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There are two main types of pipe restraint for buried pipelines:
1. Fully Restrained (FR) relies on longitudinal pipe stress to carry thrust loads and is more reliable but expensive. It includes high-pressure welded pipelines.
2. Locally Restrained (LR) transfers thrust loads to the ground via soil bearing and friction. It includes most low-pressure buried pipes and is less expensive but less reliable depending on soil properties.
3. Common acronyms used include FR, LR, ADD, MDD, PHD, BDD, and SD.
There are two main types of pipe restraint for buried pipelines:
1. Fully Restrained (FR) relies on longitudinal pipe stress to carry thrust loads and is more reliable but expensive. It includes high-pressure welded pipelines.
2. Locally Restrained (LR) transfers thrust loads to the ground via soil bearing and friction. It includes most low-pressure buried pipes and is less expensive but less reliable depending on soil properties.
3. Common acronyms used include FR, LR, ADD, MDD, PHD, BDD, and SD.
There are two main types of pipe restraint for buried pipelines:
1. Fully Restrained (FR) relies on longitudinal pipe stress to carry thrust loads and is more reliable but expensive. It includes high-pressure welded pipelines.
2. Locally Restrained (LR) transfers thrust loads to the ground via soil bearing and friction. It includes most low-pressure buried pipes and is less expensive but less reliable depending on soil properties.
3. Common acronyms used include FR, LR, ADD, MDD, PHD, BDD, and SD.
- High-pressure oil & gas welded pipelines, most low-pressure buried sewage forcemains above-ground pipelines, submerged pipelines, and watermains pump stations, some low-pressure buried - Transfer thrust loads to ground and rely on sewage forcemains and watermains soil bearing and/or soil friction capacity. - Rely on longitudinal pipe stress to carry thrust - Less expensive but less reliable (soil properties, construction of other utilities, loads. seismic performance) - More reliable, more expensive
ADD = average day demand
MDD = maximum day demand PHD = peak hour demand
BDD = base daily demand
SD= seasonal demand (outdoor usage) OFFICIAL COMMUNITY PLAN (OCP) ACRONYMS. ASTM: American Soc.forTesting&Materials MISC. ACP: Asbestos Cement Pipe AWWA - American Water Works Assoc. Land Use Planning Horizons: Existing Land Use (now) • Approved Zoning (5-30 yrs) • Official Community Plan (5-20 yrs) CIP/CISP: Cast Iron/Cast Iron Soil Pipe FUS - Fire Underwriters Survey • Build-out / Saturation / Urban Containment (10-100yrs) CSP: Corrugated steel (Sewer) NFPA - National Fire Protection Assoc. Pop Equivalents(PE): calculated with residential pop's from Census Canada, equivalent pop's from ICI land uses, DIP: Ductile Iron (Water Pipe) ARGSA - Agriculture&Rural Development employment data & student enrollments, metered sewage volume from industrial land uses HDPE: High Density Polyethylene(S FMs & Water) Subsidary Agreement D Then Build DB (Design-Build) DBFOM (-Finance Op. Maintain) DBOM(DB-op-maintain) PCCP: Prestressed Concrete Cylinder(Water) ROW - Right of Way +Gov has direct input +Point of accountability for gov owner All benefits DBFOM, plus: All benefits DB, plus: PVC: Polyvinyl Chloride (Sewer) AT - the thrust area required -"pay for progress" not +Can be "pay for performance" +Due diligence of the lenders & investors +Contractor also does O&M PVC (AWWA C900/C905): (Water) FR - Fully Restrained "performance" +Multiple designs priced & compared over the bid process +Point of accountability for RCP: Reinforced Concrete (Sewer) LR - Locally Restrained -No single party +Designer+builder integrated +The financing provides security for gov owner SP??: Steel (S FMs & Water) WAR - Wedge action restraints accountable -Owner has no direct design input construction completion; service delivery, & - Little