Lipid and Public Assumption Related to it Malfunction

Disease
Group 3
1
Dewi Sahfitri Tanjung (409342017), 2Devi Wani (409342006), 3Sri Hayuni (409342029),
4
Syamsiah (409342031); Bilingual Class ’09; Biology Department; State University of Medan;
2010

ABSTRACT
Lipid is one of the nutrient substrate that our body need in large quantities. Together with
carbohydrates and protein, lipid takes the main constituent part in animal and plant cells. The
major function of lipid in the living organism are to provide the energy and restored it as possible
in another form so that it can be used anymore if the body deficit in energy. This function usually
help by the present of carbohydrates and protein also, however because the lipids are
concentrated substrate, so that the amount per-weight basis energy that lipid providing are double
than that contained in either carbohydrates and proteins produce. Because of this characteristic,
excising lipid consumption can causes some risk disease that usually become the main problem in
healthy. In recent, heart disease, stroke, Atherosclerosis and high blood pressure become the most
popular disease in society. Heart disease and high blood pressure combine as the cardiacvascular
disease is the number one disease that killing human. About 29.34% of annual worldwide deaths
are cause by this disease. The new trend of the world, created junk food, fast food and a lot of
snack consisted of saturated fatty which responsible to those diseases. Most of people consume it
as their daily nutrient. The act knowledge of those food containing are lack in society. We have
been survey some food that contain lipid in super market and also we gave some questionnaire
about lipid in society. This survey prove that the lack act knowledge about lipid in society can
causes those killing disease increasing injected the human.

1. Introduction
Lipids are a broad group of naturally occurring molecules which
includes fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins(such as vitamins A, D, E and
K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. Lipids may be broadly defined
as hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules; the amphiphilic nature of some lipids allows them
to form structures such as vesicles, liposomes, or membranes in an aqueous environment.
Biological lipids originate entirely or in part from two distinct types of biochemical subunits or
"building blocks": ketoacyl andisoprene groups Using this approach, lipids may be divided into
eight categories: Fattyacyls, Glycerolipids,
Glycerophospholipids, Sphingolipids, Saccharolipids and Polyketides (derived from condensation
of ketoacyl subunits); and Sterol lipids and Prenol Lipids (derived from condensation of isoprene
subunits).
Although the term lipid is sometimes used as a synonym for fats, fats are a subgroup of
lipids called triglycerides. Lipids also encompass molecules such as fatty acids and their
derivatives (including tri-, di-, and monoglycerides andphospholipids), as well as other sterol-
containing metabolites such as cholesterol. Although humans and other mammals use
various biosynthetic pathways to both break down and synthesize lipids, some essential lipids
cannot be made this way and must be obtained from the diet.

2. LIPID
2.1. Classification

According to the composition of lipids, there are three types of lipids: Simple lipid,
Compound or Conjugated lipid, and Derived lipids.
1. Simple Lipids
Simple lipids are esters of fatty acids, glycerol and other higher alcohols. True fats and
waxes are simple lipids. True fats are esters of fatty acid and glycerol, formed by one
molecule of glycerol joined with one to three molecules of fatty acid with loss of one to
three molecules of water. Depending on the number of fatty acids joining with glycerol true
fats are of three types-monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides. Waxes are esters of
fatty acid and alcohol other than glycerol. Examples of waxes are sebum,beewax,cerumen.
2. Compound lipids
When fats combine other non fatty prosthetic groups like phosphate, sulphate, sugars
protien etc they are called compound lipids .Examples are phosphates like choline
,lipoprotien like myelin sheath, Phospholipids (phosphatides),
3. Derived lipids
Substances derived from simple and compound lipids by hydrolysis are called Derived
lipids.Examples are fat soluble vitamins, steroids, hydrocarbons.

According to chemical structure of lipids, there are two types of lipid: Saturated and
Unsaturated fats. Saturated fats consist of fatty acid without double bonds. Unsaturated fats
consist of fatty acids having few double bonds.

