ANSYS LS-DYNA MAPDL 14.5 L04 Material Definitions PDF

Lecture 4
Material Definitions
14.5 Release
ANSYS LS-DYNA
in Mechanical APDL
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. February 5, 2013 1 Release 14.5
Objectives
• This lecture covers selecting and defining material models in ANSYS LS-DYNA.
• Topics:
A. Available Material Models
B. ANSYS LS-DYNA Materials GUI
C. Entering Material Data
D. Linear Elastic Materials
E. Nonlinear Elastic Materials
F. Plasticity
G. Rate Independent Isotropic Plasticity
H. Rate Dependent Isotropic Plasticity
I. Rate Dependent Anisotropic Plasticity
J. Pressure Dependent Plasticity
K. Temperature Sensitive Plasticity
L. Equations of State

… Objectives
• Topics (continued):
M. Null Material
N. Damage Models
O. Foam Materials
P. Discrete Element Properties
Q. Cable Element Properties
R. Rigid Body Materials
S. General Material Guidelines
T. Material Definitions Workshop
Note: Damping is covered in Lecture 5

A. Available Material Models
• ANSYS LS-DYNA supports a larger material library than ANSYS implicit does, and
can, therefore, simulate nearly any application.
• ANSYS LS-DYNA materials offer many features including:

– Strain rate dependent plasticity models with strain failure criterion
– Temperature dependent and temperature sensitive plasticity models
– Equations of state and null material models (bird-strike analyses, etc.)
• These materials are grouped into 5 GUI categories for convenience:

– Linear
– Nonlinear
– Equation of State
– Discrete Element Properties
– Rigid Materials

B. ANSYS LS-DYNA Materials GUI
Material GUI tree structure consistent with implicit ANSYS
I
II
III
IV

... ANSYS LS-DYNA Materials GUI
• Available ANSYS LS-DYNA material library includes:

… ANSYS LS-DYNA Materials GUI
• Material input simplified and less error prone
– GUI prevents entering DENSITY as a function of temperature

C. Entering Material Data
• Most ANSYS LS-DYNA materials require density (DENS), Young’s modulus (EX),
and Poisson’s ratio (NUXY or PRXY) to be defined, which is done using the MP
command.
• Load curves are required for several of the material models in ANSYS LS-DYNA.
They are used to define the dependence of two variables for that material, such
as the variation of yield stress with plastic strain.
• Load curves are defined using two existing array parameters and the EDCURVE
command:
– Preprocessor > Material Props > Curve Options ...
• Usually, stress/strain data is in true stress and true strain format

... Entering Material Data
• Verify stress/strain data with EDCURVE, LIST or EDCURVE, PLOT
Curve starts
at Yield Point
EDCURVE, LIST

D. Linear Elastic Materials
• There are four different material models in the linear elastic family:
– Fluid : Elastic properties for fluid-filled containers under impact loading
– Isotropic : Material properties are the same in all directions
– Orthotropic : Properties have 3 mutually orthogonal planes of symmetry
– Anisotropic : Properties independent of position at a point within material
• Linear elastic materials do not undergo plastic deformations and are fully defined by
the generalized Hooke’s law: I  cij j
Fluid : EDMP, FLUID, MAT, K

– The elastic fluid model requires DENS and K, the bulk modulus
– The bulk modulus can be input either directly with the EDMP command or
automatically calculated from EX and NUXY values:
E
K
3(1  2 )

... Linear Elastic Materials
Isotropic :
– Most engineering metals (e.g., steel) are isotropic
– Defined only by DENS, EX, and NUXY
Orthotropic : EDMP, ORTHO

– Orthotropic materials are defined with 9 independent constants and DENS
– Transversely Isotropic (a special case of orthotropy) materials are defined with five
independent constants (EXX, EZZ, NUXY, NUXZ, GXY) and DENS
– Orthotropic materials are defined with respect to a specified coordinate system ID, which is
defined by the EDLCS command:
• Preprocessor: Material Props > Local CS > Create Local CS
Anisotropic : EDMP, ORTHO and TB, ANEL

