hydrology modeling in
rainfall hydrology
hydrologic losses flow estimation
river flow flood routing
measurement frequency analysis
hydrograph analysis reservoir
groundwater
TARMIZI ISMAIL
M50-03-07
07-5538709
019-7547747
tarmiziismail@utm.my
tarmiziismail@yahoo.com
dept of hydraulics and hydrology
faculty of civil engineering
universiti teknologi malaysia
skudai, johor
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY
CHAPTER 2: RAINFALL
CHAPTER 3: HYDROLOGIC LOSSES
CHAPTER 4: RIVER FLOW MEASUREMENT
CHAPTER 5: HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 6: MODELLING IN HYDROLOGY
CHAPTER 7: FLOW ESTIMATION
CHAPTER 8: FLOOD ROUTING
CHAPTER 9: FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 10: RESERVOIR
CHAPTER 11: GROUND WATER
3
Basic References
HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUANTITY CONTROL by Martin Wanielista, John Wiley and Sons, 1990.
HYDROLOGY, AN INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGIC SCIENCE by Rafael L. Bras, Addison
Wesley, 1990
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY by Warren Viessman et al, Crowell, Harper and Row, Fourth Edition, 1996
HYDROLOGY FOR ENGINEERS by Ray Linsley, Max Kohler and Joseph Paulhaus, McGraw Hill, 1975
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY by E.M. Wilson, Mac millan, 1991
APPLIED HYDROLOGY by Ven te Chow, David Maidment and Larry W. Ways, McGraw Hill, 1988
HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN by R. H. McCuen. Prentice Hall, 1989; 2nd Edition
HYDROLOGY IN PRACTICE by Elizabeth M. Shaw, Chapman & Hall, 1994
URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MANUAL FOR MALAYSIA Published by Department of
Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, 2000, and 2nd Edition, 2012
1. Assignment 1 10 10 Wk: 3 - 11
3. Presentation 0 0 0
What is hydrology?
• Hydrology is the study of water, its physical properties
and distribution on and beneath the surface of the earth.
• Basically, we’re going to be concerned with how much
water ends up in the various parts of the water cycle both
spatially and temporally.
• Take a look at the syllabus to see how we’ll approach this
• The study of water in all its forms and from all its origins to all its
destinations on the earth [Rafael L.Bras].
1971
1967
1971
1971
2006-
2007
1967
PERLIS
Kangar THAILAND
PULAU Sg. Kelantan
LANGKAWI
Alor SetarKEDAH Kota Bharu
Sg. Muda
George Town
PULAU Sg.Terengganu
PINANG Kuala Terengganu
KELANTAN
TERENGGANU
PERAK S.Dungun
Ipoh
S.Cukai
Sg .Pahang
SELANGOR
Shah Alam Kuala
Sg. Klang Lumpur NEGERI
SEMBILAN S.Rompin
S.Endau
Seremban
S.LinggiMELAKA
S.Melaka
Melaka JOHOR
S.Muar
S.Batu Pahat
S.Benut
Johor
Bahru
Sg. Johor
SINGAPORE
| Tarmizi Ismail | FKA | UTM | 32
Flooded Area In Sabah & Sarawak
Kota Kinabalu
S.Kinabatangan
SABAH
LABUAN
S.Baram
SARAWAK
S.Rejang
S.Sarawak
Kucing
S.Sadong
Biasa B5 26(481)
0% 40%
Biasa
0%
20%
N1 -50(356) N1-27(373)
Amaran J10-21(441)
-20%
N1 -20(498) J10 -32(560) J10 -37(481)
Biasa J1-14(366)
-20%
J1 -21(417)
Amaran
0%
-40%
J1 -35(516)
Serius J9 -17(1660) -20% J8 36(363) J9 -21(1434) -40%
J80(423) J9-58(851)
J8 20(478) Amaran
-60%
-80%
M1 -12(436) -40% M1 -35(275) -60% Serius M1-3(304)
% Deviation from -60% Serius -80%
Rajah 1 : Peta agihan curahan hujan sebenar Rajah 2 : Peta agihan curahan hujan sebenar Rajah 3 : Peta agihan curahan hujan sebenar
(November 2001 - Januari 2002) (Disember 2001 - Februari 2002) ( Januari - Mac 2002 )
Transpiration
Evaporation
Infiltration
2
Condensation
4
Runoff
Precipitation
Subsurface flow
5
1
Evapotranspiration is the
total loss of water from an
area, equaling the sum of
water lost from evaporation
and transpiration.