Lipid can be divided into eight categories, They are:

a. Fatty acyls
Fatty acyls, a generic term for describing fatty acids, their conjugates and derivatives,
are a diverse group of molecules synthesized by chain-elongation of an acetyl-CoA primer
with malonyl-CoA ormethylmalonyl-CoA groups in a process called fatty acid synthesis. They
are made of a hydrocarbon chain that terminates with a carboxylic acid group; this arrangement
confers the molecule with a polar, hydrophilic end, and a nonpolar, hydrophobic end that
is insoluble in water. The fatty acid structure is one of the most fundamental categories of
biological lipids, and is commonly used as a building block of more structurally complex
lipids. The carbon chain, typically between four to 24 carbons long, may be saturated
or unsaturated, and may be attached to functional
groups containingoxygen, halogens, nitrogen and sulfur. Where a double bond exists, there is
the possibility of either a cis or trans geometric isomerism, which significantly affects the
molecule's molecular configuration. Cis-double bonds cause the fatty acid chain to bend, an
effect that is more pronounced the more double bonds there are in a chain. This in turn plays an
important role in the structure and function of cell membranes. Most naturally occurring fatty
acids are of the cis configuration, although the trans form does exist in some natural and
partially hydrogenated fats and oils.
Examples of biologically important fatty acids are the eicosanoids, derived primarily
from arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, which include prostaglandins, leukotrienes,
and thromboxanes. Other major lipid classes in the fatty acid category are the fatty esters and
fatty amides. Fatty esters include important biochemical intermediates such as wax esters, fatty
acid thioester coenzyme Aderivatives, fatty acid thioester ACP derivatives and fatty acid
carnitines. The fatty amides include N-acyl ethanolamines, such as
the cannabinoid neurotransmitter anandamide.
b. Glycerolipids
Glycerolipids are composed mainly of mono-, di- and tri-substituted glycerols, the most
well-known being the fatty acid esters of glycerol (triacylglycerols), also known
as triglycerides. In these compounds, the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are each esterified,
usually by different fatty acids. Because they function as a food store, these lipids comprise
the bulk of storage fat in animal tissues. The hydrolysis of the ester bonds of triacylglycerols
and the release of glycerol and fatty acids from adipose tissue is called fat mobilization.
Additional subclasses of glycerolipids are represented by glycosylglycerols, which are
characterized by the presence of one or more sugar residues attached to glycerol via
a glycosidic linkage. Examples of structures in this category are the
digalactosyldiacylglycerols found in plant membranes and seminolipid from
mammalian sperm cells.
c. Glycerophospholipids
Glycerophospholipids, also referred to as phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and
are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved
in metabolism and cell signaling. Neural tissue (including the brain) contains relatively high
amounts of glycerophospholipids, and alterations in their composition has been implicated in
various neurological disorders. Glycerophospholipids may be subdivided into distinct classes,
based on the nature of the polar headgroup at the sn-3 position of the glycerol backbone
in eukaryotes and eubacteria, or the sn-1 position in the case ofarchaebacteria.
Examples of glycerophospholipids found in biological
membranes are phosphatidylcholine (also known as PC, GPCho
or lecithin), phosphatidylethanolamine(PE or GPEtn) and phosphatidylserine (PS or GPSer).
In addition to serving as a primary component of cellular membranes and binding sites for
intra- and intercellular proteins, some glycerophospholipids in eukaryotic cells, such
as phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidic acids are either precursors of, or are themselves,
membrane-derived second messengers. Typically, one or both of these hydroxyl groups are
acylated with long-chain fatty acids, but there are also alkyl-linked and 1Z-alkenyl-linked
(plasmalogen) glycerophospholipids, as well as dialkylether variants in archaebacteria.
 d. Sphingolipids
Sphingolipids are a complex family of compounds that share a common structural
feature, a sphingoid base backbone that is synthesized de novo from the amino acid serine and
a long-chain fatty acyl CoA, then converted into ceramides, phosphosphingolipids,
