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These are the References and Index from the 1975 Robert Stoller book Sex and Gender Volume 2 "The Transsexual Experiment". This book carries forward the work on the development of masculinity and femininity presented in Sex and Gender—Volume I. Dr. Stoller compares and contrasts the syndrome of male transsexualism—extreme, lifelong femininity in the anatomic normal—to others in which femininity or effeminacy occur, in regard to the appearance of the syndrome, its dynamics, and the underlying etiological factors.
First the author describes in detail, primarily by means of observations gathered in the treatment of transsexual patients—children and adults—and their parents, his concept of transsexualism. He presents data to support his belief that transsexual males are feminized not by a biological aberration but by forces at work within the family, starting at birth and persisting without interruption throughout the boy's first several years of life. The primary influence in this process is a mother who establishes as blissful and endless a symbiosis—a oneness— with her beautiful son as she can, so that the child does not adequately learn where the physical and psychological dimensions of her femaleness and femininity end and his separate identity begins. The second essential factor leading to the child's marked femininity is a father who, by removing himself as a real, felt presence in his family, neither serves as a model for his son's masculinity nor interrupts the pathogenic symbiosis.
Next, varying clinical states are presented, each of which can serve to test these factors. Among these "control" cases are the biological disorders of sex (such as hermaphroditism), transvestism (fetishistic cross-dressing), and effeminate homosexuality. In addition, the hypotheses are examined by means of studies of identical twins, a family with more than one transsexual son, and families in which factors are found that do not confirm the hypotheses.
In a final section Stoller discusses problems in regard to the propriety of "sex-change" treatment.
These are the References and Index from the 1975 Robert Stoller book Sex and Gender Volume 2 "The Transsexual Experiment". This book carries forward the work on the development of masculinity and femininity presented in Sex and Gender—Volume I. Dr. Stoller compares and contrasts the syndrome of male transsexualism—extreme, lifelong femininity in the anatomic normal—to others in which femininity or effeminacy occur, in regard to the appearance of the syndrome, its dynamics, and the underlying etiological factors.
First the author describes in detail, primarily by means of observations gathered in the treatment of transsexual patients—children and adults—and their parents, his concept of transsexualism. He presents data to support his belief that transsexual males are feminized not by a biological aberration but by forces at work within the family, starting at birth and persisting without interruption throughout the boy's first several years of life. The primary influence in this process is a mother who establishes as blissful and endless a symbiosis—a oneness— with her beautiful son as she can, so that the child does not adequately learn where the physical and psychological dimensions of her femaleness and femininity end and his separate identity begins. The second essential factor leading to the child's marked femininity is a father who, by removing himself as a real, felt presence in his family, neither serves as a model for his son's masculinity nor interrupts the pathogenic symbiosis.
Next, varying clinical states are presented, each of which can serve to test these factors. Among these "control" cases are the biological disorders of sex (such as hermaphroditism), transvestism (fetishistic cross-dressing), and effeminate homosexuality. In addition, the hypotheses are examined by means of studies of identical twins, a family with more than one transsexual son, and families in which factors are found that do not confirm the hypotheses.
In a final section Stoller discusses problems in regard to the propriety of "sex-change" treatment.
These are the References and Index from the 1975 Robert Stoller book Sex and Gender Volume 2 "The Transsexual Experiment". This book carries forward the work on the development of masculinity and femininity presented in Sex and Gender—Volume I. Dr. Stoller compares and contrasts the syndrome of male transsexualism—extreme, lifelong femininity in the anatomic normal—to others in which femininity or effeminacy occur, in regard to the appearance of the syndrome, its dynamics, and the underlying etiological factors.
First the author describes in detail, primarily by means of observations gathered in the treatment of transsexual patients—children and adults—and their parents, his concept of transsexualism. He presents data to support his belief that transsexual males are feminized not by a biological aberration but by forces at work within the family, starting at birth and persisting without interruption throughout the boy's first several years of life. The primary influence in this process is a mother who establishes as blissful and endless a symbiosis—a oneness— with her beautiful son as she can, so that the child does not adequately learn where the physical and psychological dimensions of her femaleness and femininity end and his separate identity begins. The second essential factor leading to the child's marked femininity is a father who, by removing himself as a real, felt presence in his family, neither serves as a model for his son's masculinity nor interrupts the pathogenic symbiosis.
Next, varying clinical states are presented, each of which can serve to test these factors. Among these "control" cases are the biological disorders of sex (such as hermaphroditism), transvestism (fetishistic cross-dressing), and effeminate homosexuality. In addition, the hypotheses are examined by means of studies of identical twins, a family with more than one transsexual son, and families in which factors are found that do not confirm the hypotheses.
In a final section Stoller discusses problems in regard to the propriety of "sex-change" treatment.
References & Index
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VOL. Il: THE TRANSSEXUAL EXPERIMENT
Robert J. Stoller, M.D.REFERENCES
Chapter 1
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298REFERENCES 299
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41