FOOTINGS

AGEN 204
Footing

Definition:

Are structural members used to support columns or

walls and transmit their load to the underlying
soils.
Types of Footing

Wall Footing is a continuous

strip of concrete that supports
a bearing wall.
- Are used to support structural
walls that carry loads for other
floors or support nonstructural
walls.
Types of Footing

Combined footing is a longer

rectangular slab strip that supports
two or more individual columns.
- this types might economical where
two heavily loaded columns are so
spaced that when designed for
isolated footing would run into
each other.
- are used when two columns are
so close that single footings
cannot used or when one column
is located at or near a property
line.
Types of Footing

Isolated or single footings is

a square, rectangular , or
circular slab of concrete that
supports an individual columns
with light load and are not
closely spaced.
- This is one of the most
economical types of footings
and is used when columns are
spaced at relatively long
distances.
Types of Footing

Floating, raft, or mat

foundation is a single thick
mat or slab that supports the
entire structure.
- This kind of foundation is
used where soil strength is
low or where column loads
are large but where piles of
caissons are not used.
- These types of footings, the
excavation are deep.
Types of Footing

Pile caps are slabs of

reinforced concrete used to
distribute column loads to
group of piles.
- are thick slabs used to tie a
group of piles together to
support and transmit column
to the piles.
Permissible Soil Pressures, qa

• The allowable soil bearing capacity, qa to be used

in the design of footing can be obtain by the
principles of soil mechanics through the services
of a soils engineer.
• This can be derived on the basis of test borings,
load tests, and other experimental investigation.
• In the absence of soil investigation, the building
code of the Philippines provide certain
approximate allowable bearing pressures that can
be used for the type of soil and soil conditions.
Permissible Soil Pressures, qa
Permissible Soil Pressures, qa
Loads and Reactions in Footing

• According to the Code, the base area of footing and the

number of piles may be determined from unfactored forces
and moments transmitted by footing to soil or piles and
permissible soil pressure or permissible pile capacity.
Loads and Reactions in Footing
Critical Sections for Footings

• The critical sections for moment, shear, and development

reinforcement in footings supporting a rectangular or square
columns or pedestals are measured at the face of the
column or pedestal.
• For footings supporting a circular or regular polygon shaped
columns or pedestal, permits to treat these sections as
square members with the same area (accdng to building
code.
Critical Sections for Moment

• Footings are similar to beams or

slabs carrying the effective soil
pressure as the load and the column
as the support, hence it is subject to
moments.
• The external moment on any section
for a footing may be determined by
passing a vertical plane to the
footing, and computing the moment P
of the forces acting over the entire
area on one side of that vertical M
plane. Centroidal A
Critical Sections for Moment
For isolated footings, the critical
sections for moment are located as
follows:
a)At the face of column, pedestal, or
wall for footings supporting a
concrete column, pedestal, or wall.
b)Halfway between middle and edge
of wall, for footing supporting a
masonry wall.
c)Halfway between face of column
and edge of steel base plate, for
footing supporting a column with
steel base plate.
Distribution of Flexural or Main
Reinforcement

• Footings may be classified as a one-way footing or two-way

footing.
• One-way footings are those, which are reinforced in one direction
only; while two-way footings are reinforced in two directions.
• In one-way footings, and two-way square footings, reinforcement
may be distributed uniformly across the entire width of footing.
Distribution of Flexural or Main
Reinforcement
In two-way rectangular footings, reinforcements may be distributed as
follows:
a.Reinforcement in long directions may be distributed uniformly across the
entire width of footing.
b.For the reinforcement in the short directions, a portion of the total
reinforcement may be distributed uniformly over a bandwidth (with center on
centerline of column) equal to the length of the short side of footing. The rest
of the reinforcement may be distributed uniformly outside the center
bandwidth of footing. The area of reinforcement in the center band is given
by the formula.
Shear in Footings

• The shear strength of slabs and footings in the

vicinity of the columns, concentrated load, or
reactions is governed by the more severe of two
conditions, the beam action or one-way shear and
two-way punching shear.
• In any of these two conditions, the Code requires
the maximum value of Vu if stirrups are not used is
ØVc where Vc is the shear strength provided by
concrete.
Shear in Footings
Shear in Footings
Problem No.1

A square column footing is to support a 400-mm square tied

column that carries a dead load of 880 kN and a live load of
710 kN, the column is reinforced, with 8-25 mm bars.· The base
of the footing is 1.50 m below the natural grade where the
allowable soil pressure is 235 kPa. The soil above the footing
has a weight of 15.6, kN/m3.: Assuming fy = 275 MPa, f’c =
27.5 MPa, and unit weight of concrete as 23.50 kN/m3,design
the footing. Use 25 mm main bars.

Our first task in the design of footing is' the determination of its depth. This requires
several cycles of trial and error procedure because its value affects the effective soil
bearing capacity; There are several rules of thumb used by designers for making
initial thickness estimates, such as 20% qf the footing. width plus 75 mm. However,
with the aid of computer (available at GERTC), this will become easier.
Problem No.1: Solution

Answers on pages 270-273

Problem No.2

A 600 mm x 600 nun column carries a total live load of 1,200

kN and a total dead load of 1,500 kN. The column is to be
supported by a rectangular spread footing whose width is
limited to 3 m and whose bottom is 2 m below the ground
surface. Allowable soil bearing capacity at the base of the
footing is 230 kPa. Unit weight of soil above footing is 16 kN/m3
and unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3. Assume f’c= 18MPa
and fy = 275 MPa.
Problem No.2: Solution

Answers on pages 274-277