Chapter I

Introduction

Project Context

Solid Waste refers to the collection of reusable and recyclable materials of garbage arising from the

human activities that are discarded. Solid Waste is generated from industrial, residential and commercial

activities in a given area, and may be handled in a variety way. Waste can be categorized based on material,

such as: bottles, plastic, paper, metal, appliances, electronic material, etc.

According to Josep Maria Casas Sabata Coordinator Polytechnic University of Catalonia

Barcelona, Spain (2005) the society has been dramatically changed with the evolution of technology.

Because of the fast-facing in technology; man always seeks for more ways to make their way of living easier.

Everyday new discoveries are being discovered, new applications are being made, and new kinds of service

are being served through technology. The researchers will develop a mobile application that will help the

community and the government to manage the solid waste by segregating it and convert it as a source of

income. The proposed application will help the Philippine community to have a convenient way of disposing

their solid waste.

The application will help manage the garbage collection that can be recycled, reuse and sell. It

Utilizes GPS to track and locate nearest areas that has solid waste offered for selling. It can be viewed by

the seller and buyer and manage the reports. Most barangay in Manila are still need proper waste

management. Although waste management programs are being held by local barangays, proper waste

management such as segregation, proper waste disposal, the waste that are generated by the city inhabitants

will lead to serious environmental and health hazards such as air pollution, water contamination, food poison

and spread of contagious disease.

 The application will also provide communication to junkshops or other big company for bulk selling

to lessen work from going to the place and talking to the owner, but sometimes they will not listen to the price

you give and just go with their price. With the use of the application that will change because you are the one

giving the price and will wait for the response if they agree with the price you given.

Purpose and Description

The proposed system is a Mobile application, W-Cash: Solid Waste Management with

Income Generating System for Philippines settings that will provide income using recyclable items like bottles,

cardboard, papers, metal items (computer parts, Car parts and etc.). With the help of this application they

will think again to segregate their trash to gain money

The system provide help to the Philippine Society for the Prevention of increasing pollution due to

no garbage segregation with that problem it will promote garbage segregation and trash turning to money.

Waste management are the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final

disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring

and regulation of the waste management process.

The system can help in terms of extra income with the use of garage specifically recyclable

garbage. It will help to segregate the garbage because they will think first this piece of plastic, paper or

cardboard can be money.

Objectives of the Study

General Objective

This Project entitled, W-Cash: Solid Waste Management with Income Generating System for
Philippines settings, a mobile application that is used for collecting, treating and disposing of solid material

or electronics that is discarded because it has served its purpose or no longer useful.

The research study aims to:

1. Create an application that will manage solid waste that can be recycle, reuse and residual. sell for

income generation.

2. Develop a system that will have three (3) general users:

Retailer create a post of his/her waste items.

 Only post his/her waste items to the application

 Can see the all buyer account nearby in the real time location

Buyer or ”Magbobote” the one who buys to the retailer

 Can only bid to the retailer’s post

 Can be a reseller to bigtime junkshop corporation

 Can view the post of all retailer account, nearby his/her location

 Can search whole buyer of his item.

Junk Shop smalltime/bigtime business

 The one who get the bulky waste materials.

 Can search the whole seller

3. Utilize GPS to track and locate nearest areas with solid waste offered for selling.

4. Chat (messaging module).

Chat module is for communication of the buyer and retailer and also the communication of

the buyer to the seller

 5. Notifications & Reports.

In this module, they will see the response from buyer to retailer or buyer to seller. This is

where you will view the things you will buy or things you are selling

Significance of the Study

this study aims to develop an application that will focused on collecting waste materials and

location of the people that have a waste. The system will require an internet connection, it will also help the

seller to check the categories they want to sell, it can see the transaction and know the information and

identity. The buyer can see the items of the seller and locate the nearest location and area code. And only

the buyer can check all the nearest location of the seller.

Scope and Limitation

This system has 3 no. of users; seller, retailer and buyer. This is a mobile application that can be

used in different platform (multi-platform) like windows, macOS and android. It also uses GPS technology

to

This study will focus on developing a mobile application. The system will let the seller to post a

waste material by uploading a photo using this application then it will be sent to the buyer and the buyer can

be a reseller to the bigtime junk shops. Seller can also see and check the transaction. Seller’s location will

be located through GPS when you sent a post. This application will also let the seller know the information

and identity of buyer. The buyer can see all the details of waste material that has been sent by the seller and

see the nearest location on their place. Only the buyer can see or check the list of the nearest seller. It

requires internet connection to make sure your post will be sent to the buyer and view the transaction.
Definition of Terms

Biodegradable Material Example of biodegradable materials is papers.

Bulky Waste Household appliances such as ovens and fridges.

Buyer A person who makes a purchase.

Collection The process of picking up wastes from residences, businesses or

a collection point, loading them into a vehicle, transporting them
to a processing, transfer, or disposal site.

Container Any receptacle used to accumulate waste from residential,

commercial and Industrial sites.

Disposal The collection and transportation of waste by the rubbish removal

team to the local landfill or dump.

Electronic Waste E-Waste is discarded electronic devices such as computers, TVs,

microwaves and other electrical appliances.

Garbage Wasted or spoiled food and other refuse, as from kitchen or

household.
Litter Waste not managed.

Mixed Waste A combination of waste materials that have been thrown into the
rubbish stream.

Recycling The reprocessing of already used materials into new products to

reduce the usage of raw materials.
Recyclables Items that can be reprocessed into feedstock for new products.

