Grammar

Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University

2018
 Infinitive/-ing

Passive voice Questions

Reported
speech

Tenses Relative
Clauses

Prepositions Phrasal verbs

Present continuous and simple present
(I am doing and I do)
Present continuous (I am doing)
Something that is happening at or around
the time of speaking. The action is not
finished
• The surgeon is operating in the
emergency room.
• She is having her shift this morning.
Simple present (I do)
For things in general or things that
happen repeatedly.
• Medical students take 6 years to
graduate.
• What do we need to read for final
exams?
• The doctor works very long hours
during national holiday.
Simple Past (I did)
Many verbs are irregular
• Write à wrote
• See à saw
• Go à went
• Cost à cost
Questions and negatives: did/didn’t + base form
Did you see the patient?
Was/were
Was I the person in charge when you were out of town?
Past Continuous (I was doing)
• To say that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a
certain time.
• The action or situation had already started before this time but had
not finished.
e.g. This time last year I was doing my internship.
What were you doing at 10 last night?
I waved at her, but she wasn’t looking.
Compare:
When my stomach hurt, I was having dinner. vs When my stomach
hurt, I ate dinner.
Present Perfect (I have done)
To indicate a link between the present and the past
Actions started in the past and continuing in They haven't lived here for years.
the present
When the time period referred to has not She has studied hard this week.
finished
Actions repeated in an unspecified period It has happened several times already.
between the past and now
Actions completed in the very recent past Has he just left?
When the precise time of the action is not Someone has taken my book!
important or not known

Present perfect = have/has + past participle

I/we/they/you have Past participle
he/she/it has
Present Perfect and Past
(I have done and I did)
It is often to use the present perfect or simple past
e.g. I have lost my key. Have you seen it? OR I lost my key. Did you see it?
• Do not use the present perfect when you talk about finished time
Where were you at 3:00? (not where have you been)
• Do not use the present perfect if there is no connection with the present
Charles Darwin was a great scientist (not has been)

Present perfect (have done) Simple past (did)

for a period of time that continues from for a finished time in the past
the past until now (yesterday, last week)
e.g. I have done a lot of work today e.g. I did a lot of work yesterday
Present Perfect Continuous (I have been doing)
For action began in the past and is still happening or has recently
stopped
Present perfect continuous = have/has + been + -ing
I/we/they/you have been -ing
he/she/it has been e.g. playing, doing, working

Present continuous Present perfect continuous

Past Present Future Past Present Future

I am listening I have been listening

Present Perfect Continuous and Present Perfect
Simple (I have been doing and I have done)
Present perfect continuous Present perfect simple
We are interested in the activity. It is not We are interested in the result, not in the
important whether something has been activity itself.
finished or not.

e.g. Her clothes are covered with paint. She e.g. The ceiling was white. Now it is blue.
has been painting the ceiling. She has painted the ceiling.
Use the continuous to say how long (the Use the simple to say how much, how
activity is still happening) many, or how many times

e.g. How long have you been reading that e.g. How many pages of that book have
book? you read?
For and Since
For + a period of time
I have been waiting for two hours.
We haven’t seen any cancer patients for a
month.
Since + the start of a period
I have been waiting since 8 am.
He has been working here since January.

When … ? (simple past) and How long ... ? (present perfect)

When did it start raining?

It started raining an hour ago at one o’clock
How long has it been raining?
It’s been raining for an hour since one o’clock
Past perfect (I had done)
The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make
it clear that one event happened before another in the past.
Event A Event B
I had saved my document before the computer crashed.
Past perfect
I/we/they/you had Past participle
he/she/it e.g. gone, seen, finished

Present perfect (have done) Past perfect (had done)

-unfinished- -finished-
today yesterday
past now past now

We aren’t hungry. We’ve just had lunch. We weren’t hungry. We’d just had lunch.
Past Perfect Continuous (I had been doing)
The past perfect continuous corresponds to the present perfect continuous,
but with reference to a time earlier than 'before now'.
Past perfect continuous
I/we/they/you had -ing
he/she/it

e.g. I was very tired when I got home. I had been working hard all day
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
Present continuous
| Present perfect continuous
now
now
He’s out of breath. He has been running. He was out of breath. He had been running
I will and I am going to
Will Going to
- When we decide to do something at the - When we have already decided to do
time of speaking something
I am hungry. I think I will go for lunch. I am going to study at the library
tomorrow.

- To express willingness - When there are definite signs that

I will drive you home later. something is going to happen.
I don't feel well. I think I'm going to throw
up.
You can use both will and going to for making predictions
I think it will rain tomorrow OR I think it is going to rain tomorrow
Will be doing and will have done
The future continuous (will be + ‘ing’ form) and the future perfect (will have + past
participle) tenses are used to talk about events in the future.
Future continuous Future perfect

We use the future continuous to talk about We use the future perfect to say that
something that will be in progress at or around something will be finished by a particular time
a time in the future. in the future.

Don’t call me between 8 and 9. We will be She always leaves for work at 9:00 in the
having meeting then. morning, so she will not be home at 10:00. She
will have gone to work.

