Design of Battens

• Effective slenderness ratio of battened

column
• Effective slenderness ratio of
Battened column is increased by 10%
to account for shear deformation
effects
• Effective slenderness ratio of
Battened column = 1.10(KL/ r)o
Where, (KL/r)0 = Max. actual
slenderness ratio of column
Number of battens
• Such that the member is divided into
not less than three bays

Lateral shear at any section= (Vt) = 2.5% of axial load on column

• Battens are designed to resist
If there are n No. of batten Planes, shear in each plane = Vt/n
(simultaneously)
If the compound column consists of two column sections, (Vt/2NS)
Lateral Shear at each column = (Vt/2n) • Longitudinal shear
Taking moment at any point, Vertical (VtL0/nS) (VtL0/nS) • Vb= (Vt/n)L0 /s) = (VtL0)/(ns)
reactions • Moment
=(1/S)[(Vt/2n)(L0/2+L0/2)]  2 (Vt/2n) (Vt/2n)
• M= (Vt/n)(L0/2)= (Vt L0)/(2n)
= VtL0/(nS)
Where,
(VtL0/nS) L0 Vt = transverse shear force, L0
S
SFD (VtL0/nS)
Lo = distance between center-to
Moment in Batten center of battens, longitudinally,
(Vt/2n) (Vt/2n)
= (Vt/2n)(L0/2) 2 n = No. of parallel planes of battens,
= Vt L0/2n (VtL0/nS) (VtL0/nS) s = Mini. transverse distance between
the centroids of the bolt/ rivet group/
(VtL0/2n) BMD (VtL0/2n) welding connecting the batten to the
(VtL0/2n) (VtL0/2n) main member.
S
(VtL0/nS) (VtL0/nS)

FOR BOLTED BATTENS: Thickness of batten

When plates are used for battens, • For plates as battens (tie as well as intermediate)
• Effective Depth of batten •  (1/50)  distance between the innermost connecting
• Measured along the longitudinal axis of the main member. transverse bolted / rivets or welds.
• Measured as distance between end bolts/ rivets or welds • For other rolled sections as Battens
• Limits on Effective depths of Batten • No requirement regarding size and thickness when their
• For Tie Plates or end battens legs or flanges are perpendicular to the main member.
•  perpendicular distance between the centroids of main Compression Members Composed of Two Components
Back-to-back
members
• Compression members may be composed of two members
•  2  width of one member in the plane of battens; (Two angles/ channels/ or Ts)
• For intermediate battens • Connected back-to-back in contact or separated by a small
•  (3/4)  perpendicular distance between centroids of distance
the main members • These members may be connected together by bolting/ riveting/
or welding using
•  perpendicular distance between centroids of the
• Spacers on back side
main members for intermediate battens; • Using Batten plates

1
IS Code Recommendations for members connected back to FOR BATTENS CONNECTED TO MAIN MEMBERS BY WELD
back
• Length of weld is measured along the longitudinal axis of the
• IS 800: 2007 (Cl. 7.8 and 10.2.5) recommendations for back-to- main member.
back connected compression members
• Length of weld connecting each end of batten to main member
• Slenderness ratio of each member between the connections
•  (1/2)  depth of the plate;
•  40
• Length of weld on each Corner (along axis of column)
•  0.6 times the minimum slenderness ratio of the strut as
•  (1/6)  total length of weld
a whole.
• Thus total length of weld to be provided on corners on each
• Ends of the strut should be connected with a minimum of two
side  (1/3)  total length of weld (remaining on middle)
bolts/rivets or equivalent weld length (weld length not less
than the maximum width of the member) • Weld shall be returned along the other two edges for a length
• There should be a minimum of two additional connections in •  minimum lap (i.e.  4  thickness of the plate).
between (of end battens or tie plates), spaced equidistant
along the length of the member.