Reduce To bring down to a smaller extent, size, amount and number.

Refuse A term often used interchangeably with solid waste.

Reuse Is a process in which products that are not categorized as waste

are used again for their initial purpose.

Rubbish A general term for solid waste. Sometimes used to exclude food
wastes and ashes.

Seller A product that sells in some specified way.

Solid Waste Garbage accumulated from households, restaurants and

shopping centers.

Waste Collector A person employed by a private company or a local council to

dispose of waste from households, business and bins.

Waste Dealer A middleman who buys recyclable materials from waste

generators and itinerant buyers and sells them.

CHAPTER II
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The literature and studies referred to in this section address the particular ideas,
studies and functions identified with the current research. Those that were also
secured in this section would almost certainly improve their proposed task by
method for aggregating the comprehension of exceptional investigations, which
would help and give satisfaction for the specialists on their proposed
examination. In this section, the researchers would most likely contrast the old
research with the momentum look into and would almost certainly execute the
data and learning picked up in making this part.

Local Studies

According to the researcher (LA Guerrero, G Maas, W Hogland -Waste

Management, 2013 – Elsevier.)

Solid waste management is a test for the urban communities' experts in

creating nations principally because of the expanding age of waste, the
weight acted on the city spending like a consequence of the surprising
expenses related to its administration, the absence of comprehension over
an assorted variety of elements that influence the various phases of waste
administration and linkages important to empower the whole taking care of
framework working.

An investigation of writing on the work done and detailed mostly in

productions from 2005 to 2011, identified with waste administration in
creating nations, demonstrated that few articles give quantitative data. The
investigation was directed in two of the major logical diaries, Waste
Management Journal and Waste Management and Research. The target of
this examination was to decide the partners' activity/conduct that have a job
in the waste administration process and to break down compelling
components on the framework, in excess of thirty urban zones in 22 creating
nations in 4 main lands. A combination of methods was used in this study in
order to assess the stakeholders and the factors influencing the performance
of waste management in the urban communities. Data was collected from
scientific literature, existing data bases, observations made during visits to
urban areas, structured interviews with relevant professionals, exercises
provided to participants in workshops and a questionnaire applied to
stakeholders.

Solid Waste

(A Zach, E Binner, M Latif - Waste management & research, 2000-

journals.sagepub.com). Solid waste is the term used to described old, end-of-life
or disposed of waste or appliances. Furthermore, Solid waste isn't simply
constrained to appliances, phones, plastic bottles, metal, copper, TVs and so
on. It encompasses all large and small household appliances, business
hardware, and some other sorts of waste or complex products. Solid waste
management lead to a major problem in our society because any other Filipino's
movement or procedure creates their waste. Further, the management of the
solid waste is considered as a worldwide to be a costly public service.

The analyst examined an examination of the solid waste to be to be created

and the review of a management plan for such wastes should be prerequisites
for obtaining building permits, conditional use approvals, for commercial and
industrial activities. Cities and people face the significant obligation of advancing
manageability in the broad sense of the word. The protection of the environment
and assets and the prosperity of our natives are all piece of this methodology.
Waste is anything made as a bothersome aftereffect of human activity and, all in
all, of any living thing. In organize to endure, human animals should steadily
trans-outline certain items they have at their move into others that they can
assimilate, thus producing a portion that's waste.

The researcher examined, Solid waste comprise of dangerous and non-

perilous metals, plastics, glass, boards, appliances, rubber, and other items. The
hazardous waste contains 1000 distinct substances, huge numbers of which are
lethal that can make hurt human wellbeing. The lead that can be found to
batteries, and PCs cause harm to the focal and fringe sensory systems and
conceptive frameworks; mercury that can damage brain and kidneys. More over
some of the dangerous waste parts can be a contamination and add to harmful
landfill. The waste gets the chance to be gainful on the off chance that it is
separated and reused the later types of progress in development has in addition
made waste to wound up important substance with change of waste to
unmistakable shapes and seat imperativeness, for example, Waste to Vitality.
M. Jayson, S. Hiremath and L.H.R. (2018). SmartBin-Automatic waste
isolation and accumulation, 1-4. From this article, Waste management is
something beyond gathering waste. It is the gathering, transport, preparing,
reusing, and seeing of waste materials. Different segments, for example,
characteristic, monetary, specific, legislational, guideline and political issues,
should be taken into thought. A few significant choices must be made. Amongst
them is the opening of new waste management facilities as accessible areas are
winding up progressively scarcer, or the development of a present facility.
Second, we need to designate trucks to certain transfer facilities. Thirdly, we
need to develop efficient route for reaching the administration locations. Actually,
appeal is the foremost critical and expensive viewpoint of the cycle since of the
labor escalated of the work and the massive use of trucks within the collecting
prepare. while the reusing objective for some items containing glass, steel, etc.
is obvious, it's far vital to factor out that indeed the trash we positioned outdoor
may be utilized to create energy or may be utilized in different useful
merchandise. Whereas emphasizing the solidness of waste, we have to be think
approximately running the waste cycle effectively as well.,
Figure1: This includes trash or garbage from households, schools, offices,
market places, restaurants and other public places.