Rain
Hail
Sleet
RAINFAAL VOL P mm
RAINFALL RATE i mm/hr
EFFECTIVE RAINFALL R mm (m3)
INFILTRATION RATE f Cm/hr
VELOCITY v m/s
AREA A m2
VOLUME V m3
DISCHARGE Q m3/s
CONCENTRATION C Mg/L
• Drainage basin.
• Catchment Area
A well defined area of land intercepts the rainfall
and transports it to the stream.
• A topographically delineated area drained by a stream
system, or, the total land above some point, on a
river/stream that drains past that point.
• An area having a common outlet for its surface runoff.
• All land and water w/in the confines of a drainage divine
[Soil & Water Conservation]
• Natural unit of land upon which water from precipitation
or any storage collects in a channel and flows downhill to a
common outlet
1500
1600
1700 1600
1500
1400 1400
1300
1300
1200
1200
1100
1100 1000
900 Outlet
| Tarmizi Ismail | FKA | UTM | 67
| Tarmizi Ismail | FKA | UTM |
ds
IO
dt
ds
change in storage
O1 x, t dt
O2 x, t I = Input components
O = Output components
S = P - Q - G - ET
S = change in storage
P = total precipitation
Q = Streamflow
G = GW flow
ET= Evapotranspiration
S = I - O
G, E
P, Q
S = P + Q - G - E
1.56X106 m3/day = 57 cm/yr
135cm/yr
+10cm/yr
E = 135 + 57 – 10 = 182 cm/yr = 1.82x109 m3/yr
S = I - O 59mm
P, Qin
S = Qin + P - E
(3.5x10-3)(30)(12.8x106)
(90x10-3)(12.8x106)
9.5x105
S = 758,000 m3/yr
H = 59mm (+ve)
The only inflow to a reservoir that has an area of 60Ha is from surface
runoff. The source of this runoff is from rainfall in a catchment that
has an area of 37 km2. Surface runoff can generally be estimated by;
Q = CPA, where
C = runoff coefficient [0 < C 1]
P = Average monthly catchment precipitation
A = catchment area
Qin
S = 116,000 m3/month
116,000 = 30,000 + 1,850,000C – 54,000 – 600,000
C = 0.4
Upper Layang
Reservoir
Lower Layang
Reservoir
Johor River
84
Qin
Basin Transfer
(From river, reservoir) Seepage
To TP
Seepage
∆𝑺 = 𝑷 + 𝑹 + 𝑷𝑷 − 𝑰 − 𝑬 − 𝑻𝑷
150.87 𝑥 103
2.8
𝑥 639.95 𝐻𝑎
1000
104 𝑚3
= 2.8𝑚 𝑥 639.95𝐻𝑎 𝑥 = 17.9 𝑥 103 𝑚3
1𝐻𝑎
0
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0
∆𝑺 = 𝟐𝟎𝟕. 𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝟑
Vol Area
S
Level
H H
2.50E+07
6.46 x 106
2.25E+07
2.00E+07
Isipadu (m3)
1.75E+07
1.50E+07
1.25E+07
1.00E+07
7.5 x 106
7.50E+06
5.00E+06
470 470.5 471 471.5 472 472.5 473 473.5 474 474.5 475 475.5 476 476.5 477 477.5 478 478.5 479 479.5 480
Paras Air (cm)