Column Bases and Caps

Column Base Plates:
• Used for transmitting the load from
columns to its foundations
• Distribute the load on foundation on
large area
• Reduces the intensity of loading
(i.e. pressure) on foundation
• Area of base plate is so chosen that
the intensity of load distributed is
less than the bearing capacity of
concrete on which it rests.
• An important of structure, since its
failure leads failure of whole
structure

• To reduce the pressure under base plate, large area Types of Column Bases
(projection beyond column faces) • Main types of bases used are:
• outstanding projection of base plate bends due to cantilever • Slab base
action due to upward pressure • Gussetted base; and
• Pocket base

2
Slab Bases Cleat Angle Gusseted Bases

Slab and Gussetted bases, Design of Column Bases

• Depending on the values of
axial load and moment,
there may be two
possibilities:
• compression over the
whole base
• compression over part of
the base and tension in
the holding-down bolts
(due to lifting-up of
projected portion)

• Horizontal loads on foundation are restricted by

• shear in the weld between column and base plates,
• friction, and bond between the base and the concrete

• Moment in the direction of the greater projection is reduced by The moment capacity of plate is given as
t2
the co-existence moment at right angles. M P  1.2 f y Z e  1.2 f y
• Poisson’s ratio of 0.3 is used to allow for this effect. 6
• Consider an element at A and the two cantilever strips 1-mm Where, Z is the Elastic modulus of the cantilever strip (=t 2/6)
wide shown in Figure.
• The bending moments at A are Mx 
w 2
2
 
a  0.3b 2  1.2 f y
t2
6
wa 2
Mx 
2
; hence, t 
w6
2  1.2 f y

a 2  0.3b 2 
wb2
My 
2 
fy

2.5w 2
a  0.3b 2 
Projection ‘a’ is greater than ‘b’ and hence the net moment, (with Applying a partial safety factor (1.1) in strength of steel
 = 0.3) is

Mx 
wa 2
 0.3
wb2 w 2

 a  0.3b 2  t
2.5w
fy 1.1

a 2  0.3b 2 
fy

2.75w 2
a  0.3b 2  
2 2 2

3
• AS per IS800 (cl. 7.4.3), where the rectangular plate is loaded Design of Weld for connecting Column to Slab Base
by I-, H-, channel, box, or rectangular hollow sections, the As per Cl. 7.4.3.4 of Code,
minimum thickness of base plate of base plate ts should be • where the slab base is fillet welded directly to the column,

 
0.5 • Contact surfaces should be machined to give a perfect
 2.75 w a 2  0.3b 2 
ts     tf bearing
• Welding shall be sufficient to transmit the forces.
 fy 
• When full strength butt welds are provided,
where
w = pressure on the underside of the slab base due to the • Machining of contact surfaces is not required.
factored compressive load on the column (assumed as • If the full penetration butt welds are provided, the connection is
uniformly distributed over the area of the slab base) deemed to transmit to the base all the forces and moments to
which the column is subjected.
a = larger projections of the slab base beyond the rectangle,
circumscribing the column
b = smaller projections of the slab base beyond the rectangle,
circumscribing the column
fy = yield strength of the base plate,
tf = flange thickness of the compression member.

Design of Base Plate • Calculate the intensity of pressure w acting below the base
• Design of base plate consists of finding out its size and plate using
thickness.
w = Pu/A,
• Design steps
• Assume grade of concrete and calculate the bearing strength where A = provided area of the base plate (L x B)
of concrete (= 0.45fck as per cl. 34.4 of IS 456-2000) • Calculate the minimum thickness of slab base as per Eqn.
• Calculate required area of slab base as • If it is less than thickness of flange of column (tf), provide the
A = Pu /bearing strength of concrete thickness of slab base = thickness of flange of column
• Choose a size for the base plate L x B, so that L x B > A. • Provide nominal four 20-mm diameter holding-down bolts
• Though a square base plate may be selected, however, it is
• Check the weld length connecting the base plate with the
advisable to keep the projections of the base plate beyond
column (this check is required only for fillet welds)
column edges a and b as equal
• Hence, the size can be worked out as
(D + 2b) (bf+ 2a) =A
where D = depth of the column section (in mm),
bf = breadth of flange of column (in mm),
a and b = Larger and smaller projections of the base plate
beyond the column (in mm).