Municipal Waste Management

Khatib et al. 2007; MOEF 2006; Shimura et al. 2001; Upadhyay et al.
2005. Municipal Waste Management includes arranging, building, agency,
enterprise, monetary and valid angles of sports related with era, development,
ability, series, shipping, making ready and switch in an obviously congruous
manner embracing requirements of financial system, aesthetics, power and
upkeep. In this figure you will see the percentage number of every sources of
waste, first you can see the highest percentage that is the residential it is 68%
and next is the Commercial 14%,Restaurants,Hotels,Marriage Halls,Schools,
Institutions 12% ,Hospital & Clinics 4% and the smallest percentage is the
Industrial and it is 2% that is the number of trash or waste in every place. In
spite of the fact that population improvement and waste era are global
demanding situations, the circumstance of low-earnings cities is of unique issue.
Cities having less than $2000, $2000 $15000 and higher than $15000 per capita
income are categorized as low profits, middle profits and excessive earnings
cities (Mendes & Imura 2004). Although Municipal Waste Management
generation rate is tall in cities of the created world, hey are nicely organized and
feature well-surveyed mass and material circulate data from guide to top, which
are inaccessible for low-earnings cities of the creating nations. In low-income
gather of cities, the prevailing hones of MSW management and their arranging
are primarily based on projection of populace and in keeping with capita waste
era based totally on test overview (Khatib et al. 2007; MOEF 2006; Shimura et
al. 2001; Upadhyay et al. 2005). Comprehensive overview in winter, summer
and blustery seasons for each era source is inaccessible. The regular variety in
MSW generation is due to the truth that more biomass is burnt in winter, more
diffusing of MSW takes put in summer and more water dissolvable natural things
discover way in canals amid blustery season. MSW generation moreover rises
amid merry seasons that require brief control measures. The primary bunch of
partners is MSW generators like families, organization regions, diverse bunches
of businesses; drifting populaces; wellbeing care administrations etc. In this
figure as you can see they have parameters, low income ,middle income and
high income to see the weaknesses and strengths in other places also.The
primary bunch of partners is MSW generators like families, organization regions,
diverse bunches of businesses; drifting populaces; wellbeing care
administrations etc. Second group of stake.
Figure2: This figure shown solid waste management in different income group of
cities.
 Figure3: Flow chart MSW management process.

Solid Waste Management Collection

The researcher studied, solid waste control shall consult with the
discipline related to the manage of technology, garage, series, switch and
delivery, processing, and disposal of stable wastes in a way this is in accord with
the first-rate ideas of public fitness, economics, engineering, conservation,
aesthetics, and different environmental considerations, and that is also attentive
to public attitudes. Ecological solid waste management shall refer to the
systematic administration of activities which provide for segregation at source,
segregated transportation, garage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal
of stable waste and all different waste management activities which do now not
harm the environment.
 Article 4 Recycling Program Section 26 of R.A 9003 Inventory of
Existing Markets for Recyclable Materials. The DTI shall within six (6) months
from the successfully of this Act and in cooperation with the branch, the DILG
and other worried agencies and sectors, publish a observe of current markets
for processing and buying recyclable substances and the capacity steps
necessary to amplify those markets. Such study shall include, but not be limited
to, an inventory of existing markets for recyclable materials, product standards
for recyclable and recycled materials, and a proposal, developed in conjunction
with the appropriate agencies call for for the production of products containing
submit-customer and recovered materials. Disposal shall refer to the discharge,
deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or setting of any stable waste into or in a land.
Section 25 of R.A 9003. Guidelines for Transfer Stations. Transfer stations shall
be designed and operated green waste coping with potential and in compliance
with environmental requirements and recommendations set pursuant to this Act
and other regulations: Provided, that no waste will be saved in such station past
twenty-four (24) hours. The siting of the transfer station shall remember the land
use plan, proximity to series area, and accessibility of haul routes to disposal
facility. The design shall give primary consideration to size and space sufficiency
in order to accommodate the waste for storage and vehicles for loading and
unloading of wastes.
 Figure4: Waste Generation flow of the recycle
materials.

Solid Waste Classification and Generation

Based on the source and type of waste, the classification of municipal solid
waste is described below;

Residential Waste

Residential or in other Barangay waste includes solid waste that during

the household activities which include cleaning, repairing, and operating. The
waste material consists of empty bins, old newspaper and scrap metals.
 Figure5: Residential waste collected per house hold.

In this figure as you can see this is the number of the residential waste
collected per house hold in every year.

Bulky Waste

Bulky waste contains of kinds, refrigerators, car elements, plastic materials,

washing machines, metallic scrap and so on., bobbing up all through the
household activities which cannot be stored within the packing containers of
homes.

Street Waste

Street waste consists of the wastes that are gathered from parks, streets,
walkways and vacant places. the road waste contains of plastic, paper, and
other empty recyclable materials. Mostly in developing countries, the littering of
public locations is a not unusual problem and within the developing countries
guide road sweeping has visible while in developed international locations
mechanized street sweeping is practiced.

(Hazra & Goel, 2009; Wagner & Arnold, 2008; Magrinho et al., 2006).
Waste generation is the most important element to study in order to have
effective solid waste management system. The generation of waste varies
substantially between international locations based totally on the way of life,
public focus and control. Wastes within the rate of generating, amount and high-
quality depending upon the location of generation. The quantity and quality
depend upon the source like residential areas, industrial areas or commercial
areas and also may vary at different times of the year which will have a marked
effect on the selection of method for its collection, processing and disposal.

