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B. Load Model
The loads generally available in the three phase unbalanced
distribution systems are spot and distributed loads. All the
loads are assumed to draw complex power
( )
SL q = PLq + jQL q . It is further assumed that all three-phase
loads are star and delta connected and all double- and single-
phase loads are connected between line and neutral and line to
Fig. 1 Model of the three-phase four-wire distribution line line respectively.
Figs. 2 and 3 show the three phase unbalanced spot load
For instance a four-wire grounded wye overhead model of star and delta connected three-phase loads at bus q,
distribution line shown in fig. 1 results in a 4×4 impedance
matrix. The corresponding equations are
SLaq , SLbq and SLcq can be of different values or even zeroes.
In fact, two-phase and single-phase loads are modeled by
setting the values of the complex power of the non-existing
phases to zero.
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⎢ PLq 0 + jQL q 0
c
⎢ SLq 0 c ⎟ ⎥ c ⎟ ⎥
which should be added to the respective compensation current
⎢⎣ ⎝ V0 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎝ V0 ⎠ ⎥⎦ injections at buses p and q, are given by
⎡Ishqa ⎤ (
⎡− yaa ab ac
pq + y pq + y pq) yab
pq yac
pq
⎤ ⎡Vqa ⎤
⎡⎛ SL a ⎞ ⎤ ⎡⎛ PL aq + jQL aq
∗
⎞ ⎤
∗
⎢ ⎥ 1⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ (9)
⎢⎜ q ⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎢Ishq ⎥ = ⎢
b ba
y pq (
− y pq + y pq + ybc
ba bb
pq ) ybc
pq ⎥ ⎢Vqb ⎥
⎢⎜⎝ V qa ⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎜ V qa ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ c⎥ 2⎢ ⎥ ⎢ c⎥
⎡ Il qa ⎤ ⎢
⎠
∗
⎥ ⎢
⎝ ⎠
∗
⎥ (7) ⎣⎢ q ⎦⎥
Ish ⎣⎢ y ca
pq y cb
pq (
− yca cb cc
pq + y pq + y pq ) ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢Vq ⎦⎥
⎢ b ⎥ ⎢⎛ SL bq ⎞ ⎥ ⎢⎛ PL bq + jQL bq ⎞ ⎥
⎢ Il q ⎥ = ⎢⎜⎜ b ⎟ ⎥ = ⎢⎜
⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎜
⎟ ⎥
⎟ ⎥
⎢ c ⎥ ⎢⎝ V q ⎠ ⎝ V qb ⎠
⎢⎣ Il q ⎦⎥ ⎢ ∗
⎥ ⎢ ∗
⎥ D. Line Shunt charge model
⎢⎛ SL cq ⎞ ⎥ ⎢⎛ PL cq + jQL cq ⎞ ⎥
⎢⎜⎜ c ⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎥ Fig. 5 shows phase a of a three-phase system where lines
⎢⎣⎝ V q ⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎜ V qc ⎟ ⎥
⎠ ⎦ ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦ between buses p and q feed the bus q and all the other lines
connecting bus q draw current from line between bus p and q.
The current injections at the qth bus for three phase loads
connected in delta or single phase loads connected line to line
can be expressed by:
⎡ ⎛ Vqab ⎞ ⎤
n
⎡ ⎛ Vqab ⎞ ⎤
n
(
⎢ SLab
⎢ q0
)⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎥
ab ⎟ ⎥ ⎢
(
⎢ PLab + jQLab
q0 q0 )⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎥
ab ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ V0 ⎠ ⎥ ⎢ ⎝ V0 ⎠ ⎥
⎡ SLab
q
⎤ ⎡ PLab(
q + jQLq
ab
) ⎤ ⎢
⎛ Vqbc ⎞ ⎥⎥
n ⎢ ⎛ Vqbc ⎞ ⎥⎥
n
⎢ bc ⎥ ⎢ bc ⎥ ⎢ bc
(
⎢ SLq ⎥ = ⎢ PLq + jQLq
ba
) (
⎥ = ⎢ SLq 0 ) ⎜ ⎟ =
⎜ V0bc ⎟ ⎥
(
⎢ bc
⎢ PLq 0 + jQLq 0
ba
) ⎜ ⎟
⎜ V0bc ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ca ⎥ ⎢ ca ⎥ ⎢
(
⎣⎢ SLq ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ PLq + jQLq
ca
) ⎦⎥ ⎢
⎝ ⎠ ⎥
n⎥
⎢
⎢
⎝ ⎠ ⎥
n⎥
⎢ ca ⎛ Vqca ⎞ ⎥ ⎢ ca ⎛ Vqca ⎞ ⎥
(
⎢ SLq 0 ) ⎜ ⎟
⎜ V0ca ⎟ ⎥
(
⎢ PLq 0 + jQLq 0
ca
) ⎜ ⎟