368
Introduction
• Steel has unique property called ductility,
because of which it is able to absorb large
deformations beyond the elastic limit before
PLASTIC AND LOCAL BUCKLING fracture.
BEHAVIOUR • Due to this property, steel possesses reserve
strength beyond its yield strength.
• Design method, utilizing the strength of steel
beyond yield stress (i.e. reserve strength),
known as Plastic Design Method or Ultimate
load design or Load factor design method.
• This concept was first developed in Hungary in
3/6/2019
1914 by Dr. Gabor Kazinczy.

4
 Behavior of Laterally Supported Beams
Idealized Tensile Stress-Strain Diagram An I-beam subjected to a steadily increasing B.M.
370
• After the yield stress reaches to the extreme fiber, further
increase in the B.M. causes the yield to spread inwards
 sh
 6  10 from the lower surface of the beam as shown in above fig.
y (c).
• Further Increase in B.M.  whole section yields

 sh
 6  10
y My = Z e f y M p  f y  ydA  f y Z p
A

Behavior of Laterally Supported Beams (cont.) Moment-Curvature Relationship

• Curvature is defined as the reciprocal of radius of curvature.
• When this condition is reached, every fiber has a strain, y = I.e. curvature = 1/R
fy/Es and Nominal moment Mn = Plastic moment Mp, • Simple plastic theory assumes that max. moment Mp is
373

M p  f y  ydA  f y Z p reached at a point when curvature can increase indefinitely

(Point C shown in following fig.) i.e. neglecting the benefits of
A
strain hardening.
Further loading : Only rotation of section, since no moment
Capacity
Development of Plastic Hinge
Further increase in B.M. after reaching at Plastic moment
results only in rotation, (since no grater resisting moment than
the fully plastic moment can be developed until strain
hardening occurs).

Plastic Modulus of Sections Plastic Modulus of Sections (cont.)

• “The combined statical moment of the cross-sectional area
Considering the general cross-section equating the above and below the equal-area axis”
374
tensile and compressive forces, we get 375
• Its also referred to as the resisting modulus of the completely
plasticized section.
For Equm. Unequal I-Section
C = T
fy A1 = fy A2
A1 = A2

• In the fully plastic stage, equilibrium is achieved

when the neutral axis divides the section into
Mp = fy Z p
two equal areas, because the stress is uniformly
Where, Zp = plastic modulus of the section
equal to the yield stress.
= (A/2)(ӯ1+ӯ2)

5
Shape Factor Shape Factor for various Cross-Sections
• The ratio of Plastic Moment carrying capacity to the Elastic
moment carrying capacity
• Shape Factor, v = Mp / My = Zp / Ze 377

• Independent of the material properties

• A value of shape factor nearly equal to unity indicates that the •
section is efficient in resisting bending.
• Note that when the material at the center of the section is
increased, shape factor increases (because of decreasing Ze)
• Shape factors for some important geometries:
• Shape Factor for Rectangular Section = 1.5
• Shape Factor for Solid Circular Section = 1.7
• Shape Factor for Diamond Section = 2.0
• Shape Factor for Wide Flange I-Section = 1.15
• Shape Factor for Thin walled Hollow Circular Section = 1.20
• Shape Factor for Thin Walled Rectangular Section = 1.25
• Conservatively, plastic moment strength Mp of I-sections bent
about their strong axis is found approximately 15% greater
than the strength My (when the extreme fibre alone reaches the yield
stress fy)

Effect of Shape Factor on Curvature

Shape Factor (cont.) • Following figure shows the relation between the Curvature
• Observations from above table: (1/R) and Relative Moment Capacity (My/MP = 1/)
378 379
– When the material at the center of the section is • As the shape factor (or MP) increases, moment required to
increased, shape factor v increased. initiate plasticity decreases.
– A value of shape factor nearly equal to one shows that
the section is efficient in resisting bending.
– Ideal section in bending, i.e. two flange plates connected
by a web of significant thickness, the value of v will be 1.