– Anisotropic materials defined with 21 independent constants and DENS
– Local coordinate system (EDLCS) and data table (TB,ANEL) used

E. Nonlinear Elastic Materials
• There are three material models in the non-linear elastic family:
– Blatz-Ko : Compressible foam-type materials (e.g., polyurethane rubbers)
– Mooney-Rivlin : Incompressible rubber materials
– Viscoelastic : Glass and glass-like materials
• Non-linear elastic materials can undergo large recoverable elastic deformations. All
hyperelastic material (Blatz-Ko and Mooney-Rivlin) strain is reversible, but the
viscous portion of viscoelastic material strain is non-recoverable. The elastic strain
portion is recoverable.
• Blatz-Ko Hyperelastic :
– Blatz-Ko materials are only for rubber materials under compression
– Poisson’s ratio (NUXY) is automatically set to 0.463 by ANSYS LS-DYNA, so only DENS and GXY are
required
– Material response is defined through the strain energy density function, W
Gxy  I2 
W   2 I 3  5  where  2 and  3 are the strain invariants .
2  I3 

... Nonlinear Elastic Materials
Mooney-Rivlin Hyperelastic : TB, MOONEY, , , , TBOPT
– Used to define the material response of incompressible rubbers
– Nearly identical to the ANSYS implicit 2-parameter model
– DENS, NUXY, and constants C10 and C01 are required for input
– To ensure incompressible behavior, NUXY must be between 0.49 and 0.50
– Mooney-Rivlin coefficients can be input directly (TBOPT=0) or calculated by LS-

DYNA from test data (TBOPT=2). An example of the latter:
• TB, MOONEY, 1, , , 2 ! calculate data for material 1
• TBDATA, 1, 0.0, 0.0 ! set C10 and C01 to zero
• TBDATA, 3, L0 , w, t ! specimen original length, width, thickness
• TBDATA, 6, LCID ! delta L (abscissa) vs. force load (ordinate) curve
• Note: If L0 , w, and t are all equal to 1.0, then LCID = eng. strain & eng. stress
• Material response defined through the strain energy density function, W:

where  1 ,  2 , and  3 are the strain invariants and K is the bulk modulus.
W  C10 1  3  C 01  2  3  .5 3  1

2

... Nonlinear Elastic Materials
Viscoelastic : TB, EVISC
– Materials with elastic (recoverable) and viscous (non-recoverable) parts
– Applicable to materials like glass, solid rocket fuel, etc.
– The shear relation behavior is described by the expression:
Gt   G  (Go  G )e t
– With DENS, the required input parameters for the model are:
• Go = The short term (origin) elastic shear modulus
• G∞ = The long term (infinity) elastic shear modulus
• K = elastic bulk modulus
• 1/ = decay constant

F. Plasticity
• Plasticity models comprise the majority of the nonlinear inelastic materials
available in ANSYS LS-DYNA. The selection of a specific plasticity model depends
on the type of material being analyzed, the application, and the availability of
material constants.
• The plasticity models can be separated into five main categories:

– Category 1: Strain rate independent plasticity for isotropic materials
– Category 2: Strain rate dependent plasticity for isotropic materials
– Category 3: Strain rate dependent plasticity for anisotropic materials
– Category 4: Pressure dependent plasticity
– Category 5: Temperature sensitive plasticity
• It is very important to select the correct category for the material being analyzed.
It is less important to select the specific model within a category, which is usually
controlled by the material data available.

... Plasticity
• The accuracy of most highly nonlinear finite element analyses hinges upon the
quality of the material constants used. For best results, obtain constants from
material suppliers or pay to have the material specially analyzed. Two good labs
include www.axelproducts.com and www.datapointlabs.com .
• Some of the plasticity models require the addition of an Equation of State (EOS).
These equations will be discussed in detail after all of the plasticity models are
presented.
• Some models span several categories, but are listed only once.

