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups .460 2 .230 .650 .522
Within Groups 326.861 925 .353
Total 327.321 927

Required
a. State the hypothesis to be tested.
b. Has she failed to reject null hypothesis? Why?

Question Two
You want to know whether there is differences in adoption of technology by females and
males. You collected and analyzed data as follows:

Groups Count Sum Average Variance

Female Adoption 124 340 2.742 1.998
Male Adoption 124 226 1.823 0.440

ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value
Between Groups 108.028 1.000 108.028 88.631 0.000
Within Groups 299.839 246.000 1.219
Total 247

Required (each 3 marks):

i. State hypothesis to be tested.
ii. Have you failed to reject null hypothesis? Why?

Chi Squire Tests

Question One
Mr. Moshi wanted to test whether there is any association between location and quality of
work performed by the staff. He collected data on location and quality of work, cross
tabulated them and had the tables listed below.

Location* Quality of Work Performed Cross tabulation

Performance
Average Good Poor Total
Central 78 149 0 227
Southern 57 118 2 177
Westerm 51 100 0 151
Total 186 367 2 555

Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 4.430a 4 .351
Likelihood Ratio 4.731 4 .316
Linear-by-Linear
.039 1 .844
Association
N of Valid Cases 555
a. 3 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .54.

Required
a. State the hypothesis to be tested.
b. Has he failed to reject null hypothesis? Why?

Correlation Analysis

Question One
Dr. Mbamba wanted to know whether there is correlation between level of supervision and
level of staff performance. The results were as follows:

Correlations
level of performa
supervision nce
 level of Pearson Correlation 1 .323**
supervision Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 928 928
**
performance Pearson Correlation .323 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 928 928
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Required
a. State the hypothesis to be tested (null and alternative).
b. Has he failed to reject null hypothesis? Why?

Regression Analysis
Question 1
Ms Sofia, an MBA 2 student, is performing a research whose objective is to analyze factors
affecting mobile payment services in Tanzania. She had four specific objectives which were
to:
i. Assess the influence of security and reliability in adoption of mobile payment services in
Tanzania;
ii. Assess the influence of cost-effectiveness of mobile payment services in adoption of
mobile payment systems in Tanzania;
iii. Assess the influence of ease to use of mobile payment services in adoption of mobile
payment systems in Tanzania; and
iv. Assess the influence of consumer and merchant acceptance of mobile payment services in
Tanzania.
After literature review, Ms Sofia created the conceptual framework. She collected data
and analyzed data using regression analysis. The results of analysis for reliability tests,
model summary, ANOVA and coefficients are also presented.

Required
a. Comment on the appropriateness of specific objective
b. Construct a conceptual framework and clearly label all variables, hypotheses.
c. State the hypotheses (both null and alternative) for this study.
d. Define the model. Comment on the model created.
e. Based on data presented, should Safia reject null hypotheses or fail to reject null
hypotheses? Why?
Reliability tests
Variable Number of Cronbach’s
Questions Alpha
Security and reliability of Mobile Payment Systems 5 0.858
Cost-effectiveness of Mobile Payment Systems 5 0.627
Ease of Use of Mobile Payment Systems 5 0.645
Consumer and Merchant Acceptance of Mobile Payment 5 0.982
Systems
Adoption of Payment Systems 5 0.731

Model Summary
Mode R R Adjuste Std. Error Change Statistics Durbin-
l Square dR of the R Square F df1 df2 Sig. F Watson
Square Estimate Change Chang Chang
e e
194.76
1 .918a .843 .839 .27021 .843 4 145 .000 .219
4
a. Predictors: (Constant), Security and reliability of Mobile Payment Systems; Cost-
effectiveness of Mobile Payment Systems; Ease of Use of Mobile Payment Systems; and
Consumer and Merchant Acceptance of Mobile Payment Systems
b. Dependent Variable: Adoption

ANOVAa
Model Sum of df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square
Regression 56.88 4 14.220 194.76 .000b
Residual 10.587 145 0.073
Total 67.467 149
a. Dependent Variable: Adoption
b. Predictors: (Constant), Security and reliability of Mobile Payment Systems; Cost-
effectiveness of Mobile Payment Systems; Ease of Use of Mobile Payment Systems; and
Consumer and Merchant Acceptance of Mobile Payment Systems

Coefficients
Unstandardized Standardized
Model Coefficients Coefficients T Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) 4.365 0.180 24.215 .0000
Security Variable 0.728 0.134 0.529 5.449 .0000
Cost-effectiveness 1.059 0.138 1.408 7.702 .0000
Ease of Use 0.582 0.105 0.862 5.528 .0000
Merchant Acceptance 0.427 0.037 1.009 11.568 .0000
a. Dependent Variable: Adoption

Question 2
Title: Impact of ICT usage on performance of Microfinance institutions in loan services: A
case of National Microfinance Bank

General objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study was to assess the impact of ICT usage on performance of
microfinance institutions in loan services.