⎜ V0ca ⎟ ⎥ Fig. 5 Single phase line section with load connected at bus q between
⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎥
to phase a and neutral n
⎡⎛ SL ab ⎞ ⎤ ⎡⎛ PL ab ⎞ ⎛ PLcaq + jQL caq ⎞ ⎤
∗ ∗ * *
⎞ ⎛ SLcaq q + jQL q
ab
⎢⎜ q ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎜⎝ V qab ⎟ ⎜ V ca
⎠ ⎝ q
⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎜
⎠ ⎝ Vq ab ⎟ ⎜
⎠ ⎝ V qca ⎟ ⎥
⎠
⎡ Il qa ⎤ ⎢ ∗
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
ab ∗ ⎥ ⎢⎛ PL q + jQL q ⎞ ⎛ PL q + jQL q ⎞ ⎥
⎢ b ⎥ ⎢⎛ SLbcq
* *
⎞ ⎛ SL q ⎞ bc bc ab ab
⎢ Il q ⎥ = ⎢⎜⎜ bc ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = ⎢⎜
⎟ ⎜ V ab ⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎜
⎟ −⎜
⎟ ⎜
⎟ ⎥
⎟ ⎥
⎢ c ⎥ ⎢⎝ V q ⎠ ⎝ q ⎠ ⎝ V qbc ⎠ ⎝ V qab ⎠
⎢⎣ Il q ⎦⎥ ⎢ ∗ ∗
⎥ ⎢ *
⎥
bc *
⎢⎛ SLcaq ⎞ ⎛ SL ⎞ ⎥ ⎢⎛ PL q + jQL q ⎞ ⎛ PL q + jQL q ⎞ ⎥
bc ca ca bc
⎢⎜⎜ ca ⎟ − ⎜ q ⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎜
⎟ ⎜ V bc ⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎜
⎟ −⎜
⎟ ⎜
⎟ ⎥
⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣⎝ V q ⎠ ⎝ q ⎠ ⎦ ⎣⎝ V qca ⎠ ⎝ V qbc ⎠ ⎦
(8)
Eqns. (7) and (8) represents a generalized model for star and
delta load models respectively. Where n is defined as follows: Fig. 6 An eight bus system
n=0, constant power
n=1, constant current Consider the eight bus three-phase radial distribution
n=2, constant impedance system [14] shown in Fig. 6. The total line current supplied
through the phase a of the line connected between buses 1 and
2 or effective current of phase a at bus 2 is
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 4(3) 2010 573 ISNI:0000000091950263
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International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
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⎡ I pq ⎤ ⎢ i =1
a i =1
⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ N ( pq ) N ( pq )
⎥ (11)
I pq = ⎢ I pq ⎥ = ⎢ ∑ Il{IE ( pq ,i )} + ∑ Ish{IE ( pq ,i )} ⎥
abc b b b
⎢ c ⎥ ⎢ i =1 i =1 ⎥
⎣⎢ I pq ⎦⎥ ⎢ N ( pq ) c N ( pq ) ⎥
⎢ ∑ Il{IE ( pq ,i )} + ∑ Ish{IE ( pq ,i )} ⎥
c
⎣ i =1 i =1 ⎦
E. Line Shunt charge model
Eqn. (11) provides a method to compute the currents
through the three phase of the branch between buses p and q.
Power fed into the phase a of line between buses p and q at
( ) . Power fed into the phase a of line
bus p is V pa ⋅ I pq
a ∗
q qp
and reactive power losses in the line between buses p and q
may be written as:
⎡ LS pq
a
⎤ ⎡ LPpq
a a
+ jLQ pq
a
( )
⎤ ⎡⎢V p ⋅ I pq − Vq ⋅ I qp ⎤⎥
a ∗ a
( )
a ∗
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ LS bpq ⎥ = ⎢ LPpq
b
( ) ∗
( )
+ jLQ bpq ⎥ = ⎢⎢V pb ⋅ I bpq − Vqb ⋅ I qp
b ∗⎥
⎥
(12)
⎢ c ⎥ ⎢ c ⎥
c
⎣
( )
⎢⎣ LS pq ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ LPpq + jLQ pq ⎥⎦ ⎢⎢V pb ⋅ I bpq − Vqb ⋅ I qp
∗
( )
b ∗⎥
⎥⎦ Fig. 7 Flow chart to identify the buses and branches beyond a
particular bus
III. FLOW CHART FOR THREE PHASE LOAD FLOW
The complete algorithm is presented in the flow charts are
shown in Figs. 7 and 8. Fig. 7 shows the algorithm to identify
the buses and branches beyond any one particular bus. Fig.8
shows the algorithm for load flow solution. In every iteration,
the following steps are followed. In Fig. 5, only one line
connecting the bus q to the substation bus p feeds the bus q.