G. Rate Independent Isotropic Plasticity
• Category 1: Strain rate independent plasticity for isotropic materials
– 1a: Classical Bilinear Kinematic Hardening (BKIN)
– 1b: Classical Bilinear Isotropic Hardening (BISO)
BKIN and BISO : TB, BKIN and TB, BISO

• These models are most typically used in processes where the overall forming
duration is relatively long (e.g., sheet metal stamping), and apply to most
engineering metals (steel, aluminum, cast iron, etc.).
• Both models use two slopes, the elastic modulus (EX) and the tangent modulus
(ETAN), to represent the stress-strain behavior. The required input parameters for
the BKIN and BISO models are identical:
– DENS, EX, and NUXY defined with the MP command
– Yield stress and tangent modulus defined with TB and TBDATA commands

... Rate Independent Isotropic Plasticity
• The hardening assumption is the only difference between the BKIN and BISO
models.
– Kinematic Hardening assumes secondary yield to occur at 2 y
– Isotropic Hardening assumes secondary yield to occur at 2 max
• The BISO model also permits temperature dependence:

– Analyze thermal preloads and thermal transients (see Lecture 5)
– Specify material data for up to six temperatures
– Use MPTEMP, MPDATA, TBTEMP, and TBDATA commands
– Set the yield stress very high to model a thermo-elastic material

H. Rate Dependent Isotropic Plasticity
• Category 2: Strain rate dependent plasticity for isotropic materials
– 2a: Plastic Kinematic: Cowper-Symonds model with failure strain
– 2b: Power Law: Cowper-Symonds with strength and hardening coeffs.
– 2c: Piecewise Linear: Cowper-Symonds with multilinear curve & failure strain
– 2d: Modified Piecewise Linear: Above model with enhanced failure criteria
– 2e: Rate Dependent: Strain rate defined with load curves and failure stress
– 2f: Rate Sensitive: Ramburgh-Osgood model for superplastic forming
– 2g: Elastic Viscoplastic Thermal: Temperature-dependent viscoplasticity
• Models 2a – 2e can be used for general metal and plastic forming analyses of
isotropic materials
• Models 2a - 2d and 2g utilize the Cowper-Symonds model, which scales the yield
stress based on the strain rate factor :
1
   P – where C and P are the Cowper-Symonds
1   strain rate parameters.
C

... Rate Dependent Isotropic Plasticity
Plastic Kinematic : TB, PLAW, , , , 1
• Bilinear hardening plasticity ( y and ETAN)
• Hardening parameter  between 0 (kinematic) and 1 (isotropic)
• Failure strain can be input for which elements will be eliminated
• The yield function is given by:
 1 

 y  1


 C 


   o  E P ε p
P eff


 

where  0 is the initial yield stress,

 peff is the effective plastic strain,
Etan E
Ep is the plastic hardening modulus which is given by: EP 
E  Etan

Power Law : TB, PLAW, , , , 2
• Plastic behavior with bilinear isotropic hardening
• Power law hardening defined with strength coefficient k and hardening
coefficient n
• The yield function is given by:
 1
   P

 y  1   k  e  ε eff
  C  p 
n
 
where  e is the elastic strain.
• As with the Plastic Kinematic model, strain rate effects are accounted
for by the Cowper-Symonds strain rate parameters, C and P.

Piecewise Linear : TB, PLAW, , , , 8
• Model is very efficient in solution and is most commonly used in crash

simulations
• Similar to the TB, MISO model in ANSYS implicit

• Stress-strain behavior defined with load curve of effective true stress versus
effective plastic true strain. Up to ten different curves can be entered to
represent different strain rates.
• Failure strain can be input for which elements will be eliminated

• Yield surface can be scaled for strain rate dependence by the Cowper-Symonds
model

Modified Piecewise Linear : TB, PLAW, , , , 11
• Enhanced Piecewise Linear model for shell elements only that accounts for
multiple failure methods:
- Effective plastic strain
- Thinning (through-thickness) plastic strain
- Major principal in-plane strain
• Number of through-thickness integration points that must fail (before shell

element is deleted) can be specified. Useful in pure bending applications where
center layer may never reach failure strain.