glycosphingolipids and other compounds. The major sphingoid base of mammals is
commonly referred to as sphingosine. Ceramides (N-acyl-sphingoid bases) are a major
subclass of sphingoid base derivatives with an amide-linked fatty acid. The fatty acids are
typically saturated or mono-unsaturated with chain lengths from 16 to 26 carbon atoms.
The major phosphosphingolipids of mammals are sphingomyelins (ceramide
phosphocholines), whereas insects contain mainly ceramide phosphoethanolaminesand fungi
have phytoceramide phosphoinositols and mannose-containing headgroups. The
glycosphingolipids are a diverse family of molecules composed of one or more sugar residues
linked via a glycosidic bond to the sphingoid base. Examples of these are the simple and
complex glycosphingolipids such as cerebrosides and gangliosides.
e. Sterol lipids
Sterol lipids, such as cholesterol and its derivatives, are an important component of
membrane lipids, along with the glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelins. The steroids, all
derived from the same fused four-ring core structure, have different biological roles
as hormones and signaling molecules. The eighteen-carbon (C18) steroids include
the estrogen family whereas the C19 steroids comprise the androgens such
as testosterone and androsterone. The C21 subclass includes the progestogens as well as
the glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. The secosteroids, comprising various forms
of vitamin D, are characterized by cleavage of the B ring of the core structure. Other examples
of sterols are the bile acids and their conjugates, which in mammals are oxidized derivatives
of cholesterol and are synthesized in the liver. The plant equivalents are the phytosterols, such
as β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol; the latter compound is also used as
abiomarker for algal growth The predominant sterol in fungal cell membranes is ergosterol.
f. Prenol lipids
Prenol lipids are synthesized from the 5-carbon precursors isopentenyl
diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate that are produced mainly via the mevalonic
acid (MVA) pathway. The simple isoprenoids (linear alcohols, diphosphates, etc.) are formed
by the successive addition of C5 units, and are classified according to number of
these terpene units. Structures containing greater than 40 carbons are known as
polyterpenes. Carotenoids are important simple isoprenoids that function as antioxidants and
as precursors of vitamin A. Another biologically important class of molecules is exemplified
by the quinones and hydroquinones, which contain an isoprenoid tail attached to a quinonoid
core of non-isoprenoid origin. Vitamin E and vitamin K, as well as the ubiquinones, are
examples of this class. Prokaryotes synthesize polyprenols (called bactoprenols) in which the
terminal isoprenoid unit attached to oxygen remains unsaturated, whereas in animal
polyprenols (dolichols) the terminal isoprenoid is reduced.
 g. Saccharolipids
Saccharolipids describe compounds in which fatty acids are linked directly to a sugar
backbone, forming structures that are compatible with membrane bilayers. In the
saccharolipids, a monosaccharide substitutes for the glycerol backbone present in
glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids. The most familiar saccharolipids are the
acylated glucosamine precursors of the Lipid A component of
thelipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative bacteria. Typical lipid A molecules
are disaccharides of glucosamine, which are derivatized with as many as seven fatty-acyl
chains. The minimal lipopolysaccharide required for growth in E. coli is Kdo2-Lipid A, a
hexa-acylated disaccharide of glucosamine that is glycosylated with two 3-deoxy-D-manno-
octulosonic acid (Kdo) residues.
h. Polyketides
Polyketides are synthesized by polymerization of acetyl and propionyl subunits by
classic enzymes as well as iterative and multimodular enzymes that share mechanistic features
with the fatty acid synthases. They comprise a large number of secondary
metabolites and natural products from animal, plant, bacterial, fungal and marine sources, and
have great structural diversity. Many polyketides are cyclic molecules whose backbones are
often further modified by glycosylation, methylation, hydroxylation, oxidation, and/or other
processes. Many commonly used anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, and anti-cancer agents are
polyketides or polyketide derivatives, such as erythromycins,tetracyclines, avermectins, and
antitumor epothilones.