Determination of Plastic Section Modulus For max > y

• When the strain at extreme reaches to a level i.e. max = y
• stress at extreme fiber, fmax = fy and also
• Stress at extreme fiber, fmax = fy
• stress remains constant up to Plastic Neutral axis
• Yielding at extreme fibre Plastic Moment capacity,
• stress reduces along depth linearly and becomes zero at NA
• Behavior of section remains linear elastic upto this stage
M P  Fc yc  Ft yt
For, max = y  Ac f y yc  At f y yt yc

 f y Ac yc  At yt 
• Stress at extreme fiber = yield stress, i.e. fmax = fy yt
• (Elastic) Moment of Resistance of Section
Moment required to develop yield stress at extreme fibre  fy Zp
M y  f y I ymax  f y Z e
Where, Z p  Ac yc  At yt 
Where, Ze = Elastic Section Modulus of section
If, I is the geometrical moment of Inertia of the section, Ze
may be calculated as given as
Ze= I/ ymax

6
Shape Factor and Moment Capacity of Rectangular sections For un-symmetric sections, determine NA position such that

Ze 
I

bd 3


12 bd 2 Ac = At = A/2
ymax d 2  6 In general, say for I-section,

Z p  Ac yc  At yt 
Z p  Aci yci  Ati yti
Where,yc andyt are the distance of CG of compression/ tension Ze is calculated as (I/y) where I is calculated about the
area of beam from NA CG of the section.
A
For any section, at plastic stage, Ac  At  Ze for rectangular section = (bd3/12)/(d/2) = bd2/6
2 1d  d
For Rectangular section, at plastic stage, y c  yt    
 A d A d  Ad bd
2 2 2 4
Zp       
 
bd 4 1.5
2 4 2 4 4 4 2
Zp
 
For Rectangular section, shape Factor
Ze bd 6 2

Plastic moment capacity of rectangular section,

bd 2
MP  fy Zp  fy
4

Example: Plastic Section Modulus of the section may be

Determination of Plastic Section Modulus, Zp calculated as
Total area of section,
Z p  Aci yci  Ati yti
100

A  100  10  200  10  200  20  10

10

 4800 mm 2 10 200
Z p  100  10  150  10 2   150  10  10  150  10 / 2
 200  10  50  10 2   50  10  10  50  10 2
A 4800
Ac  At    2400 mm2
2 2 10

Z p  145000  98000 90000  8000

200
Let the plastic NA (for equal area) is
lying in web, and it is at distance yc
 341000
100
from top fiber, 10
For equal area, 100  10  yc  10    10  2400 y

 yc  150 mm 10 200

Distance of plastic NA from bottom fiber,

10
yt = 200 – 150 = 50 mm
200

Determination of Elastic Section Modulus Plastic Hinge Concept

Elastic section modulus, Ze is calculated • Plastic Hinge is assumed to form when Stress at mid-of depth
Ze= (I/y) becomes equal to yield stress fy,
390
Where, I = MI of section about its geometrical centroid • Consequently, there will be fully plasticity over the entire depth
(100  10)  10  5  200  10  100 of the section
 
 ( 200  10)  10  195 • Moment required to achieve this stage is called plastic
ye     119.8 mm
(100  10)  10 200  10 moment, MP.
 