security over the ID - Pipe inside diameter TDH - Total Dynamic Head -Only one design is -Designer beholden to contractor, not handback condition -Contractor-provided $$ O&M period; payments OD - Pipe outside diameter HL - Head Losses fully priced gov owner; Concerns w/ long term more expensive than govt's cost of relatively small, contractor SWI: Stormwater Inflow HS - Static Head quality+operability of asset borrowing can "walk" GWI Groundw. Infilt.0.85*min night flow,dry periodsVFD - Variable Frequency Drive INTEGRATED RESOURCE RECOVERY (IRR). RII - Rainfall-Induced Infiltration WC - Water Column • Pollution prevention: avoid >reduce>reuse>recycle>recover>dispose RDI&I - Rainfall‐Dependent I&I= RII + SWI (W)WTP - (Waste) Water Treatment Plant • OMRR = Organic Matter Recycling Regulation I&I - Inflow & Infiltration= RDI&I + GWI CV - Control Valve Composition - aerobic Digestion - anaerobic NAF - Net Area Factor (Ratio of total gross MJ - Mechanical Joint ↓solid mass by half; need 2:1 ratio of ↓ total solid mass by 50-60% area to active lot area of catchment) IE - Irrigation Efficiency “brown’’ to “green” biomass heat + microbes+CH3COOH IDF - Intensity Duration Frequency ILI - Infrastructure Leakage Index microbes+ CnHnN (biomass)+O2 → (acetic acid) + H2→CO2 +CH4 TIA - Total Impervious Area L/c/d - Liters per capita per day CO2+H2O+NH3(ammonia)+heat (methane) NRW - Non-revenue water (system losses, SSO: Sanitary Sewer Overflows leakage, meter inaccuracies) FSE: Food Service Establishment ET - Evapotranspiration FOG: Fats, Oils, And Greases UARL - Unavoidable annual real losses PPCPs: Pharmaceuticals & Personal Care Products EWU - Estimated Water Use BMP - Best Management Practice
WATER. P = 1 m W.C. = ~1.4223 psi = ~9.81 kPa @STP- SEWER.
• Conduits up/s of WTP may be under pressure or free flow.Down/s are always under P. Building ⇒ Lateral/Branch ⇒ Collector Sewer ⇒ Outfall or Trunk Sewer ⇒ Interceptor Sewer ⇒ WWTP • Main: All pipes in the distribution system. Starting from building: service pipe ⇒ Flow L/d/c Use service/distributor main⇒secondary feeders (+carry water for FF)⇒primary feeders. Avg Dry Weather(ADWF) PE ok; ADWF=ADF + GWI for design use=350*PE 350 min. velocity calcs • Form a grid w/o dead-ends to prevent sediment build-up + non-entry of disinfectant. Peak Dry Weather(PDWF) PSF + GWI; for design use: ADWF x PF min. velocity calcs • To prevent infiltration: can’t have negative pressure, assume min 10-20psi. Peak Wet Weather(PWWF) PDWF + RDI&I ; for design use: ADWF x PF + I&I system analysis wrt pipe capacity • Higher pressure can ↑leakage & stress on components. May require PRVs. Peak Sanitary Flow (PSF) PF*ADF = BSF * PF Normal demands: 28~35 m WC (40~50 psi min.); 105 m WC max (150 psi) Peaking Factor (PF) 1+14/(4+ √population/1000 ) (Harmon) Fire demands: 14~21 m WC residual (20~30 psi); 14 m WC zone constraint Avg Domestic (ADF) or (BSF) ADWF-GWI Aka Base Sanitary(BSF) = PE*unitload Per Capita Demands L/c/d Uses I&I RDI&I + GWI 11200L/Ha/d Base Day(BDD) avg consumption Dec-Feb 300 low flows, pump stn design, water qlty How to correctly specify I&I: Return Period, Averaging Period, and Type Avg Day (ADD) avg consumption over 365 days 500 benchmarking, water supply/licenses 2/3 1/2 Q = AR n S Where: Q = pipe flow [m3/s]; A =cross-sectional pipe area[m2];R = (D/4) Max Day(MDD) highest daily consumption 1000 infrastructure design hydraulic radius[m]; D = pipe diameter [m;] S = EGL slope[m/m]; n =Manning coeff= 0.013 peak hr demand in last 10yr Peak Hr (PHD) 2000 supply/Max withdrawal, infrast. design Sewer Loadings: 300 - 350 L/PE/day extrapolated to 24hr. Seasonal (SD) outdoor usage ADD=BD(indoor)+SD(Irrigation)+NRW(Leakage) Pipe Capacity: Local Sewers (PWWF<40 L/s) Qpipe capacity =0.7 X Q full capacity, theoretical Peak SD (SD24) MDD minus BD MDD=BD(indoor)+SD24(Irrigation)+NRW Trunk and Interceptor Sewers (PWWF⩾ 