2.2. Source
Based from the source of lipid, lipid can be divided into: Vegetable fat and Animal fat.

 Vegetable fats
Vegetable fats are lipid materials derived from plants, presemt in cytoplasm as the
droplet form. Physically, oils are liquid at room temperature, and fats are solid.
Chemically, both fats and oils are composed of triglycerides, as contrasted
with waxes which lack glycerin in their structure. Although many different parts of
plants may yield oil, in commercial practice, oil is extracted primarily from seeds.
Many vegetable oils are used to make soaps, skin products, candles, perfumes and
other personal care and cosmetic products. Example: Oil, Palm Oil etc

 Animal fats
In pet nutrition, the source of animal fat concerns food
manufacturers. AAFCO states that animal fat is "obtained from the tissues of mammals
and/or poultry in the commercial processes of rendering or extracting. This present at
the adipose connective tissue. It consists predominantly of glyceride esters of fatty
acids and contains no additions of free fatty acids. If an antioxidant is used, the
common name or names must be indicated, followed by the words "used as a
 preservative". In actuality the animal source is not specified or required to give the
origin of slaughtered animals. Example: Meat, Egg etc.

2.3. Structure
Some of lipid structure:

2.4. Function
The majority of lipids in biological systems function either as a source of stored metabolic
energy or as structural matrices and permeability barriers in biological membranes. Very
small amounts of special lipids act as both intracellular messengers and extracellular
xtracellular
messengers such as hormones and pheromones.

1. Cellular energy source

Fatty acids that are stored in adipose tissue as triglycerides are a major energy source
in higher animals, as is glucose, a simple six-carbon
six carbon carbohydrate. In healthy, well
well-fed
humans only about 2 percent of the energy is derived from the metabolism of pr protein.
Large amounts of lipids are stored in adipose tissue. In the average American male about
25 percent of body weight is fat, whereas only 1 percent is accounted for by glycogen (a
polymer of glucose). In addition, the energy available to the body from oxidative
metabolism of 1 gram of triglyceride is more than twice that produced by the oxidation of
an equal weight of carbohydrate such as glycogen.
2. Lipid in Membrane
Membr Cell
Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized into membrane-bound
membrane organelles which carry
out different biological functions. The glycerophospholipids are the main structural
component of biological membranes,
membr such as the cellular plasma membrane and the
intracellular membranes of organelles; in animal cells the plasma membrane physically
separates the intracellular components from the extracellular environment
environment. The
glycerophospholipids are amphipathic molecules (containing
both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions) that contain a glycerol core linked to two fatty
acid-derived "tails" by ester linkages and to one "head" group by a phosphate ester linkage.
 While glycerophospholipids are the major component of biological membranes, other
non-glyceride lipid components such assphingomyelin and sterols (mainly cholesterol in
animal cell membranes) are also found in biological membranes. In plants and algae, the
galactosyldiacyl glycerols, and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, which lack a phosphate
group, are important components of membranes of chloroplasts and related organelles and
are the most abundant lipids in photosynthetic tissues, including those of higher plants,
algae and certain bacteria.
3. Signaling Transfer
In recent years, the evidence has emerged showing that lipid signaling is a main part of
the cell signaling Lipid signaling may also occurs via activation of G protein-coupled and
members of several different lipid categories have been identified as signaling molecules
and cellular messengers.
The "fat-soluble" vitamins such as A,D,E and K are isoprene based lipids which are
essential nutrients stored in the liver and fatty tissues of the body with a diverse range of
functions. Acyl-carnitines which involves in the transport and metabolism of fatty acids
where they undergo beta oxidation