Waste Prevention and Minimization

Prevention means casting off or reducing the amount of waste that's

produced within the first location, hence reducing the quantity of waste which
should be controlled. Prevention can take the form of decreasing the quantities
of materials used in a manner or decreasing the amount of harmful substances
which may be contained in a product. Prevention also can include the reuse of
merchandise. Prevention is the maximum suited waste control choice because it
gets rid of the need for managing, transporting, recycling or disposal of waste. It
presents the very best degree of environmental safety by optimizing the usage
of resources and by removing a capacity supply of pollution. consists of any
process or pastime that avoids, reduces or gets rid of waste at its supply or
consequences in re-use or recycling. It may be tough to attract a clear distinction
among the phrases Prevention and Minimization Waste prevention and
minimization measures can be carried out at all tiers within the existence-cycle
of a product along with the manufacturing manner, the advertising, distribution,
or usage ranges, up to discarding the product at the give up- of lifestyles degree.
By examining each stage in the life cycle of a product, it may be possible that
the quantities of waste produced at each stage can be reduced.
 Reduction – Lowering
the amount of waste
produced

Reuse – Using
materials repeatedly

Recycling – Using
materials to make new
product

Recovery – Recovering energy from waste

Disposal – Safe disposal of waste to landfill

Figure6: This figure show the level of majorities

component.

Garbage Bins

It rapidly have become a requirement to have containers within the home,

or one with two booths, to split every day garbage. One turned into for natural
material (food scraps, meat, fish, vegetables, fruit, peelings, shells, coffee
grains, and many others.), will be transformed into compost, and the other
became for the most not unusual styles of inert materials (inorganic products,
pieces of glass, used tins, damaged china, cartons, plastic, scraps of metallic,
and so on.), to be taken to the garbage dump or a variety plant.
Constraints Applied to Management

Protection of public health -The public health problems associated with the
improper disposal of solid waste, especially food waste, have long been the
driving motivation for the removal of these materials from human environs. The
attraction of rats and other vermin made solid waste a source of widespread
health issues, specially with regard to sicknesses related to rats and flies.

Minimum cost - It was typically accepted that the “cost” of solid waste
management was the number of dollars required to eliminate the rejected
material from contact with human populations. If this could be accomplished by
dumping it in a used gravel pit, hauling it to sea, volatilizing it into the
atmosphere, or something, that was the minimum cost. As the environmental
effect of flawed disposal of solid waste have become known, it changed into
essential to impose more stringent constraints on disposal techniques.
Additionally, it is not sufficient to remember simplest the modern prices of the
design, production, and operation of a facility. Future economic liabilities, if not
for the disposal site operator, then for society in general, are recognized and are
now becoming a part of the cost evaluation.

Environmental acceptability - To start with the objective of solid waste disposal was
to render the waste harmless either with the aid of hauling it to faraway locations
wherein human contact become not likely, or trying to burn the flammable fraction.
The resulting environmental insults were tolerated. The quantity of waste was limited
both by the per capita production as well as by the total population. Additionally, the
environmental different societal activities had been extensively more than from solid
waste disposal. As the concern for improving the quality of the environment began to
be expressed in the 1960s and 1970s, it was clear that solid waste disposal practices
were contributing to the deterioration of environmental quality.
Since then there has been a steady increase in the control exercised over solid waste
disposal.

Resource recovery and conservation - The concept of resource recovery and

conservation has had a enormous impact in defining what's and isn't rejected by
using society. The oil embargo of the 1970s and the ensuing concerns for
energy conservation resulted in the identification of materials having a excessive
production electricity requirement. (Perhaps the increase in the cost of energy
was a stronger driving force than conservation.) These materials were the
targets for recycling, and as more was learned about recycling, a selection of
different materials has been introduced to the list.

Public health aspect of solid waste management

The general public health problems related to solid waste fall into classes:
diseases carried by vermin, and the and the physical and chemical risks as a
consequence of sure additives in solid waste. Discarded solid waste affords the
food and harborage for rats, flies, and mosquitoes. Food wastes attract these
insects and rodents. The debris associated with the refuse provides shelter as
well as breeding environments, especially for insects. Therefore, the population
of vermin may be expected to increase if the refuse is not managed. broken
glass, rusty metals, household insecticides, solvents, and so forth, are the
sources of chemical and bodily hazards associated with solid waste.

Disease Sources and Pathways

The diseases that can be attributed to the vermin associated with solid
waste are various, relying at the contaminated material that can be gift within the
refuse and the endemic ailment reservoir of the human and animal populace of
the region. Refuse can include human and animal fecal fabric. Any disease
present in the population producing this waste can be transmitted by flies.
Diseased animal remains may be present. Flies contacting this material can
transmit certain diseases to different populations. Mosquitoes that breed in the
water retained with the aid of the refuse can be the carrier of some of diseases
that can be endemic in the human or animal populace. Subsequently, there may
be the sickness reservoir within the rat populace, which can be transmitted to
people in touch with this population. Diseases related with the direct carrier
pathway (i.e., carried by flies and mosquitoes) include typhoid fever, paratyphoid
fever, gastroenteritis, dysentery, cholera, yellow fever, hepatitis, encephalitis,
and malaria. Two situations are essential for these sicknesses to be a public
health trouble: they should be endemic in both the human or the animal
population of an area, and there need to be a provider to transmit the etiological
agent from the original host to the receptor. Consequently, control of the
conditions that foster the growth of flies and mosquitoes is a critical component
in the control of many public health diseases. Because of the progress in control
of the insect populations and the reduction in the number of persons infected,
many of these diseases are not a problem in the industrialized world.
Gastroenteritis, dysentery, hepatitis, and encephalitis are presently the primary
public fitness troubles in the USA associated with flies and mosquitoes. Rats
additionally make contributions to transmission of illnesses. they're a reservoir
for plague and typhus fever. The etiological agent is present in the rodent
population and is transmitted to human beings by lice and fleas that live on the
rats. So if rats inhabit the identical environs as humans, the possibility for
transmitting these illnesses increases. Rat bite fever is also transmitted by rats.
A rat bite may additionally come to be infected by using microorganisms carried
within the rat’s mouth, inflicting a fever to increase that can be deadly if now not
dealt with directly and nicely.
Role of Solid Waste in Disease Prevention

