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Hypothesis Testing : Lab

Epidemiology and Biostatistics


Department
2013
Introduction
Worksheet Hypothesis Testing
• Variable
– Dependen :
– Independen :
• Group :
• Observation :
• Hypotheses (one/two-sided)
– H0 :
– H1 :
• Hypotheses Testing:
Basic Principals
Type of measurement Characteristics of Descriptive statistics
variable
Categorical
Nominal Unordered categories Counts, proportions
Ordinal1 Ordered categories with Counts, proportions,
intervals that are not and median
quantifiable
Numerical
Continuous Infinite number of Counts, proportions,
values median, mean,
Ranked spectrum with standard deviation
quantifiable intervals
Discrete2 Limited to integers
Process of Classification and
Measurement
• Can increase the objectivity of our knowledge,
reduce bias, and provide a means of
communication.
• Clinical investigators prefer variables that
contain more information and thereby provide
greater power and/or smaller sample size.
• Continuous > Discrete > Ordinal > Nominal
Overview
• Variable and scale of measurement
• Probability distribution
• Estimation
• Hypothesis
Why is hypothesis testing so
important?
• It provides an objectives framework for
making decisions using probabilistic methods
rather than relying on subjective impressions
• People can form different opinions by looking
at data, but a hypothesis test provides a
uniform decision making criterion that is
consistent for all people

7
Why is hypothesis testing so
important?
• The research hypothesis is a specific version of
the research question that summarizes the
main elements of the study (sample, predictor
and outcome variables
• The basis of the tests of statistical significance.
• A good hypothesis must be based on a good
research question. It should also be simple,
specific, and stated in advance.
Case I
• Age at menarche (age of starting menstrual
periods) is an important risk factor for breast
cancer and possibly ovarian cancer. In general,
women with earlier age at menarche have a
higher incidence of breast cancer. The long-
term trend in developed countries is that age
at menarche has been declining over the past
50 years. One hypothesis is that women with
higher childhood socioeconomic status (SES)
have an earlier age at menarche.
Questions for case I:
• What are the dependent and independent variables
in the study? What is the appropriate scale of
measurements for both variables?
• Is it paired or unpaired observation?
• What are the null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis? Is it one-sided or two-sided?
• What is the appropriate hypothesis testing
(parametric/non parametric) that we can use to test
the null hypothesis?
• Describe data analysis in descriptive statistic
Answer
• Dependent : age at menarche (year,
numerical)
Independent childhood socioeconomic status
(lower and higher, nominal)
• Unpaired observation, no matching procedure
• H0: age at menarche higher SES =  age at menarche
lower SES
H1: age at menarche higher SES <  age at menarche
lower SES (one-sided)
Test of distribution

• Only one group are normally distributed 


non parametric test
Descriptive Statistic

Variable Descriptive
Statistic

Age of menarche 12.4 (2)


(median/IQR)
SES (n/%) lower 30 (60)
higher 20(40)
Case II
• In a pediatric clinic a study is carried out to
see how effective aspirin is in reducing
temperature. Twelve 5-year-old children
suffering from influenza had their
temperatures (F) taken immediately before
and one hour after administration of aspirin.
Questions for case II
• What are the dependent and independent
variables in the study? What is the
appropriate scale of measurements for both
variables?
• Is it paired or unpaired observation?
• What are the null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis? Is it one-sided or two-sided?
• What is the appropriate parametric test that
we can use to test the null hypothesis?
Answer
• Dependent : body temperature (F,
numerical)
Independent : pem. aspirin
• Paired observation  from the same person or
subject, the dependent/outcome variables are
measured twice
• H0: temperature before - temperatureafter = 0
H1: temperature before - temperatureafter > 0 (one-
sided)
Test of distribution

• Both group are normally distributed 


parametric test
Descriptive Statistic

Temperature Descriptive
(mean/SD) Statistic
Before 102.2 (0.7989)
After 100.45(0.5649)
Case III
• Researchers want to compare protein intake
(mg) among three groups of postmenopausal
women:
– Women eating a standard American diet (SAD)
– Women eating a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet (LAC)
– Women eating a strict vegetarian diet (VEG)
Questions for case III:
• What are the dependent and independent
variables in the study? What is the
appropriate scale of measurements for both
variables?
• Is it paired or unpaired observation?
• What are null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis?
• What is the appropriate parametric test that
we can use to test the null hypothesis?
Answer
• Dependent : protein intake (mg, numerical)
Independent : diet type (SAD, LAC, and VEG,
nominal)
• Unpaired observation, no matching procedure
• H0: SAD = LAC = VEG
H1: at least one of the pairs has mean
difference of protein intake
Test of distribution

• Both group are normally distributed 


parametric test
Descriptive Statistic

Protein Descriptive
(mean/SD) Statistic
STD 74.7(5.056)
LAC 56.7(5.559)
VEG 46.7(5.559)
If I have one Dependent Variable, which statistical test do I use?

Is your Dependent Variable (DV) continuous?

YES NO

Is your Independent Variable Is your Independent Variable


(IV) continuous? (IV) continuous?

YES NO YES NO

Correlation Do you have Logistic Chi Square


or Linear only 2 Regression
Regression treatments?

YES NO

T-test ANOVA

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