Rate Dependent : TB, PLAW, , , , 5
• This is the most general strain rate dependent plasticity model because the elastic
modulus (E), yield stress ( y), tangent modulus (ETAN), and failure stress ( FAIL) can
all be input as a function of strain.
• The yield stress at a given plastic strain rate is defined by:
iy  io  E ip ε eff

p
where
LCID 1 = defines  y as a function of  eff
LCID 2 = defines E as a function of  eff
LCID 3 = defines ETAN as function of  eff
LCID 4 = defines effective von Mises

stress at failure as a function of  eff

Rate Sensitive : TB, PLAW, , , , 4
• This specialized model is used specifically for superplastic forming.
• Ramburgh-Osgood constitutive relationship for the yield stress:
m
 y  k 
n
where
k is the material coefficient,
m is the hardening coefficient,
n is the strain rate parameter,
and  is the strain rate.

Elastic Viscoplastic Thermal : TB, PLAW, , , , 12

• This material model allows an elastic viscoplastic material definition
with thermal effects. The uniaxial stress-strain curve has the form:
where
Vk and Vm computed from Cowper-Symonds parameters, C and p:
1
1 p 1
Vk     Vm 
p
C 

• Temperature dependent mechanical property data:
– Elastic modulus
– Poisson’s ratio
– Coefficient of thermal expansion
• Additional temperature dependent material characteristics:

– Initial yield stress
– Scaling factor on isotropic hardening parameters
– Scaling factor on kinematic hardening parameters
• Temperature dependence permits thermal strain calculations in

structural analyses. That is, MP, ALPX is only available for
temperature dependent materials.

I. Rate Dependent Anisotropic Plasticity
• Category 3: Strain rate dependent plasticity for anisotropic materials
– 3a: Transversely Anisotropic: Hills yield criterion with strain rate dependence
– 3b: 3 Parameter Barlat: Orthotropic model for aluminum sheet metal forming
– 3c: Barlat Anisotropic: Anisotropic model for 3-D continuum forming
– 3d: Transversely Anisotropic Forming Limit Diagram Hardening
• Model 3a is for modeling high strain rate forming processes of general

anisotropic materials
• Models 3b and 3c were developed at ALCOA for specialized aluminum

processes
• Model 3d is used specifically for sheet metal forming

... Rate Dependent Anisotropic Plasticity
Transversely Anisotropic : TB, PLAW, , , , 7
• Most commonly used for sheet metal forming of anisotropic materials
• Optional load curve parameter can be defined for the relationship

between the effective yield stress and the effective plastic strain
• The yield function is defined by:
   
2 2

2R
1122  2 2R  1 122
R 1 R 1
y 11 22
• The anisotropic hardening parameter, R, is defined by the

ratio of the in-plane plastic strain rate to the out-of-plane
plastic strain rate:
ε22
p
R p
ε 33

3-Parameter Barlat : TB, PLAW, , , , 3
• Developed for aluminum sheet metal forming under plane stress

• For the linear hardening rule, input  y and ETAN
• For the exponential hardening rule, input n and m
• Recommended Barlat exponents:
– m=6 for BCC metals and m=8 for FCC metals
• Orthotropic Lankford coefficients used for length to thickness ratios

• Orthotropic material coordinate system input via EDMP command

Barlat Anisotropic : TB, PLAW, , , , 6
• Model useful for metal forming processes of 3-D continuum materials, especially
aluminum
• Mostly used for solid materials (i.e., not sheet materials)
• 6 anisotropic parameters determined from experiments: a,b,c,f,g,h
• Recommended Barlat exponents:

– m=6 for BCC metals and m=8 for FCC metals
• The yield strength is given by:  y=k( o+  p)n

where  o and  p are initial yield and plastic strains

Transversely Anisotropic FLD : TB, PLAW, , , , 10
• Model used for simulating sheet forming processes with transversely isotropic metals
• Available only for shell elements
• Yield behavior can be defined using  y and ETAN or a load curve of the effective stress
versus plastic strain
• Forming Limit Diagram can also be input using load curves to compute maximum
strain ratio

J. Pressure Dependent Plasticity
• Category 4: Pressure dependent plasticity

– 4a: Elastic-Plastic Hydrodynamic: Materials that can fail under large strain
– 4b: Geological Cap Model: Geomechanical materials and also concrete
Elastic-Plastic Hydrodynamic : TB, PLAW, , , , 9, EOSOPT

• If effective and true strain data is not specified, isotropic hardening is
assumed and Sy and ETAN must be specified to define the yield strength:
 y   o  Eh p
where the plastic hardening modulus Eh is defined in terms of E and ETAN
Et E
Eh 
E  Et
The stress strain behavior can also be defined using up to 16 data points.
A linear polynomial equation of state must be specified (EOSOPT), too.

... Pressure Dependent Plasticity
Geological Cap Model : TB, GCAP
• Inviscid two invariant geological cap material model
– Geomechanical problems or materials like concrete
– 2 invariant cap theory extended to include kinematic hardening
– Shear modulus used instead of elastic modulus
• For more details about this model, please refer to the LS-DYNA Theory Manual
( .PDF file in ANSYS Customer Portal) for references to some published papers
containing sample data.

K. Temperature Sensitive Plasticity
• Category 5: There are four plasticity models in ANSYS LS-DYNA that account for
temperature effects. Most of these models also require an additional Equation of
State (EOS) to be defined with them:
– 5a: Bamman: Complex material model used with internal EOS variables.
– 5b: Johnson-Cook: High strain rate and temperature dependent problems
– 5c: Zerilli-Armstrong: high speed impact and some metal forming processes
– 5d: Steinberg: Modeling materials deforming at very high strain rates (>105)
Bamman : TB, EOS, , , , 4

• Complex rate dependent material model used in metal forming
• Model does not require an additional EOS to be specified as internal equation of
state variables are input directly into the model through constants, Ai
• The Bamman model requires the input of flow stress parameters, Ci

... Temperature Sensitive Plasticity
Johnson-Cook : TB, EOS, , , , 1, EOSOPT
Johnson-Cook model used primarily for high strain rate processes such as machining
where there are large temperature increases
Model originally developed for ballistics
DENS, EX, and NUXY required for input
The yield stress is defined by:
  

_ m
 
 y  A  B np 1  C ln  1  T 
 
  
A, B, C, m, and n are experimentally determined constants and  p is the effective
plastic strain
The effective plastic strain rate is also required and is given by:
 p T - Troom
  and the homologoustemperature is : T 
 o Tmelt  Troom

• For temperature calculations, the specific heat, melt temperature, and room
temperature are required
• A failure strain can be incorporated into the model by the implementation of the
failure constants D1-D5 as described by:
 
 f  D1  D 2 exp D3 1  D 4 ln   1  D 5 T 
 

 
Ρ
whereσ  σ eff
 ratio of the pressure to effective stress.
• After the Johnson-Cook parameters are entered, the equation of state constants
must be entered for either the linear polynomial or Gruneisen models (EOSOPT
discussed later)