In addition to being a capacity supply of pathogenic (disease-causing)

organisms, solid waste has other roles in the increased incidence of common
public health diseases. The garbage (food waste) is a source of food for vermin.
Flies discover moist garbage a super surroundings for replica and, as discussed
later, the fly population correlates carefully with the way wherein rubbish is
controlled. In a similar manner, the organic matter in garbage is also a food
supply for the mosquito larvae. Of course, ras are scavengers and are attracted
by uncovered rubbish. The populations of each mosquitoes and rats are
improved via the presence of meals wastes, but careful management of rubbish
will now not eliminate those vermin. Discarded garbage an also hold rainwater
that provides a breeding place for mosquitoes.

One place that keeps to receive interest is the growth of mosquitoes in

discarded tires. It has been common practice to collect used tires at a central
location so that when a sufficient quantity is obtained, some use may be found
for them. Unfortunately, uses have been slow in developing and the variety of
tires in a single area can be inside the many thousands and thousands. It is
impossible to place tires so that water does not collect in them. This is a perfect
breeding place for mosquitoes. Of particular public health concern is the Culex
mosquito, which transmits encephalitis. If garbage is authorized to build up, it's
miles a ability breeding habitat for mosquitoes. Rats are usually determined in all
rural and concrete regions. They are very secretive animals that have observed
to live in near proximity with human beings. They are typically determined in
sewers and comparable included environments. Consequently, the presence of
a food source (discarded garbage) will appeal to them. If the food supply is
adequate and there is adequate habitat, the rat population will increase
significantly. Of course, discarded rubbish that accumulates also provides and
ideal harbor age for this animals. A concurrent increase in disease carried by the
rat can be expected.
Local Studies

The researcher study first identify what is solid waste which is defined as
generation of undesirable substances which is left after they are used once and
can also be defined as the useless and unwanted products in the solid state
derived from the activities of and discarded by society. Many people now a days
always litter anywhere, the attitude of the people has been culture in urban
places specially squatter area, squatter area have plenty of waste. And the
researcher found that who had children aged 7-14 years of aged, most teach
some lesson and give mostly information about solid waste management. This
school, barangay, and municipal campaign must be focused on recycling
because recycling can increase the attitude of the-human-race toward solid
waste management among children and their parents. Reports on solid waste
management recommended that recycling habit needs to be established in
relation to sustainability solid waste.

The amount of the solid waste generated continuous to increase due to

growing population and increasing development. The Philippines is on top 3 at
waste management in asia on 2018, according to a 2017 report by Ocean
Conservancy. This isn’t just an Asia problem. Plastic is one of the greatest
environmental challenges facing the world. The U.S. wasted about 33.6 million
tons of plastic, and only 9.5% was recycled. This might be the hardest habit for
consumers in Philippines.
 Figure7. In this figure shows top countries polluted the ocean, according to
study asia is one of the top polluter in the world.

According to the researcher, students’ awareness about environmental

problems and solutions can be increased through education. That it is expected
that solid waste management activities in their university campus involve the
students as part of their learning process. The particular skills and knowledge
gained from environmental education would help them in changing human
behaviour towards the environment.

Students with some knowledge and skills on environmental education are more
motivated to take part in environmental protection activities and plans. Thus
would generate new ideas for the solution of environmental problems. Sharing
new information from their activities with families, other adults, and community
probably will have some positive implications on solid waste management
practices. Not only in school but in other ecosystem too.

Waste disposal is different from waste management. Proper waste disposal is

needed to properly execute waste management. Waste Management refers to
the recycling, assortment, transport, processing, and monitoring of waste
products. The waste products are mainly of three types: solid, liquid or in gas
state. Solid waste commonly is known as non-biodegradable waste (UKEssays,
2015). Their study centered on the waste hierarchy or 3R’s – reduce, reuse,
recycle – and explored waste management as a concept and effect of waste
disposal. Without properly executing waste disposal, difficulty in waste
management also emerge. It is also proven that human activities and lack of
discipline are the main reason of improper waste disposal that makes the
problem difficult to resolve.

Figure8: This diagram shows the proper waste disposal.

One of the significant studies that can also be applied to this research is the
“Environmental

Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: A Case

Study of Rawalpindi City” (Ejaz, Akhtar, Nisar & Ali Naeem, 2010), which
discussed and highlighted the main causes of improper solid waste
management in developing countries like improper ways of waste disposal. An
ineffective community solid waste management system may create serious
negative environmental impacts like infectious diseases, land and water
contamination and block of channels of drains
 Solid waste management is outlined because the direct generation,
collection, storage, transport, supply separation, processing, treatment, recovery
and disposal of solid waste. It is a polite term for garbage management. It is the
response to the world’s stinking and escalating problem on the garbage.
Mounting waste downside has been the core foundation of venturesome
sickness and land depletion, to not mention is negative consequence to the
atmosphere. The system of handling trash, be it municipal waste collection,
recycling programs, open dumping, incineration and gasification fall on the same
category. Despite the years of trying to resolve the mounting waste downside,
the matter still persist (Enriquez, 2011)