40 L/s) Qpipe capacity =0.837 X Q full capacity, theoretical Design: Sanitary sewers will be designed as open channels with the depth of flow, under Fire Flow: Min 150 kPa must be maintained during FF. Min 2000 L/min the maximum design flow conditied 50% of the internal diameter of the sewer (e.g. d/D = QFF = 220 C √A -> round to nearest 1000 L/min then account for exposure/sprinkler/occupants 0.5). QFF = [Lpm]; A = total floor area exc. basements 50% below grade [m2]; C = 1.5 wood; For interceptor and Trunk Sanitary Sewers, the depth of flow under the maximum design 1.0 ordinary(brick, combustible); 0.8 non-combustible construction; 0.6 fire-resistant flow condition, will not exceed 70% of the internal diameter of the sewer(e.g. d/D = 0.70). Total Demand: Qdesign = greater of {MDD+FF, PHD} Min Manhole spacing: 150m +: every ᐃpipe size, junctions, …. Reservoir Size: Capacity = 1.25 × (QF F × t + M DDtotal × 6 hrs) • Sewers take precedence over all other services in determining utility depths and QF F = highest FF in the district, M DDtotal = future MDD summed over entire district corridors!!! t = required duration for the QF F (taken from table in FFS) • Strength is governed by DR ratio DR 35, DR28 available in smaller diameters, Building sewer pipe is different. Sprinkler Fire Protection: 2.6 L/s (2 sprinkler heads) SFR – 13D, Required pressure, depends on sprinkler designer >20 psi req’d; 40 psi good. Evaluated on PHD Predicting I&I Rates and Trends Water Loss [m3/day] = 5(0.4704Lm+0.0303Nc+0.8Lc)(P/49.26)1.5 RDI&I Rate100 = 12,355*e^(0.0325*(sewer age)) Lm=mains length [km]; Nc=#service connections; Lc=length of serv connections [km] Where RDI&I Rate100 is in L/Ha/d representing the peak one hour flow during a 100-year storm and sewer age is in Velocity: Min 0.754 m/s where silt is transported. Max 3~6 m/s max. Typ 1.2~1.8 m/s years. Note: the I&I Rate would be the RDI&I rate plus GWI Main Sizing Distribution: 8” for most SFR; 12” for most ICI Main Sizing Transmission: 1m/s on design MDD Terminology Water Quality: Don’t oversize pipes; Re-chlorinate for reservoirs • Forcemains: carry ww from pump station to other pipes."Force"- pipe is under pressure, rather than relying on gravity Redundancy: Max. unlooped length 150m • Siphons: vertical bends in bends when pipes need to go under rivers, others pipes, tunnels etc. Effects of reduced water use: Infrastructure could be oversized, Construction timing • Manhole Rim: top elevation of frame, cover, and grate. (Build infrastructure before needed), ↑ O&M $(↓energy efficient), poor water quality • Manhole Chimney: variable height cylinder part of manhole struc, to support/adjust finished grade of manhole frame Residential Criteria: All population based (L/ca/day) QMDD= qMDD • P • Sewer Invert Elevation: lowest inside point of a pipe/sewer at a given location or benchmark Irrigation: Pop-based criteria not appropriate for assigning MDD. May undersize for • Mitred Bends: connection - cutting pipe ends at an angle and joining the two pieces (often 2 @45° to make 90°) large lot areas. Area-weighting more accurate. QMDD=Qi+Qo=(qindoor• Population)+(qoutdoo• • Sewer Wyes: lateral connection used to join a sewer line from a private property Area m2) qi = BD, use 300L/ca/day; qo = outdoor water use rate (L/m2/day or mm/day) • Crown of pipe: must be at least 1m below basement elevations of lot serviced Outdoor Usage Qo = qo • A = IRt rc A / (S ns) • Sewers installed nominal depth 2-3.5m from finished ground surface. 