Zerilli-Armstrong : TB, EOS, , , , 3, EOSOPT

• The Zerilli-Armstrong Model is used in metal forming processes and high speed
impact applications where the stress depends on strain, strain rate, and
temperature. One of the three EOS options must be used with this model.
• The Zerilli-Armstrong Model requires the input of flow stress (Ci), temperature
(Bi) and heat capacity (Gi) coefficients.
FCC Metals :
 (T )
 y  C1  {C2 ( p ).5 [e ( C C 3 4 ln(e )) T
]  C5 }( )
 (293)
BCC Metals :
 (T )
 y  C1  {C2 e ( C C
3 4 ln(e )) T
 [C5 ( p ) n  C6 ]}( )
 (293)

Steinberg : TB, EOS, , , , 5, EOSOPT
• Deformations of solids at high strain rates (>105) with failure
• Well suited for machining operations and high-speed impact applications
• Yield strength a function of temperature and pressure
• Equation of State (EOS) used to determine pressure

L. Equations of State (EOS)
• There are three different EOS types in ANSYS LS-DYNA:
– Linear Polynomial : EOS which is linear in internal energy
– Gruneisen : EOS which defines pressure volume relationship in 2 ways
– Tabulated : Simplified EOS which is also linear in internal energy
Linear Polynomial : EOSOPT = 1

• EOS which is linear in internal energy
• The pressure is defined in terms of  and the linear coefficients Ci:
P = C0 + C1 + C2 2 + C3 3 + (C4 + C5 +C6 2) E
where  = / 0 – 1 and  and  0 are the current and initial densities

... Equations of State (EOS)
Gruneisen : EOSOPT = 2
• Pressure volume relationship is dependent on whether material is compressed or
expanded. The Gruneisen EOS with cubic shock velocity-particle velocity defines
pressure in terms of  and the Gruneisen coefficients C, a, S1, S2, S3, and  0 for
compressed materials as:
  o  a 
 o C 2  1  1     2 
  2  2 
p 2
  o  a E
 2 3 
1  S1  1  S 2  S3
  1   1
Tabulated : EOSOPT = 3
• EOS is also linear in internal energy. The pressure is defined by:

– P = Ci ( vi) +  Ti ( vi) E
– where Ci and Ti are volumetric pressure and temperature values,
respectively, and  vi are volumetric strain values

M. Null Material
Null Material : TB, EOS, , , , 2, EOSOPT

• Null materials allow equations of state to be considered without computing
deviatoric stresses
• Null materials are most often utilized in bird-strike analyses
• The required input are DENS and the pressure cut-off. EX and NUXY are only
required for null beams and shells
• Viscosity and erosion in tension and compression can also be defined (optional)
• EOSOPT needs to be set to 1, 2, or 3 to reference an EOS

N. Damage Models
• Two damage models are available in ANSYS LS-DYNA:
– Concrete Damage: Buried steel reinforced concrete under impact loads
– Composite Damage: Failure of composites used for energy absorption
Concrete Damage : TB, CONCR, , , , 2

• Only applicable to SOLID164 elements, and requires Poisson’s ratio, density, and
constants for the concrete and reinforced cable
• Tabulated equation of state must also be specified
Composite Damage : TB, COMP

• Elastic moduli, shear moduli, and Poisson’s ratios must be input for each direction
(i.e., there are no defaults)
• Shear, longitudinal tensile, transverse tensile, and transverse compressive strengths
can all be input to define failure
• Bulk modulus of failed material is required for compressive failure

O. Foam Materials
• There are 5 different foam models available in ANSYS LS-DYNA:
– Closed Cell Foam: low density foam (e.g., polyurethane)
– Low Density Foam: highly compressible (e.g., padded seat cushions)
– Viscous Foam: energy absorbing foam used in crash simulations
– Crushable Foam: permanent crush materials (e.g., polystyrene)
– Honeycomb: orthotropic crushable foam
• The selection of a specific model depends on the type of material being

analyzed
• All of the foam models in ANSYS LS-DYNA are primarily used in automotive
impact applications