Specific Objectives
1. To determine the effect of ICT usage on microfinance institutions loans delivery services.
2. To determine the effect of ICT usage on microfinance institutions loans monitoring
services.
3. To assess the effect of ICT usage on microfinance institutions outreach services.

Conceptual Framework
Hypotheses
Based on the proposed the conceptual framework from the literature review, the following
hypotheses will be tested based on the research objectives and questions:
H1: ICT usage in loan delivery services has positive impact on MFIs Performance.
H2: ICT usage in loan monitoring services has positive impact on MFIs Performance.
H3: ICT usage in outreach services have positive impact on in MFIs Performance.

Reliability Test Results

Scale Cronbach’s alpha N of Items
Loan Delivery 0.831 5
Loan monitoring 0.812 4
Outreach 0.822 5
Performance 0.814 4

Hypotheses Testing
Model Summaryd
Adjusted R Std. Error of Durbin-
Model R R Square Square the Estimate Watson
1 .962a .925 .925 .55311
b
2 .801 .642 .638 .49476
3 .872c .760 .757 .43868 1.869
a. Predictors: (Constant),Loan Monitoring
b. Predictors: (Constant),Loan Monitoring, Outreach
c. Predictors: (Constant),Loan Monitoring, Outreach, Loan Delivery
d. Dependent Variable: Performance of MFI
ANOVAd RESULTS
Sum of
Model Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 379.527 1 379.527 1240.556 .000a
Residual 30.593 100 .306
Total 410.120 101
2 Regression 385.886 2 192.943 788.202 .000b
Residual 24.234 99 .245
Total 410.120 101
3 Regression 387.665 3 129.222 563.948 .000c
Residual 22.455 98 .229
Total 410.120 101
a. Predictors: (Constant), Loan Monitoring
b. Predictors: (Constant),Loan Monitoring, Outreach
c. Predictors: (Constant),Loan Monitoring, Outreach, Loan Delivery
d. Dependent Variable: Performance of MFI

Coefficients of the Model

Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta T Sig.
1 (Constant) 2.526 .337 7.451 .000
Loan Monitoring .994 .028 .962 35.222 .000
2 (Constant) 2.301 .496 4.708 .000
Loan Monitoring .527 .095 .510 5.536 .000
Outreach .314 .062 .469 5.097 .000
3 (Constant) 2.732 .521 5.156 .001
Loan Monitoring .381 .106 .369 3.600 .001
Outreach .229 .067 .342 3.413 .001
Loan Delivery .287 .103 .274 2.786 .006
a. Dependent Variable: Performance of MFI

Question 3
Florentine Mushi, a student taking Master of Science in International Transport and Logistics
wanted to establish the relationship between marketing networks, number of trucks a
company has and marketing efforts on the profitability of the company. She collected data
from 261 companies in Tanzania. The prepared a data analysis on regression as presented
below.

Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of Durbin-
Model R R Square Square the Estimate Watson
a
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 2.90865 2.225
a. Predictors: (Constant), marketing, networks, truck
b. Dependent Variable: Profit

ANOVAb
 Sum of
Model Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 1.436E7 3 4787387.916 5.659E5 .000a
Residual 2174.287 257 8.460
Total 1.436E7 260
a. Predictors: (Constant), marketing, networks, truck
b. Dependent Variable: Profit

Coefficients
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 5.458 .530 10.294 .000
networks 11.838 .616 .015 19.226 .000
Trucks 7.997 .006 1.000 1.297E3 .000
marketing .466 .612 .001 .761 .448
a. Dependent Variable: Profit

Required
a. Prepare a conceptual framework for this study by clearly indicating labeling
dependent, independent and hypotheses.
b. State the hypotheses to be tested. For those hypotheses state whether data indicate
failing to reject null hypotheses or rejecting null hypotheses.
c. State the mathematical model that incorporate networks, trucks and marketing on
profitability. Comment on the model you have stated.