1-1.5m permitted if outside of road/drive way IRt = (Surrey - 23.8 mm/week); S = watering days per week (GVRD - 4); rc = pervious area ratio 40-60% = 0.4~0.6; ns = sprinkling efficiency 30% = 0.3 Odours in Sanitary Systems - Combo of: Organic waste materials and bacteria + Anaerobic conditions Head Losses: H = z + ρg + 2g p v2 2 10.67L Q1.85 HLmajor = f D DL v2 or 1.85*4.87 • Odors are combination of organic waste mtrls&bacteria + anaerobic conditions (ie long hydraulic detention times) 2 C d • H2S(typ. main issue), VOCs (systems w/ ICI connections); generally exist within the collection system headspace. H 1 = H 2 − HLminor − HLmajor HLminor = k 2g v •Air movement caused by friction drag: Fr. b/w headspace air & moving ww, Resistance due to fr. b/w air & pipe wall Qn hf = L( 1.486 AR2/3 )2 Qn hf (f ull circular pipe) = L( 0.464 D8/3 )2 •Dynamic Pressurization: Occurs w/ abrupt changes in rate of air flow in the sewer. hf=friction HL [ft]; n = Mannings coeff; L = pipe length [ft]; Q = flow [cf/s] D = diameter [ft]; A=area of •Odour control management study includes: monitoring programs, vent. Modeling, hydraulic modeling flow [sqft]; R=hydraulic radius [ft] Developing Solution: Seal manholes or install passive carbon scrubbers. This results in ↑air pressurization of the ------------------------------------------------Disinfection----------------------------------------------- overall collection system and causes air to be expelled elsewhere.This is a reactive approach which can shift the CT(mg/L*min): concentration X contact time(exposure); min. concentration required problem to another location rather than solving the problem. to harm pathogens; requirements vary based on temperature, pH Development Planning:Size collection system for future flows (air+sewage). •Plan air release sites (set aside land for 4 log (99.99%) inactivation or removal of viruses infrastructure before development occurs).Plan infrastructure sites to minimize air release in densely populated areas. 3 log (99.9%) inactivation or removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium 1. Modify and/or design sewer geometry to minimize turbulence and changes in air space pressure (best done at the 2 treatment processes for all surface water sources for multi-barrier protection design stage, not during retrofits). 2.Design air extraction and odour treatment at strategic locations within the 1 nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) or less of turbidity in water system. 3.Provide chemical treatment at long forcemains and siphons. O E. Coli or fecal coliform bacteria Free Chlorine: Liquid/pucks easy to obtain & handle vs. gases; secondary disinfection UV good for inactivating parasites; new, expensive Retrofitting Systems for CT: ↑ chlorine dose (C); add a contact pipe (T); dedicated line to reservoir (T); add baffles to the reservoir (T) STORMWATER. Culverts . • Natural enviro has 0.3% surface runoff; urban development has 30% surface runoff • Most common material: corrugated steel • Suggested design criteria: • Headwater (HW): depth of water on the entrance or u/s side,measured from inlet invert Flow Volume ReductionFlow Rate Control Water Quality Treatment Flood Conveyance • Tailwater(TW): depth of water on the exit or d/s side, as measured from the d/s Capture frequent Slow runoff + Reduce TSS & Provide Safe invert rainfall reduce peakflows contaminants Passage ** Steps 1)Assume inlet control, calculate HW depth • 72% of 2yr, 24hr • 6-month • 90% avg annual • 5/10yr, 100 yr, 200 2)Assume outlet control, calculate HW depth for control at outlet event ( the estimated • 2yr, 5yr, 10/100yr runoff yr, climate change 3)Pick the higher governing value 6-month storm) •Detention • 80% of TSS • Piping systems 1. Inlet Control: Culvert nomographs: • Source controls storage & source • Sediment ponds / • Overland flood • Identify culvert shape & use the relevant nomograph (rain gardens) controls wetlands routes • Start on pipe diameter scale line, draw a straight line through discharge scale line ------------------------------------------SOURCE CONTROL---------------------------------------------- • Read value of HW/D from appropriate scale (usually ⅔ for diff entrance types) Basic LID Principles: Conserve natural areas, Min development impacts, Maintain site Entrance’s flow ca.