... Foam Materials
Closed Cell Foam : TB, FOAM, , , , 1
• Developed for low density polyurethane (often used for modeling impact limiters in
shipping containers and in automobile design)
• DENS, EX, the initial foam pressure, Po, and the Ratio of foam to polymer density, ,
are required
• Includes the effect of confined air pressure
• NUXY taken to be approximately zero
• The yield condition is defined by: y = a + b(1+c )
where a, b, and c are experimental parameters, and  = V/ Vo + o - 1
where V is the current volume, Vo is the initial volume, and o is the initial volumetric strain

... Foam Materials
Low Density Foam : TB, FOAM, , , , 2
– Used primarily for seat cushions in automobiles
– Both DENS and EX are required
– Stress-strain behavior input using a load curve ID (LCID)
– In compression, model assumes hysteretic behavior with possible energy dissipation
– In tension, model behaves linearly until tension cut-off stress is attained
– NUXY approximately set to zero
– When hysteretic unloading is used, the reloading will follow the unloading curve if
the decay constant,  = 0.
– If  is nonzero, the original loading is governed by 1- e- t A viscous coefficient (0.05-
0.5) can be used to model damping effects.
– Bulk viscosity can be activated by setting the flag to 1
– A shape unloading factor is used for hysteretic unloading. Values less than one
reduce energy dissipation.
– A hysteretic unloading (HU) factor between 0 and 1 is input. If HU=1, there is no
energy dissipation.

... Foam Materials
Viscous Foam : TB, FOAM, , , , 3
• Energy absorbing foam used to model energy absorbing materials (e.g., dummies)
in crash-simulations
• Model should only be used for solids in compressive loading

• Consists of a nonlinear elastic spring in parallel with viscous damper
• DENS, EX (initial Young’s modulus, E1) and NUXY required
• The elastic stiffness, E’ is defined by: E’ = E1 V-n1
where n1 is the elastic stiffness powerlaw
• The viscous coefficient, V’, is given by: V’ = V2 |1-V|n2

where V2 = initial viscous coefficient and n2 = viscous coefficient powerlaw

... Foam Materials
Crushable Foam : TB, FOAM, , , , 4
• For materials with permanent crush, (e.g., expanded polystyrene solids)

• Optional viscous damping and tension cut-off (tearing)
• Unloading is considered to be fully elastic
• Tension is treated as completely elastic-plastic
• DENS, EX (elastic unloading modulus), and NUXY required
• Load curve ID used to define the yield stress versus the volumetric strain, 
• The volumetric strain  is defined to be:  = 1 – V
where V is defined to be the ratio of the current to initial volume

... Foam Materials
Honeycomb : TB, FOAM, , , , 5
• Orthotropic crushable foam model developed for the front end material of a side
impact bumper and for aerospace structures
• A nonlinear behavior can be defined separately for normal and shear stresses
• DENS, EX, and NUXY, viscosity coefficient required
• Yield stress and volume of the fully compacted honeycomb required
• Elastic Moduli and Load Curve ID’s for stresses versus relative volume or
volumetric strain in each of the orthotropic directions

P. Discrete Element Properties
• COMBI165 discrete elements require spring or damper properties
– Springs need a stiffness constant or force versus deflection curve
– Dampers need a damping constant or force vs. deflection rate curve
– Rotational properties may be used instead of translational ones
• Six options for discrete spring properties:
– Linear Elastic Spring (TB, DISCRETE, , , , 0)
– General Nonlinear (TB, DISCRETE, , , , 5)
– Nonlinear Elastic Spring (TB, DISCRETE, , , , 3)
– Elastoplastic Spring (TB, DISCRETE, , , , 2)
– Inelastic Tension/Compression (TB, DISCRETE, , , , 7)
– Maxwell Viscosity Spring (TB, DISCRETE, , , , 6)
• Two options for discrete damper properties:
– Linear Viscosity Damper (TB, DISCRETE, , , , 1)
– Nonlinear Viscosity Damper (TB, DISCRETE, , , , 4)