As rumored by Guzman et al., (2010), solid waste management is one in

all the foremost important environmental issues these days. In tube Manila
alone, roughly zero.6 kilogram per person of garbage is produced with a total
amount of about 6000 to 7000 tons per day. Despite the actual fact that not all of
those assortment system individuals appear to be unconcerned with the quantity
of solid and solid waste they manufacture. Proper assortment could be a answer
to the country’s waste downside. Unfortunately, disposal wouldn't be the
foremost and sole answer to the current concern (Guzman et al., 2010). Until
recently, the disposal of municipal solid waste doesn't attract abundant public
attention. From time period through this day, the favored means of disposal was
simply to dump solid waste outside the city and village limits (Enger & Smith,
2006). On the opposite hand, supply reduction is taken into account to be the
answer to solid waste downside. This means that first and foremost, people
should consider how much waste is generated and in what ways can they
reduced it. Secondly, they should consider how much of the wastes can be
diverted from final disposal into other forms. Related to this, several issues need
to be resolved by the government agencies concerned with the solid waste
management program in the Philippines (Guzman et al, 2010). Like other
developing countries, waste management has become a major problem in the
Philippines in the past decades. This paper provides an outline of the waste
management and exercise within the Philippines and also the responses of the
govt. to handle numerous issues caused the improper waste management. It
reviews the policies associated with waste management from 1938 to 2001,
together with the most recent and maybe the foremost comprehensive solid
waste management policy within the country, the Philippine Republic Act 9003
(RA 9003). It presents the issues on the implementation of these policies, the
status of the compliance by the local government, and the recent initiatives and
activities to promote proper waste management and recycling. Using the
experiences of some designated case studies, it illustrates the potential and
advantages of exercise each in addressing the waste management issues and
in assuaging poorness. This paper concludes that the application of good
governance through participation of various stakeholders, strong awareness
campaign, and promotion and replication of innovative and appropriate
technologies that are necessary to achieve good waste management and sustainable
recycling industry. (V Atienza - Kojima, M. and Michida, E.(2011)(Eds) Economic …, 2011.)

Sources of waste in Metro Manila

In this figure as you can see this are the percentage number of wastes in Metro Manila.
 Chapter III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This study explores the issue of solid waste management. Review of literature has revealed that the

problem of solid waste management is a result of swift industrial development, consumerism, changing

lifestyle and ambitions of different classes of urban and rural communities. Studies have shown that the

significant amount of solid waste generated in metropolitan cities is far more as compared to rural areas. The

solid waste generation is related to the lifestyles and buying capacity of people across different groups in

urban areas. The other side of this issue is the handling and disposal of solid waste management.

Research Methodology

In maintaining and organizing the flow of the development of the system, the researchers utilized the

Agile Method. This method is an iterative and incremental approach to software development. It involves

continuous planning, testing, and other forms of integration to the improvement of the framework. This

method helped the team to collaborate with the users as well as make decision quickly and effectively to

result into an improved output for the users’ needs.

Figure9: The Agile method and its steps

 Brainstorming

Before the approval of the proposed project, researchers conducted a group gathering to share their

thoughts about the title to be proposed and the concepts that are going to be implemented in the research.

After it was approved, the researchers were still on the brainstorming phase to add some additional concept.

The researchers also shared some ideas about the research proposal.

Planning

After thinking the idea, the next phase was the planning of how to apply the gathered information or
ideas to establish a mobile application . The researchers identified and formulated the features and presented
it through the Gantt chart.

Table1.Gantt Chart

MONTHS
APRIL MAY JUNE JULY
Weeks 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Activities
Planning
Finalizing Group
Creating Topic
Look for an Adviser
Approved Topic
Documentation Chapter 2
Documentation Chapter 1
Documentation Chapter 3
Revision of Chapter 1 - 3
Report Module
Chat Module
Notification Module
GPS
Search Engine
 MONTHS
AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
Weeks 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Report Module
Chat Module
Notification Module
GPS
Search Engine

This table is the Gantt chart, one of the most favored and convenient ways of showing activities

displayed against time. On the left of the chart is a record of activities and along the top is a fitting time scale.

Each activity is represented by a bar; the position and length of the bar indicates the start date. In the figure

the researchers examine and determine how long each activity is scheduled to last. To monitor the task

schedule of the researchers and what resources are being used for each activity and so on. The blue marks

serve as a reminder of what are the activities that are already finished.

Work Breakdown Structure

Figure10: Work Breakdown Structure

The illustration of the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) of the proposed system. It composes of the following

table: Brainstorming, Planning, Designing, Development, Quality Assurance, Implementation. Brainstorming

is the starting of making the system it consists of thinking the title proposal in the chosen adviser, and

discussing for the ideas of chapter 1, 2, and 3. Planning consisting of how the member will give individually

for the idea of the project proposal. Designing consist of each member will give their own idea for the chosen

project, and give idea for the layout of the project. Development consist of the discussing the virtual of the

project to identify the other development that needed. Quality Assurance it will consist the testing or checking

of the reliability and correctness of product. Implementing consisting of the implementation of the discussion

for the solution of the problem that the researcher see, survey, and then the final output of the project.