The total line current supplied through this line to bus q is
determined using eqn. (11).
With the knowledge of current flowing between buses p
and q or at the qth bus, from eqn. (11), the proposed algorithm
computes the voltage at receiving end bus q by using eqn. (4).
In this method, the algorithm computes the voltages at all the
buses of the system starting from the substation to all the
buses downstream. The algorithm stops if the change in the
computed bus voltage magnitudes in successive iterations is
within tolerance limit (i.e. IT ≥ ITMAX).
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A. Case Study 1: 8-bus URDS B. Case Study I1: 37-bus IEEE URDS
A sample 8 bus unbalanced radial distribution network is Short and relatively highly loaded for a 4.16 kV feeder is
shown in Fig. 7 has been taken from the Taiwan Power very small and yet displays some very interesting
Corporation [14]. The base values of the system are 14.4 kV characteristics.. One substation voltage regulator consisting
and 100 kVA. The convergence tolerance specified is 0.001 of three single-phase units connected in wye, overhead and
p.u. The converged solutions (voltage magnitudes and phase underground lines with variety of, phasing Shunt capacitor
angles) are given in Table 1. banks, in-line transformer and unbalanced spot and distributed
loads. For a small feeder this will provide a good test for the
TABLE I
VOLTAGES AND ANGLE OF THE 8-BUS UNBALANCED RDS most common features of distribution analysis software. The
Forward backward line data and load data of the system are given in [20-21]. It is
Proposed Method
Bus sweep method [6] assumed that the transformer at the substation is balanced,
No |V| Angle |V| Angle voltage regulators and capacitors at various buses is neglected.
(p.u.) (deg.) (p.u.) (deg.)
1a 1.0000 0.00 1.0000 0.00
For the load flow, base voltage and base MVA are chosen as
1b 1.0000 -120.00 1.0000 -120.00 4.16 kV and 100 MVA respectively. The load flow results are
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injection method, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems , 15( 2):508-514. of latest condition monitoring techniques to reduce industry equipment
[9] P. A. N. Garcia, J. L. R. Pereira, and S. Carneiro, Jr., 2001. Voltage breakdowns & application of modern GPS & GIS technologies to power
control devices models for distribution power flow analysis, IEEE utilities to reduce power losses & manage the power distribution utility
Trans. Power Syst., 16(4):586–594. business effectively. At present he is a professor in the Electrical &
[10] P. A. N. Garcia, J. L. R. Pereira, and S. Carneiro, Jr., 2004. Electronics Engineering Department, TRREC, AP, India. He is actively
Improvements in the representation of PV buses on three-phase involved in the research of planning and optimization of unbalanced power
distribution power flow, IEEE Trans. Power Del., 19(2):894–896. distribution systems. His research interests are computer applications in power
[11] K. N. Mui and H. D. Chiang, 2000. Existence, uniqueness and systems planning, analysis and control.
monotonic properties of the feasible power flow solution for radial
three phase distribution networks, IEEE Trans. Circuit and Syst., C. Radhakrishna has more than 35 years of experience in teaching &
47(10):1502-1514. research in Electrical engineering and published more than 85 papers in
[12] W. M. Lin and J. H. Teng, 2000. Three-Phase distribution networks international, national journals & conferences. He is the recipient of Best
fast decoupled power flow solutions, Electric Power and Energy Teacher award from Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, India and Jawaharlal Birth
Systems, 22(5):375-380. Centenary award from IE(I), India. He was associated with Jawaharlal Nehru
[13] T. H. Chen, M. S. Chen, K. J. Hwang, P. Kotas, and E. A. Chebli, Technological University (JNTU)-Hyderabad for several years in various
1991. Distribution system power flow analysis-a rigid approach, positions and was the founder Director of Academic Staff College-JNTU-
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 6(3):1146-1153. Hyderabad, India.
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