< barrel’s flow cap; water surface passes through crit. depth; varies w/ inlet geometry runoff rate, integrated, management practices, pollution prevention, proper 2.Outlet Control: flow cap. limited by d/s conditions(high TW)or by barrel’s capacity maintenance and public education programs HW = (Zdown-Zup) + TW + hL where Zup/down = upstream/downstream inv elev; hL = total energy loss = hentrance + hf + hexit Source Controls: can include absorbent landscapes, bioretention facilities ( rain Concrete Pipe Project from Fill (No Headwall) ken Concrete Pipe ken gardens), vegetated swales, pervious/porous pavers & pavements, infiltration trenches, Socket end of pipe 0.2 Mitered to conform to fill slope 0.7 and green roofs. Source controls can also be referred to as onsite BMPs. Square cut end of pipe 0.5 End section conformed to fill slope 0.5 • Barriers to source control implementation: Our attachment to raised curbs with Corrugated Metal Pipe or Pipe-Arch Beveled edges (33.7~45°. bevels) 0.2 gutters and catch basins; Rain garden maintenance; Reduced regulatory oversight; Projected from fill (no headwall) 0.9 Side slope tapered inlet 0.2 Stormwater re-use regulation; Lack of understanding of design criteria; Headwall or headwall with wings, square edge 0.5 Concr. Pipe with Headwall or Headwall w Wings Confusing/mixed messages from municipal regulators; Green roofs & leaky condos Recommended raingarden Impervious/Pervious (I/P) Area Ratios Mitered to conform to fill slope 0.7 Socket end of pipe (grooved end) 0.2 Surface I/P End section conformed to fill slope 0.5 Square cut end of pipe 0.5 General/major road/parking lots 20:1 Beveled edges (33.7~45° bevels) 0.2 Rounded entrance with rounding radius=1/12 D 0.2 Local Road 30:1 Side slope tapered inlet 0.2 Parking (<1 car/day) 40:1 Low traffic areas w/o parking, SF Lot/roof 50:1 Weir Flow: Flow over the roadway can be computed as weir flow; check HW to see if weir flow occurs: – If HW elev > roadway elev, use iterative procedure, balancing weir and culvert flow. • Determine footprint size of rain garden based on I/P ratio of intended surfaces – Solution found when weir flow and culvert flow produce same HW elevations: Qtotal = Qweir + Qculvert = Qgiven • Determine rain garden rainfall capture target • Determine sub-surface size of rain garden to hold rainfall capture target • Ensure design is robust, low maintenance, and meets life expectancy expectations Input volume=Capture Volume; assume dry soils (moisture content @wilting point) Input Volume=Trib area*Capture rainfall amount Capture Volume=sum of (24hr evaporation * surface area)+(volume of growing medium * (field capacity-wilting point))+(volume of rock pit*available water content)+(24hr infiltration*surface area) ----------------------STORMWATER MAIN DESIGN: RATIONAL METHOD------------------------------- 1. Q = RAIN Q is pipe flow [m3/s]; R is runoff coef. (0~1); I is rainfall intensity [mm/hr]; from IDF curves; A is catchment tributary area [ha]; N is 0.00278 Area % Impervious Runoff Coeff (5 yr) Runoff Coeff (100 yr) ICI (Institution/School) 90 0.8 (0.75) 0.95 (0.9) Residential (RF) 65 0.6 0.72 Parks 20 0.75 (0.13 for passive use parks) 0.90 2. Solve for pipe diameter needed from this Q using rearranged Mannings eqn: 4Qn 3/8 D=( 2/3 1/2 ) S = pipe slope; n = 0.013 smooth plastic & concrete, 0.024 corrugated steel) π(0.25) S 3. With known D, calculate Qcap and Vcap. Use these to calculate incremental travel time to downstream manhole: Tt i = pipe length/Vcap 4. Time of concentration for this pipe segment is Tc i = 10+Tt i. Use this Tc i to calculate the rain intensity for the next downstream pipe, Ii+1 0.6 0.6 6.92 L N 5. Calculate overland flow time for next pipe To i+1 using: T o = 0.4 I SL 0.3 To [min]; L is longest overland flow path in this subcatchment area [m]; N is overland Mannings coeff (0.025 residential, 0.06 forested area); SL slope of the longest overland flow path 6. Calculate next Tc i+1 = Tc i + Tt i+1. If this value is smaller than To i+1, then take To i+1 as the new Tc i+1. Calculate the next rain intensity Ii+2 using Tc i+1