Question 4
One of the MEED students wanted to know the contribution of role of parents in
entrepreneurship, individual characteristics and age in being a successful entrepreneurship.
He used regression analysis in his results. The results are presented below.

Model Summary
Adjusted R
R R Square Square
R Square Change F Change df1
0.812 0.659 0.634
Predictors: (Constant), role, Indivi, Age
ANOVA

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Regression 7.484 3 2.495 26.434 .000(a)
Residual 3.869 41 .094
Total 11.352 44
a Predictors: (Constant), role, Indivi, Age
b Dependent Variable: entre
Coefficients(a)
Unstandardized Standardized t Sig.
 Coefficients Coefficients
B Std. Error Beta B Std. Error
(Constant) .485 .196 2.471 .018
Age .018 .004 .412 4.436 .000
Indivi .173 .149 .107 1.163 .252
role .117 .017 .627 6.766 .000
a Dependent Variable: entre
Required
a. Propose title for this research.
b. Propose general and specific objectives for this research.
c. Propose conceptual framework and hypotheses (both null and alternative) for this
research.
d. What will be the conclusion for this study (from data analysis presented)?

Question 5
The major objective of this study was to examine the extent to which the ICT has influenced
the effectiveness of mobile financial services in servicing oil companies.

The study had the following Specific objectives, and these were:
i. To determine the effect of perceived usefulness of mobile financial service on
effectiveness of MFS;
ii. To determine the level and trends of Customers usage and effectiveness of
MFS; and
iii. To determi9ne the effect of customers’ awareness of mobile phone on
effectiveness of MFS.

Conceptual Framework of MFS Effectiveness

Summary of Reliability Analysis Results

Effectiveness of
Perceived MFS
Scale Usage Awareness
Usefulness
Cronbach’s 0.789
0.836 0.221 0.533
alpha
 Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of
Model R R Square
Square the Estimate
a
1 .238 .057 .046 .94875
a. Predictors: (Constant), Using a mobile phone to conduct banking or payment services will
give me greater control over my finances.

ANOVA
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 4.744 1 4.744 5.270 .024a
Residual 79.212 88 .900
Total 83.956 89
a. Predictors: (Constant), perceived usefulness, use, and awareness
b. Dependent Variable: Effectiveness of MIS

Results of the Coefficients Value

Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) .812 .173 4.691 .000
Perceived usefulness .154 .088 .167 1.760 .001
Use .191 .088 .208 2.161 .000
Awareness .191 .073 .241 2.598 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Effectiveness of MIS

Required
a. State the hypotheses to be stated (state both null and alternative)
b. Comment on reliability of the constructs used
c. Is model significant? Why?
d. Have you failed to reject hypotheses (for each set of hypothesis)?

Question 6
The main objective of this study was to identify factors affecting adoption of mobile banking
system in Tanzania.
Specific Objectives
i. To assess the influence of external factors on adoption and diffusion of the Mobile-
Banking system as a competitive advantage.
ii. To assess the influential of perceived usefulness on adoption and diffusion of the
Mobile-banking system as a competitive advantage in banking industry.
iii. To assess how perceived security for safety in vulnerability of Mobile-Banking
system influences adoption and diffusion of Mobile-banking system.
Reliability Test Results
Scale Cronbanch’s alpha N of Items
External factors 0.853 5
Perceived usefulness 0.790 5
Perceived security 0.816 5
Adoption 0.803 5

Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of Durbin-
Model R R Square Square the Estimate Watson
1 .852a .725 .696 .40183 2.0424
a. Predictors: (Constant), External factors, Perceived usefulness and Perceived security

ANOVA Results
Sum of Mean
Model Squares df Square F Sig.
1 Regression 82.035 5 11.406 19.667 .000a
Residual 16.304 101 .153
Total 98.339 106
a. Predictors: (Constant), External factors, Perceived usefulness and Perceived security
b. Dependent Variable: adoption

Results of the Coefficients Value

Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) .622 .253 4.691 .000
External factors .191 .073 .241 2.598 .000
Perceived usefulness .137 .088 .152 1.554 .003
Perceived security .086 .055 .140 1.559 .001
 a. Predictors: (Constant), External factors, Perceived usefulness and Perceived security
b. Dependent Variable: adoption

Required
a. State the hypotheses to be stated (state both null and alternative)
b. Comment on reliability of the constructs used
c. Is model significant? Why?
d. Have you failed to reject hypotheses (for each set of hypothesis)?