2.5. Identification
We can analyze lipid present or some og lipid characteristic from this indentification:

1. Grease Spot Test

This is the simple test of lipid that have been used for century. Lipid that are
derived from glycerol and sphingosine, a long chain base that is backbone of
sphingolipid, will produce translucent spot or stain in fabric. If the lipid is not
derived of glycoserol and sphingosine, it will not produce the translucent spot on
fabric. This grease spot test require that lipid in the liquid form. Semi solid lipid,
because of the higher degree of saturation if the fatty acid chain, have melting
point higher than the room temperature and therefore need to be mildly heated
before testing.
2. Sudan Red Test
Sudan red is a fat-soluble dye that stains lipids red. Using Sudan red can show the
amount and the location of lipids. Sudan red, dissolved in alcohol, is a lipid soluble
dye. When Sudan red is added to a mixture of lipids and water, the dye will move
into the lipid layer coloring it red
3. Emulsion Test
The emulsion test is a method to determine the presence of lipids using wet
chemistry. The procedure is for the sample to be suspended in ethanol, allowing
lipids present to dissolve. The ethanolic solution is then decanted into water. Since
lipids do not dissolve in water, when the ethanol is diluted, it falls out of solution to
give an emulsion.
2.6. Lipid Malfunction
1. Atherosclerosis
Also known as arteriosclerotic vascular disease or ASVD is a condition in which an
artery wall thickens as the result of a build-up of fatty materials such as cholesterol. It
is a syndrome affecting arterial blood vessels, a chronic inflammatory response in the
walls of arteries, in large part due to the accumulation of macrophage white blood
cells and promoted by low-density lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol
and triglycerides) without adequate removal of fats and cholesterol from the
macrophages by functional high density lipoproteins (HDL), (see apoA-1 Milano). It is
commonly referred to as a hardening or furring of the arteries. It is caused by the
formation of multiple plaques within the arteries.
2. Gaucher Disease
This is the most common of the lipid storage diseases. It is caused by a deficiency of
the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Fatty material can collect in the spleen, liver, kidneys,
lungs, brain, and bone marrow. Symptoms may include enlarged spleen and liver,
liver malfunction, skeletal disorders and bone lesions that may cause pain, severe
neurologic complications, swelling of lymph nodes and (occasionally) adjacent joints,
distended abdomen, a brownish tint to the skin, anemia, low blood platelets, and
yellow spots in the eyes. Persons affected most seriously may also be more
susceptible to infection. The disease affects males and females equally.
3. Niemann-Pick disease
This is actually a group of autosomal recessive disorders caused by an accumulation of
fat and cholesterol in cells of the liver, spleen, bone marrow, lungs, and, in some
patients, brain. Neurological complications may include ataxia, eye paralysis, brain
degeneration, learning problems, spasticity, feeding and swallowing difficulties,
slurred speech, loss of muscle tone, hypersensitivity to touch, and some corneal
clouding. A characteristic cherry-red halo develops around the center of the retina in
50 percent of patients.
4. Fabry disease,
Also known as alpha-galactosidase-A deficiency, causes a buildup of fatty material in
the autonomic nervous system, eyes, kidneys, and cardiovascular system. Fabry
disease is the only x-linked lipid storage disease. Males are primarily affected
although a milder form is common in females, some of whom may have severe
manifestations similar to those seen in affected males. Onset of symptoms is usually
during childhood or adolescence. Neurological symptoms include burning pain in the
arms and legs, which worsens in hot weather or following exercise, and the buildup of
excess material in the clear layers of the cornea (resulting in clouding but no change in
vision). Fatty storage in blood vessel walls may impair circulation, putting the patient
at risk for stroke or heart attack. Other symptoms include heart enlargement,
progressive kidney impairment leading to renal failure, gastrointestinal difficulties,
decreased sweating, and fever. Angiokeratomas (small, non-cancerous, reddish-purple
elevated spots on the skin) may develop on the lower part of the trunk of the body and
become more numerous with age.
3. Public Understanding

The information about lipid that we explained above, require as the academic learning process
at the class. In fact, some information about lipid must be known as the public understanding due
to the recent disease causes by malfunction of lipid. Heart disease including Atherosclerosis
joining with another cardiacvascular disease become the main problem of the world killer. About
29.34% of annual worldwide deaths are cause by this disease.
The knowledge about lipid in the public must be observed as the indicator public aware about
lipid consumption. Most of the diseases created by public consumption behavior and
misunderstanding about lipid facts . We have been takes some general questionnaire about lipid
among the public.
From the result that we have done we get some data;

Don’t
No The question Source Know % Hesitate%
know%

Knowing about lipid in From 10 students Of

1 60% 20% 20%
generally SMA 11
Can mentioning some From 10 Person of
2 60% 40% 0%
example of lipid. The user NET .
Understanding the role From 10 Person in
3 40% 30% 30%
of lipids in the life. Padang Street
Knowing the handling From 10 person in
4 50% 30% 20%
of lipids in life. Tirtosari Street
Knowing the From 10 person
5 malfunction of lipid Universitas of Medan 70% 30% 0%
disease. in Biology ‘07 grade
Table 1; Mostly of the questionnaire answered pretty well by the public.