• Rational method: for minor storms with development areas < 20Ha • City’s Transportation 2040 key targets: ⅔ of all trips to be made by foot/bike/transit, zero traffic-related fatalities • Event method: for peak flow estimation & approximation of detention pond vol. • Divert/calm traffic down to ≤ 500 vehicles/day and ≤ 30 km/hr for cyclists-shared roads (otherwise, separate!) • Continuous method: for environmental or BMP; accurate but complex analysis • Metro Van places 4th in N America for most transit ridership per capita • Typical year: good compromise method - inexpensive, applicable to real world • Transpo eng is v. political/big social impacts/complex causality&people’s behav./complex relationship w/ land use • Major City projects: ------------------------------------------------IDF CURVES------------------------------------------------ - protected bike lanes on Burrard bridge (2009) - 1st protected intersection in N America at Burrard & Cornwall (2014) - intersection redesign + removal of turn channels at Burrard & Pacific Blvd (2017) - W10th Health Precinct street improvements (construction today) - Gastown complete streets • Future mobility trends: Automated, Connected, Electric, Shared (ACES) • Complete street = basically consider/accomodate all modes/ppl/aspects • Congestion = “the difference btwn users’ expectations of road network and how it actually performs” AND “level at which transpo system performance is no longer acceptable due to traffic interference” • City’s congestion management strategy: 5 goals 1 Improve Monitoring 2 Road Safety 3 Smart Transpo 4 Coordinate Street Use 5 Prioritize People Movement -------------------------------------FLOW CONTROL STRUCTURES-------------------------------------- ATPEP = Active Transportation Promotion and Enabling Plan Orifice Equation: Q=CA(2gh)0.5 Q: desired release rate (m3/s);A=orifice area (m2); ITS = Intelligent Transportation Systems h=net head on orifice plate (m); C=Coeff of discharge, 0.62 COST ESTIMATES. Weir Equation: Q=CLH1.5 L=: Effective length of crest (m), H=total head on crest (m) •Class 'D' (Indicative): Unit cost analysis format (ex cost/ m²) – based on project scope & assumptions Min Orifice size is 100mm dia. •Class 'C': Elemental cost analysis format(Canadian In. of Quantity Surveyors); based on project scope & assumptions --------------------------------------------------CATCH BASINS------------------------------------------ - Full description of preferred schematic design option, construction/design experience, & market conditions • Regular intervals along roadways, u/s of intersections, low points (sags). • Class 'B' (Substantive): Elemental cost analysis format; based on design development drawings & outline spes • Double catch basins: use at all low-points and where higher inlet capture is required – includes the design of all major systems & subsystems,+ the results of all site/installation investigations • Spacing based on 5-yr peak flow, more may be needed for 100-yr design flows • Class 'A' (Pre‐Tender): Elemental cost analysis format & trade divisional format; based on completed construction • Capacity of one CB: use orifice equations with coeff=0.4. drawings & specs prepared prior to calling competitive tenders. Generally expected to be within 5% to 10% of the • Maximum drainage area of CB is 500m2 on road grades <3%, otherwise, 350m2. actual contract award price for new construction. Factored Estimates: Develop function to relate total project cost to the major equipment cost (Lang factor) CapCAD=f*EUSD+ECAD ⇒ Cap is capital cost, E is Major Equipment Cost