Table2. Duties and Responsibilities of each member

Arellano, Carlo Cortez, Daniel Joshua Manguera, Giann Jay O. Reyes, Vince S.
James L. P.
(Research and (Graphic Designer)
(Web Programmer) (Mobile Programmer) Documentation)

 Web  Mobile  Project Planning  Graphs and

Development Development Figures
 Provide needed
 Web  Mobile documentation  Web Design
Application Application for the system.
Graphs Designs  Tarpaulin Design
 Publishable
 Web  Mobile Paper  Leaflets Design
Application Application
Analysis Analysis

Table shows the assigned task to each member to accomplish the duties and responsibilities.
Each researches plan, coordinate with every task of the project.
 Table3. Technical Constraints

Constraints
Technical Constraints
Operating System The system application is only access able to the
mobile with the OS of ice cream sandwich and
higher. The mobile phone with lower OS can’t
access the application.

Accuracy The data are accurate based on the information that

the users provided, the only thing that can cause a
data inaccurate is if the database shutdown.

Complexity The complexity of the system is based the modules

and features.
The actual value of complexity is based on the
number of functions used in the system.

Connectivity Internet connection is important for the system to

run the features for the users and admin. The
internet speed should be 3 – 5 mbps.

Data Delivery It will be a real-time process.

Estimated time : 5-6 months with development

In Table , contains a table for the constraints that limit the development of the project. By identifying
this limitation, the researchers managed to provide alternative solutions. It shows the source of data,
development time, delivery time, availability of data and Cost.

Table4. Non-Technical Constraints

Constraints
Non-Technical Constraints
Cost The system utilizes the android and web
application, and then the cost will be based on the
expenses for the development of the system and
also the expenses of the developers.
Actual Cost P 6,000
Delivery Time The delivery time of the system will be based on the
estimated time that the developer will give. The data
that the system provide to the users are provided by
the client that satisfy the user needs
 The Table contains the constraint of non-technical. It shows that the cost will be based on
the expenses of the developers and delivery time that will be based on the estimated time.

Designing

The researchers designed different procedures of the application assets. The graphic user interface

is the most important part of the application for which is going to be the medium of the user and the

application. The researchers also made their prototype as guidance in the development of the application.

System design helped in specifying hardware, system requirements and in defining the overall system

architecture.

Figure11: System Architecture Design

 The Figure above shows the system architecture of the proposed system. It shows how the flow of

the system starting from the user using the application, then what the system will do upon opening the

application. The user can also use the Map Tracking Module, in which the system will track the current

location. The researchers use IntelliJ IDEA to create the mobile application instead of android studio because

it has some features that android studio doesn’t have. The researchers also use MySQL and Javascript to

create the web-based admin site and java language to create the mobile application using IntelliJ IDEA.

Figure12: System Architecture Design

In this figure, the researcher uses the database which is the MySQL to ensure real-time database

and simplifies the development process. They also use android studio to create the mobile application. In

this System Architecture design the researchers use Android Studio to make the mobile application.
 Figure13: System Architecture Design

In Figure shows the system architecture of our system that has 4 Users (Admin, Seller, Buyer

and Retailer). It uses a MySQL Database that stored all the data coming from the application. In User Side,

the IDE used in making the application is the IntelliJ IDEA that uses Java Programming Language and all the

data from the application sent to the database via Web Services. In Admin Side, PHP Programming

Language is used to make an Admin Application that monitors all the data coming from the Android

Application and produce some reports. All the data is coming from the database via HTTP / HTTPS. In this

System Architecture the researchers use Cloud database because of its scalability, backup and recovery,

and cost efficiency.

 Figure14: System Architecture Design

In this figure, System Architecture shows the process of the user where can find the items that can

be buy. The user can automatically communicate between other users if there is an item. MySQL serves as

the database of the system. And the system can view data and go to the Administrator.

Figure15: Entity Relationship Diagram

 The Figure above shows the Entity Relationship Diagram, it show the connection of entities and the

relationship of each other. Seller will post the items they want to sell and the buyers see the items of the

seller using mobile phone. Buyer offer particular price to seller’s item, if the seller confirm to the offer of the

buyer, then it will process the transaction and the seller receive notification.

Figure16: Use case Model

Figure 16, represents the descriptions of the use cases that the system should achieve through the
relationship of the two external users. The figure depicts the two users, where the first is the user where
he/she can login/logout, post an item, chat for verification, view the items, search for the location and manage
the reports. Then the Admin can also login /logout, send notification, search and view the app users’
transactions and generate a report.
Development

The software that will be used to develop the proposed system will be the following: Ionic framework

will be used to develop the main Android part of the proposed application. Firebase database, to create the

database that will be used to store the necessary information. SQL database, to view different structure and

content of the database. PHP, to connect the proposed application into the database, which contains

information. Java, to obtain codes from the internet and later on run them without infecting the host system

with any threats such as virus or malwares. In addition, GPS to locate the user and track the user's

whereabouts.

PHP

The researchers decided to use this programming language, which is designed for web

development for the user personnel. It is the chosen language because it can be mixed with html languages

and at the same time can be used to access database which is the main function of the system.

Firebase Database

Firebase Database was the chosen database management tool. A cloud-hosted database that

synchronizes data to every connected client, since the driver's data changes every month due to some

additional drivers and franchise on a specific route. Firebase database has the capability to synchronize data

every time the data changes, in which any connected device receives an update within milliseconds. The

database is also accessible from client devices since the admin side is a web application in which the

database is stored while the user side is an android application, the database can be accessed directly from

the web application in which there is no need for an application server.

Android Software Development Kit (SDK)

Android is the most used operating system in mobile phones. The researchers decided to use the

android platform to cater majority of the users. Java is the most used programming language in developing
an application using the android SDK. The researchers use Java as their programming language to develop

this application.