3.1 Method
a. Question no. 1
We take high school students as the public sample for this question. From 10
students (five boys and five girls) that we interviewed; 5 girls and 1 boy can describe
well about what lipid it is. 2 boys hesitate about it, 2 boys again don’t know at all.

b. Question no.2
We take general people as the public sample for this question. From 10 of them
(five boys and five girls) that we interviewed; 5 girls and 1 boy can describe well
example of lipid, which one include from plant whether animal. 4 boys hesitate
about it.
Average of age between 15-20 years and mostly graduated students and under
graduated students.
 c. Question no.3
We take general people as the public sample for this question. From 10 of them
(five boys and five girls) that we interviewed; 2 girls and 2 boy can describe well
about what lipid role in our life, include the question that lipid as the storage
energy. 2 boys and one girl hesitate about it. Other they don’t know at all.
Average age sample about 20-40 years old. Specific location Padang street.

d. Question no.4
We take general people as the public sample for this question. From 10 of them
(five boys and five girls) that we interviewed; 3 girls and 2 boy can describe well
about what lipid role in our life, include the question that lipid as the storage
energy. 2 boys and one girl hesitate about it. Other they don’t know at all.
Average age sample about 20-40 years old. Specific location Tirtosari street.

e. Question no.5
We take under graduated students of biology grade 07 at UNIMED as the public
sample for this question. From 10 of them (five boys and five girls) that we
interviewed; 4 girls and 3 boy can describe well about lipid malfunction. 2 boys and
one girl hesitate about it.
Average age sample about 20-40 years old. Specific location Tirtosari street.

3.2 Analysis
From the data that we collect, we can see the public attention of lipid are pretty good,
they known general knowledge about lipid, include the example of lipid, the lipid
function, the general term of it and lipid malfunction. However, for more detail
question, e.g chemical bounding of lipid, they couldn’t answer that.
From the analysis, people with the educational background know more about lipid,
than general public people. You can see it from the table.
However, the rate amount of people who suffered in lipid malnutrition start from
their age while they are in school or under graduated students. Most of them consume
the food that contains a lot of fat. Sometimes the food contain with the changes from
unsaturated acid to saturated fat by the process of hydrolase (cut the chemical
bounding). This process will produce the trans fat and usually synthesis from the fabric
food synthesis, e.g margarine. This trans fat is one major problem causes some of lipid
malfunction. The life style for modern world created a lot of food containing that.
There is some misunderstanding in lipid facts during this interview, from 50 peoples
that we have been interview 25 people (50%) think eating saturated fat can cause the
increasing of bad cholesterol. That’s the wrong assumption.
The saturated fats are found in animal products and processed foods, such as meats,
dairy products, chips, and pastries. The chemical structure of a saturated fat is fully
saturated with hydrogen atoms, and does not contain double bonds between carbon
atoms. Saturated fats are not heart healthy, since they are most known for raising
your LDL cholesterol (“bad” cholesterol).
Unsaturated fats, on the other hand, are found foods such as nuts, avocados, and
olives. They are liquid at room temperature and differ from saturated fats in that their
chemical structure contains double bonds. Additionally, studies have shown that
unsaturated fats are also heart-healthy fats - they have the ability to lower LDL
cholesterol and raise HDL cholesterol ("good" cholesterol).
This is the different facts that happen in public issue, now day people thinks
unsaturated fat is the bad one. In fact people can try to follow a cholesterol-lowering
diet, eating unsaturated fats should not raise your cholesterol levels further. However,
you should try to avoid foods high in saturated fats.

Some lipid malfunction also can be inherited by parents, the factors are:
 Autosomal recessive

Inheritance occurs when both parents carry and pass on a copy of the faulty
gene, but neither parent is affected by the disorder. Each child born to these parents
has a 25 percent chance of inheriting both copies of the defective gene, a 50 percent
chance of being a carrier, and a 25 percent chance of not inheriting either copy of
the defective gene. Children of either gender can be affected by
an autosomal recessive this pattern of inheritance.