Question 7
One student in MFA OG class wanted to know relationship between various financial ratios
to profitability of an oil company. He collected three ratios ` as predictor variables (Gross
Margin, Debt to Equity ratio, Current ratio) to profitability ratio. The students used
regression analysis and results were as follows:
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.687
R Square 0.472
Adjusted R Square 0.454
Standard Error 0.161
Observations 92
ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 3 2.0419 0.6806 26.2449 0.0000
Residual 88 2.2822 0.0259
Total 91 4.324047
Model
Standard P- Lower Upper Upper
Coefficients Error t Stat value 95% 95% 95.0%
Intercept -0.0475 0.0745 -0.6376 0.5254 -0.1955 0.1005 0.1005
Gross Margin ratio 0.5476 0.0850 6.4398 0.0000 0.3786 0.7166 0.7166
Debt to equity ratio 0.1362 0.0768 1.7747 0.0794 -0.0163 0.2888 0.2888
Current ratio 0.4915 0.0833 5.8979 0.0000 0.3259 0.6571 0.6571

Required
a. Propose the title of the research.
b. State main and specific objectives of this research.
c. Propose the conceptual framework of this research and clearly label the hypotheses.
d. State the null hypotheses. Has the study failed to reject or rejected the hypotheses?
Why?
e. State the model created. Comment on the model created.

Question 8
You have collected data for estimating the effect of Ease of use, Usefulness and Security on
adoption of newly developed systems to be used by students to link their banking information
and academic information system. The data analysis yielded the following results:
Adoption 0.800
Easy of use 0.667
Usefulness 0.801
 Security 0.748

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.911
R Square 0.831
Adjusted R
Square 0.827
Standard Error 0.279
Observations 124

ANOVA
Significance
df SS MS F F
Regression 3 45.90 15.30 196.43 0.00
Residual 120 9.35 0.08
Total 123 55.25

Standard P- Upper Lower Upper

Coefficients Error t Stat value Lower 95% 95% 95.0% 95.0%
Intercept 0.069 0.096 0.718 0.474 -0.122 0.260 -0.122 0.260
Easy of use 0.198 0.017 11.524 0.000 0.164 0.232 0.164 0.232
Usefulness 0.387 0.018 21.858 0.000 0.352 0.422 0.352 0.422
Security -0.007 0.017 -0.423 0.673 -0.042 0.027 -0.042 0.027
Required
i. Propose the research title, main objective and specific objectives.
ii. Propose the conceptual framework. Clearly label the variables.
iii. State null hypotheses for this research. For each hypothesis, comment whether the
data favors rejecting or fail to reject null hypotheses.
iv. State the proposed mathematical model created. Comment on reliability, predictive
ability and usefulness of the model.
v. Using less than three sentences, state conclusion for this research.
vi. Using less than three sentences, state recommendations for this research.
Research Methodology Quiz
Name
Reg. No.
You have collected data for estimating the effect of Ease of use, Usefulness and Security on
adoption of newly developed systems to be used by students to link their banking information
and academic information system. The data analysis yielded the following results:

Adoption 0.069
Easy of use 0.198
Usefulness 0.387
Security -0.007

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.923
R Square 0.852
Adjusted R
Square 0.848
Standard Error 0.255
Observations 124

Durbin Watson Value = 3.245

ANOVA
Significance
df SS MS F F
Regression 3 44.94 14.98 230.49 0.00
Residual 120 7.80 0.06
Total 123 52.73

Standard P- Upper Lower Upper

Coefficients Error t Stat
value Lower 95% 95% 95.0% 95.0%
Intercept -0.121 0.091 -1.337
0.184 -0.300 0.058 -0.300 0.058
Ease of use 0.225 0.017 13.522
0.000 0.192 0.258 0.192 0.258
Usefulness 0.031 0.017 1.862
0.065 -0.002 0.065 -0.002 0.065
Security 0.376 0.016 22.971
0.000 0.344 0.409 0.344 0.409
Required
i. Propose the research title, main objective and specific objectives.
ii. Propose the conceptual framework. Clearly label the variables.
iii. State null hypotheses for this research. For each hypothesis, comment whether the
data favors rejecting or fail to reject null hypotheses.
iv. State the proposed mathematical model created. Comment on reliability, predictive
ability and usefulness of the model.
v. Using less than three sentences, state conclusion for this research.
vi. Using less than three sentences, state recommendations for this research.