Hypertext Preprocessor
The main tool that the researchers used in developing the system. PHP is a widely-used open source
general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into
JavaScript.

Firebase Real-time Database

The Firebase Real-time Database is a cloud-hosted database. Data is stored as JSON and synchronized
in real-time to every connected client. When you build cross-platform apps with our iOS, Android, and
JavaScript SDKs, all of your clients share one Real-time Database instance and automatically receive
updates with the newest data.

Android Studio
The researchers use this as tool in creating an application for mobile. Android Studio is an integrated
development environment (IDE) from Google that provides developers with tools needed to build applications
for the Android OS platform. Android Studio is available for download on Windows.

Ionic Framework

Ionic Framework was the chosen tool of the researchers because this is much better in terms of

developing mobile applications as it provides tools and services that could help in developing using web

technologies, The framework provides all the functionality that can be found in native mobile development

SDKs. Using this framework, the user can scroll onto the application without any performance hits unlike in

android studio that there are times that the application has lags and might crash. Ionic also allows analytics
and code deployment. The framework also help the researchers in maximizing available processor time and

it would also help in improving the performance of the application.

Global Map Android API

The researchers decided to use this since it is the most common Map available for android. This

Map is also available on every Android device allowing it to be more efficient in terms of usage and storage

management. API is software that allows two applications to talk to each other. It is a messenger that delivers

your requests to the provider that you’re requesting it from and then delivers the response back to you.

Apriori
Apriori is a data-mining algorithm that is used on a database that contains a large amount of data;
this algorithm uses association rules in which it is a data-mining technique that uses correlations and relations
on the variables on the database.

Table5. Project Trade-offs

Disadvantages of Advantages of
Available Resources Utilized Resources
Other Resources Utilized Resources
● Android Studio Android Studio  No Drag-and-Drop  Advanced Code
● PHP Function Completion/
● IntelliJIDEA  No User Interface Refactoring
● Python Design  Drag-and-Drop
 Large app size  Instant Run
 Still no stable Capability
 Limited access to  Better App
Open Source Library Indexing
 Very slow  User Interface
Design
  IDE
Performance/Stability
 Android Emulator
 Cloud Test Lab
 Autosave
 Preview Layout
XMLs

● Parse Server MySQL  For general purpose  Real-time

● MyQSL application only Database
● SQLite  Self-hosting  Cloud Storage
 Server-less (SQLite)  Free up to 50
 No Embedded simultaneous
Analytics connections
 No Real-time  Robust
Database Authentication
Service
 Easy Web
Implementation
 Embedded
Analytics
 Cross Platform
 Crash Reporting
 Ideal for time
applications
 Easy Setup

● Assisted GPS Google Map  Not Embedded  Easily gathered

● Ultrasonic Function of through GPS
● Google Map smartphone
 ● Cell ID  Sensing Accuracy  Embedded
affected by soft Function of
Materials smartphone
 Have limited  Free of cost
Detection range  Available in the
 Low Accuracy whole world
 Consume lot of  Easy to integrate
power  Can be used as a
 Wi-Fi coverage is navigating tool
often spotty  Accurate

Table shows the list different available resources that the users find. Also shows that selected resources
that the researchers select, the selection of the resource that going to use is based on the functions of the
resources and if it is easy t use and user friendly.

Quality Assurance

To be able to assure data the quality of the project and if the researcher’s project has met the user’s

satisfaction, the researchers had conducted different evaluation to make sure that the said project meets the

standards. Through testing and evaluating the system, the researchers were able to locate bugs, errors and

failures that are feedback of the application.

Implementation

After the system has been tested and accepted by the user, the implementation phase was initiated.

The system or system modification were installed and made operational in the production environment in this

phase.
Respondents of the Study

On the proposed study, the respondents will be the students of technological institute of the
Philippines they will test the quality of the application.

Likert’s Scale

It is a method of ascribing quantitative value to qualitative data, to make it amenable to statistical

analysis. A numerical value is assigned to each potential choice and a mean figure for all the responses is
computed at the end of the evaluation or survey.

The researchers of this study used this Likert’s scale for them to collect and gathered specific data
and information on contributing factors and for them to measure the satisfaction that was given by the game
to the respondents.

Table6. Likert’s Scale for System Evaluation Criteria

Ranking Ratings Interpretation

5 4.50-5.00 Highly Acceptable
4 3.50-4.49 Acceptable
3 2.50-3.49 Moderately Acceptable
2 1.50-2.49 Slightly Acceptable
1 1.00-1.49 Not Acceptable

In the Table 6, Likert’s Scale was summarized. There are ranking from 1 to 5 (least to highest), their ratings
and also their interpretation. There are only 5 ratings here but in other cases, the ratings and the ranges can be changed
into higher. The interpretations in this tale are Highly Acceptable, Acceptable, Moderately Acceptable, Slightly
Acceptable and Not Acceptable (from highest to lowest ratings).

Statistical Treatment

The proposed study will be using Arithmetic Mean. It is the average in getting the average of data
then divides it by the sum of the total number of values in given set.
Where:

X = is the symbol for mean (average)

Σ = is the symbol for summation

X = is the symbol for the scores given by the respondents

N = is the symbol for total number of respondents

Percentage Distribution. The equation below shows how to compute the percent distribution. Wherein, %
is the percent distribution, f is the frequency, and N is the number of category or cases.
Storyboard