 X-linked (or sex-linked) recessive

Inheritance occurs when the mother carries the affected gene on the X
chromosome that determines the child’s gender and passes it to her son. Sons of
carriers have a 50 percent chance of inheriting the disorder. Daughters have a 50
percent chance of inheriting the X-linked chromosome but usually are not severely
affected by the disorder. Affected men do not pass the disorder to their sons but
their daughters will be carriers for the disorder.

From the interview, mostly people afraid about this heritance, so start from the
beginning they aware about the food that they are consumed.
4. Product Survey at Super Market

Total Lipid/
No Name Of Products Lipid Rate Netto
ann*
1 Chocolate Indomilk Biokids 6.5 gr 400 gr
2. Vanilla Indomilk Biokids 7 gr 400 gr
3. Produgen Vitafirst 0 gr 245 gr
4. Produgen gold 3 gr 245 gr
5. L-men Chocolate 2.7 gr 500 gr
6 L-men Hazlnut 2.5 gr 500 gr
7 Chocolate Boneto 6 gr 350 gr
8 Vanilla Boneto 5 gr 350 gr
9 Hilo Teen 3 gr 350 gr
1o Hilo Active 2 gr 350 gr
11 Hilo Gold 3 gr 350 gr
Silverquen Chunky bar
12. 37.3 gr 175 gr
Almond
13 Silverquen Orange 33.6 gr 175 gr
14 Cadburry Chocolate 9 gr 14%/ann 175 gr
15 Frisian Flag Chocolate 4 gr 7%/ann 385 gr
16 Frisian Fag Gold 3.5 gr 6%/ann 385 gr
17 Omella Creamer 5 gr 8%/ann 385 gr
18 Indomilk Chocolate 4 gr 7%/ann 385 gr
19 Lady Nestle Chocolate 4.5 gr 7%/ann 380 gr
20 Bimoli Vegetable Oil 10 gr 16%/ann Liter
21 Sania Vegetable Oil 13.9 gr 25%/ann Liter
22 Sania Royal Vegetable Oil 14 gr 25%/ann Liter
23 Sanco Vegetable Oil 15 gr 24%/ann Liter
*ann = Amount of Nutrient Need

Sample of the product takes from Ramayana Super Market, Aksara.

5. Conclusion

A lot of lipids function as long-term energy storage. One gram of fat stores more than twice
as much energy as one gram of carbohydrates. Lipids are also an important component of the
cell membrane. Lipids consist of glycerol and fatty acids "tails". The fatty acid "tails" are long
chains of carbon and hydrogen that contribute to the non-polar behavior of fats - they don't mix
with (polar) water. The fatty acid chains can be saturated, with all carbons saturated with
hydrogen atoms forming a straight chain without double bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids contain
double bonds within the carbon chain, which results in a bend of the chain.
Most of the lipid found in food is in the form of triacylglycerols, cholesterol and
phospholipids. A minimum amount of dietary fat is necessary to facilitate absorption of fat-
soluble vitamins (A, D, E andK) and carotenoids. Humans and other mammals have a dietary
requirement for certain essential fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid)
and alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) because they cannot be synthesized from
simple precursors in the diet.
A large number of studies have shown positive health benefits associated with
consumption fatty acids on infant development, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and various
mental illnesses, such as depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and dementia. In
contrast, it is now well-established that consumption of trans fats, such as those present
in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
A few studies have suggested that total dietary fat intake is linked to an increased risk of
obesity and diabetes. However, a number of very large studies, including the Women's Health
Initiative Dietary Modification Trial, an eight year study of 49,000 women, the Nurses' Health
Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, revealed no such links. None of these
studies suggested any connection between percentage of calories from fat and risk of cancer,
heart disease or weight gain. The Nutrition Source, a website maintained by the Department of
Nutrition at theHarvard School of Public Health, summarizes the current evidence on the
impact of dietary fat: "Detailed research—much of it done at Harvard—shows that the total
amount of fat in the diet isn't really linked with weight or disease.
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Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co.

Website:
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/lipid_storage_diseases/detail_lipid_storage_diseases.htm

http://www.nbna.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=151:uaa-
atherosclerosis-fact-sheet&catid=49:nbna-programs&Itemid=77

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis

http://cholesterol.about.com/cs/faq/f/difference.htm