Q. Cable Element Properties
• LINK167 elements require cable material properties
• Elements in compression (slack cable) carry no load
• The density (DENS) and elastic modulus (EX) need to be defined
• The cable stiffness is defined as:

K = (E) (Area0) / (L0 – Offset)
• Alternately, specifying an engineering stress-strain (load) curve will

override using Young’s modulus to calculate the cable stiffness

R. Rigid Body Materials
• Declaring a material to be rigid (EDMP, RIGID) causes all of the beam, shell,
and solid elements referencing that material to become a rigid body. Rigid
bodies will be discussed in detail in the next lecture, but it is important to
note the following:
– The Young’s modulus of a rigid material should not be made
arbitrarily large. LS-DYNA uses this value to compute the contact
penalty stiffness that will determine the contact penetration.
– If a material is declared to be rigid, then any element that
references this material will belong to the same rigid body.
Therefore, care must be taken when assigning material properties.
As discussed in the preceding lecture, it is best to think in terms of
Parts, and then make duplicate element types, real constant sets,
and material definitions, as needed to define the various Parts.
– The EDMP, RIGID command not only declares that a material be
rigid; it also places constraints on its motion.

S. General Material Guidelines
1. Not all material models are available for every element type.
Check the Elements Manual to see which models can be used.
2. Some models require specifying an Equation of State to
complete the material definition.
3. For each material model, not all constants and options are
required input. For example, a strain rate dependent plasticity
material with Cowper-Symonds constants can be used as a rate
independent model by setting these to constants to zero. This
might be done to access an allowable failure strain…
4. Make sure to use consistent units when defining your material
properties. Incorrect units will not only effect the material
response, but will also effect the contact stiffness. An error in
units can even prevent a model from running.
5. Don’t underestimate the importance of accurate material data.
Spend the extra time and money to obtain accurate data.
T. Material Definitions Workshop
• This workshop consists of the following problem:
• WS04. Plasticity and Failure in an Impact Analysis
• Please refer to your Workshop Supplement for instructions.

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Lecture 4

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Note: Damping is covered in Lecture 5

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• ANSYS LS-DYNA materials offer many features including:

• These materials are grouped into 5 GUI categories for convenience:

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• Usually, stress/strain data is in true stress and true strain format

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Fluid : EDMP, FLUID, MAT, K

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Orthotropic : EDMP, ORTHO

Anisotropic : EDMP, ORTHO and TB, ANEL

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– Mooney-Rivlin coefficients can be input directly (TBOPT=0) or calculated by LS-

• Material response defined through the strain energy density function, W:

W  C10 1  3  C 01  2  3  .5 3  1

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– The shear relation behavior is described by the expression:

Gt   G  (Go  G )e t

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• The plasticity models can be separated into five main categories:

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BKIN and BISO : TB, BKIN and TB, BISO

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• The BISO model also permits temperature dependence:

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• Hardening parameter  between 0 (kinematic) and 1 (isotropic)

• Failure strain can be input for which elements will be eliminated

• The yield function is given by:

where  0 is the initial yield stress,

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• The yield function is given by:

where  e is the elastic strain.

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• Model is very efficient in solution and is most commonly used in crash

• Similar to the TB, MISO model in ANSYS implicit

• Failure strain can be input for which elements will be eliminated

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• Number of through-thickness integration points that must fail (before shell

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• The yield stress at a given plastic strain rate is defined by:

iy  io  E ip ε eff

LCID 4 = defines effective von Mises

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• Ramburgh-Osgood constitutive relationship for the yield stress:

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Elastic Viscoplastic Thermal : TB, PLAW, , , , 12

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• Additional temperature dependent material characteristics:

• Temperature dependence permits thermal strain calculations in

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• Model 3a is for modeling high strain rate forming processes of general

• Models 3b and 3c were developed at ALCOA for specialized aluminum

• Model 3d is used specifically for sheet metal forming

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