We often use the future perfect with ‘by’ or ‘in’

e.g. I think astronauts will have landed on Mars by the year 2020.
Passive (is done/was done)
• This hospital is quite old. It was built in 1930.
• A lot of money was stolen in the robbery.
• This university was built by the government.
Passive: be + past participle
• Many diseases are caused by bacterial infections.
• We are not invited to the seminar.
• How is the disease cured?
• We were woken up by the code blue alarm in the ER.
• Did you enter the room? No, I wasn’t allowed.
• How much time was taken to inject the drug?
Passive (2) (be/been/being done)
• Will/can/must/going to/want to
The blood will be wiped later.
Something must be done before the cancer spreads.
The alarm could be heard from the doctor’s room.
I want to be left alone to finish my thesis.
Should have/might have/would have/seem to have
The patient’s medical record might have been sent to the wrong ward.
If she loved me, we would have been married years ago.
Passive (3)
Present perfect
Have your blood ever been sampled by your friend?
Past perfect
The pain had been ignored for too long.
The ulcer was there since five years ago and hadn’t been treated properly.
Present continuous
The research papers are being reviewed by the editors.
Past continuous
The subjects were being followed up for 10 years in the previous study.
1. Most university students …. on campus in their first year.
a. live
b. lives
c. is living

2. My sister is excited about …. to Kendal next month.

a. to travelling
b. travelling
c. to travel

3. When I turned on the television, my favourite program ….

a. has nearly finished
b. had nearly finished
c. had finished nearly
4. We …. been out long when it started to rain.
a. hadn’t
b. Had
c. weren’t

5. When I got home, they had already …. to bed.

a. Going
b. Went
c. gone

6. They .... laptop computers when my father was a student.

a. didn't have
b. hadn't
c. weren't having
Grammar (part 2)

Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University

2018
 Infinitive/-ing

Passive voice Questions

Reported
speech

Tenses Relative
Clauses

Prepositions Phrasal verbs

Reported Speech
You want to tell somebody what John said.
direct John said, “I am not feeling well.” Present
OR Quotation marks
reported John said that he was not feeling well. Past sentence

In general, the present form in direct speech changes to the past form in
reported speech
am/is à was have/has à had will à would v à v-ed
are à were do/does à did can à could
Reported Speech
It is not always necessary to change the verb when you use reported
speech, i.e. when the fact is still true you do not need to change the verb.
Direct John said, “I am going to Singapore next month.”
Reported John said that he wants to go to Singapore next month.
Say and Tell
•Use say, except when you want say who are you talking to (use tell).

•We also use infinitive (to + v) in reported speech, especially with tell and
ask (for orders and requests)
Direct “Stay in bed for a few days!” the doctor said to me.
Reported The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days.
Questions
Who/What/Which/How/Where/When … ?

•In question sentence, we put the first auxillary verb before subject.

•In simple present question, we use do/ does.

•In simple past question, we use did.

Negative Questions
isn’t it …? / didn’t you …?
Ø To show surprise
Didn’t you hear the doorbell? I rang it four times.
ØWhen we expect the listener to agree with us
Isn’t it nice to study every day? (yes, it is! J)

Note: the use of “why” in negative questions

Why don’t we go home? not Why we don’t go home?
Verb + ing (enjoy doing/ stop doing)
These verbs are followed by –ing,
stop finish avoid consider admit miss involve
quit postpone delay imagine deny risk practice
give up put off go on keep on

Suddenly the sun stop shining. not Suddenly the sun stop shine.
I have given up trying to win the competition.
Verb + to (forget to/ agree to)
These verbs are followed by to,
offer decide hope deserve attempt mean promise agree plan
aim afford manage intend threaten refuse arrange learn
need fail forget

We decided to stay at home.

Negative : We decided not to stay at home.
Verb + to (forget to/ agree to)
These verbs are followed by to,
offer decide hope deserve attempt mean promise agree plan
aim afford manage intend threaten refuse arrange learn
need fail forget

We decided to stay at home.

Negative : We decided not to stay at home.
Preposition
If a preposition is followed by a verb, the verb ends in –ing.
Preposition + v-ing
Are you interested in working for us?
I'm not very good at learning languages.
She must be fed up with studying.
What are the advantages of having a car?
This knife is only for cutting bread.
How about playing tennis tomorrow?
Relative clauses
A clause is a part of a sentence. A relatiuve clause tells us which
person or thing the speaker means.
Who The man who lives next door is a doctor
That Where is the candy that was in my pocket?
Which The car which broke down has now been repaired
Whose We saw some people whose car has been stolen
Whom The girl whom I wanted to meet was away on vacation
Where The house where we stayed was very beautiful
Commas
Commas
Commas and periods are the most frequently used punctuation marks.
Commas customarily indicate a brief pause; they're not as final as periods.
1) To separate words and word groups in a simple series of three or more items
We had coffee, cheese and crackers, and grapes.

2) To separate two adjectives when the order of the adjectives is interchangeable

He is a strong, healthy kid.
3) Do not run too many independent clauses together by using commas

4) In sentences where two independent clauses are joined by connectors such

as and, or, but, etc., put a comma at the end of the first clause
He walked all the way home, and he shut the door.

5) If the subject does not appear in front of the second verb, a comma is generally
unnecessary
I saw that she was busy, and prepared to leave.