 ( 200  10)  10  • If the moment at this section due to applied loads becomes
100

 90  103 2
10
I xx    90  10  119.8  5   equal to MP, section behaves like a friction less mechanical
ye
 12  hinge
10  2003 2
10 200
• The yielded zone, can cause an infinite rotation at a constant
  10  200  119.8  100 
 12 
plastic moment Mp of the section
• However, there is always a fixed moment constraint which is
190  103 2
 190  10  200  119.8 
10
 equal to the plastic moment capacity of the section (for
200
 12  equilibrium of moments)
 11.868  106  7.45  106  12.24  106  31.56  106 mm 4 • Generally plastic hinges are located at restrained ends,
Ze= 31.56 106/119.8 = 263.5 103 mm3 (y for farthest fiber which will yield first) intersections of members, concentrated loads, and points
Shape factor = Zp/Ze = 341103 / 263.5 103 = 1.29 where cross-sections change.

7
Plastic Collapse Load
• The load at which a sufficient number of plastic
391
hinges are formed in structure such that a collapse
mechanism is created is called the plastic collapse
load or plastic limit load.
• For the Plastic Design, working loads are multiplied
with a factor called a load factor to obtain the plastic
limit loads.
• Depending on the combinations of loads and their
probability of acting at the same time, different load
factors are used.
• If all the three conditions are satisfied, the lowest
plastic limit load (a unique value) is obtained.
• If only the equilibrium and mechanism conditions
are satisfied (this forms the basis for the mechanism
method of plastic analysis), an upper bound solution
for the true ultimate load is obtained.
• A lower bound solution for the true ultimate load is
obtained when the equilibrium and plasticity
conditions only are satisfied (statical method of
plastic analysis)
Theorems of Plastic Collapse
Three Theorems:
• Static or Lower bound theorem :
396
– Load computed on the basis of an assumed equilibrium
moment diagram such that:
Moment at any section ≤ plastic moment
– Gives Lower limit of the Ult./ Collapse Load
• Kinematic or Upper bound theorem:
– Load computed on the basis of an assumed mechanism
such that
Moment at any section ≥ Plastic Moment.
– Gives Upper limit of the Ult./ Collapse Load
• Uniqueness theorem:
– Load which satisfies both theorems at the same time is the
correct collapse load.
– The Collapse load derived from Static and Kinematic
theorem are found same
Conditions for Plastic Analysis
• Equilibrium
• Bending moment distribution defined by the
assumed plastic hinges must be in static
equilibrium with the applied loads and reactions.
• Mechanism
• There must be sufficient number of plastic and
frictionless hinges for the beam/ structure to form
a mechanism.
• Ultimate or collapse load is reached when a
mechanism is formed.
• Plasticity
• The bending moments at any section of a
structure must be less than the plastic moment of
the section -Mp  M  Mp
Principle of Virtual Work
• If a system of forces in equilibrium is subjected to a
395
virtual displacement, then work done by the external
forces equals the work done by the internal forces, i.e.
For equilibrium, WE=WI
 While applying this method, an arbitrary displacement
is assumed at a plastic hinge location.
 Since the arbitrary displacement is assumed at plastic
stage, internal work done is calculated due to Plastic
Moment and this assumed arbitrary displacement.
Methods of Plastic Analysis
Using the Principle of virtual work and Upper & Lower bound
397
theorems  Two methods for collapse load calculation
• Mechanism or Kinematic method (upper bound):
– A mechanism is assumed and virtual work equations are
used to determine the collapse load
• Statical or Equilibrium method (Lower bound):
– An equilibrium moment diagram is obtained such that the
moments at any section ≤ plastic moment capacity.
– Virtual work method is often used due to its simplicity.
8
• Minimum Number of plastic hinges require for the total No. of independent Mechanisms (n) for complete collapse
collapse of structure (i.e. mechanism) = Redundancy (r) + 1 of structure
– For simply supported beam  r = 0 = No. of possible plastic hinge locations (h)
– Degree of redundancy (r)
– No. of plastic hinges required = 0+1 =1
i.e. n =h-r
– For Fixed beam  r = 2
– No. of plastic hinges required = 2+1 =3

h = 5, r = 6-3 = 3  n = h – r = 5 – 3 = 2
Complete collapse in Mode 2 and Mode 3 only